out," is opposed to conducere, "to rent," "hire.”—Delubrum (generally used in the plural), was properly "the innermost part of a temple, in which the image of the deity stood;" hence, "the sacred habitation of the deity," Edes was the dwelling-place of a deity, considered as a building: templum, the whole space of ground connected with the building, and especially the building itself: fanum, the temple and its precincts in general, with the idea of sanctity and dedication; it nearly corresponds to our word "sanctuary," and so, when it is used in the singular, it always has the name of a deity joined with it. 14. Judæis. The Jews were expelled from the city, first by Claudius, and afterwards by Domitian; but it was soon full of them again. The grove of the Muses was let out to them at a certain yearly rent, which, as Suetonius says, was rigorously exacted by Domitian. Hence Juvenal satirizes both the impiety of the emperors in desecrating and raising money from places hallowed by religion, and also their cupidity in taxing persons so poor as to be possessed only of "a basket and hay.' -The cophinus xoqivos, was a wicker basket, used by the Jews, in their journeys through the heathen nations, to carry their provisions in, and so to keep them from pollution.-The fanum was either to serve as a bed to lie upon, or to feed their beasts of burden; but the latter view seems forbidden by a consideration of their poverty, which must have incapacitated them from possessing such animals; some think that they used it to stop the holes in their baskets. The first interpretation appears to be most correct: compare Sat. vi. 542. Cophino fanoque relicto.-Arcanam Judæa tremens mendicat in aurem.—, -Supellex is derived either from super lecto, or sub pellibus.-15. Mercedem, μiodóv. -16. Some write Camenis with a diphthong e. g. Camœnis, but without authority, as the origin of the word is unknown, (the common derivation a cantu amano being absurd), and the old copies have e simply.— 17. Speluncas, used here for antra, as spelunca (owńλvyž), and specus (otos) signify properly, a deep hole or pit," a cavern, while antrum is a grotto."-18. Dissimiles veris, so changed by artificial embellishments, that they have lost every appearance of nature: compare below ingenuum tophum violarent. 66 18. Quanto, &c., "how much better would be the sacred spring, if grass enclosed the waters with a bank of green verdure." Heinsius, following Le Grange would read præsentius, " How much more propitious would be the divinity of the spring," &c., because the gods were thought by the ancients to be better pleased when art did no violence to nature. Wakefield, on Lucretius, 1. 231, corrects the passage thus ―quanto præstantius (i. e. “ more pure and sweet”) isset Flumen aquæ. unda is from οἰδάνω or οιδαίνω “ to swell,” as κῦμα fr. κύω “ to swell,” and our "6 surge fr. surgo. Donaldson, with more probability derives the word from dwę. 99 66 20. Ingenuum native," "natural," avroquñ.- Violarent, "did violence to," " spoiled,” Gr. φθείρειν : compare μιαίνειν ἐλέφαντα φοίνικι Hom. Il. iv. 141.-Tophum, the tophus (or tofus) was "a coarse limestone,' sandstone." It is that species of stone formed by water, dripping through limestone and calx, and which often forms fantastic figures, (Gr. @gos, Forb. on Virg. Georg. 2. 214); this was now displaced by a basin of marble. 21. Hic tunc Umbricius, understand hæc mihi dixit. The orthography of this name is disputed, some spelling it Umbritius. Plutarch in Galba, however, gives the name 'Oußgixios. He was, according to Pliny, the most learned of the soothsayers of this age. 66 22. "Nulla emolumenta laborum," "since no advantage results from strenuous exertions.”—emolumentum, from e and mola (μúan) a mill," is properly" the profit got by grist." 23. Here, an archaism, used for the sake of the metre, for heri. The most ancient Latin form of the word was hesi (seen in hesternus), which is from xìs, originally xis. The Latins always substitute the softer form of the aspirate for the rough x.-Atque eadem cras deteret exiguis aliquid. "And this same [scil. res] will experience to-morrow some diminution of its bulk, small as it is already."-Detero is prop. "to file down." The present phrase is unusual, res deteritur being more correct. 25. Fatigatus is said of the mind, fessus of the body-ubi, scil. Cumæ, whither Dædalus fled from Crete.-Daedalus, of this great artist nothing is known with certainty; it is even asserted by many that he had no actual existence, but that a mere mythic personage is meant, and the name is intended to apply to any ingenious artificer. It is certain that the common account is erroneous which states that he had attained eminence in Athens previously to his residence in Crete. For owing to its uninterrupted intercourse with Egypt, Crete was far in advance of the mother country Greece [Crete was a Doric colony], in wealth and in intelligence, in its laws and arts. Theseus, the Athenian hero, wished to transplant to Attica the arts as well as the laws, and while he gave to his countrymen a similar system of policy, he did not fail to secure the co-operation of one whose knowledge might yield powerful aid in humanizing a rude people, by adding new dignity to the objects of national veneration. Accordingly, Dædalus, it is probable, accompanying the conqueror of the Minotaur to Athens, fixed there the commencement of an improved style, 1234 B. C. Some of his works are described as existing in the 2d century.-We are not to understand with some that he introduced sculpture into Greece, or even into Attica; but simply that he was the first to form something like a school of art there. 26. Dum nova, &c. "While hoary hairs are yet new to me, and while old age is incipient and upright."-Recta senectus, is said of one who though advanced in years, can walk straight and upright.-Senectus. Age (λixia) was divided into pueritia (zadía) which was within 15, Adolescentia, (inßía vórns) within 30, juventus within 45, and senectus, (yngas) which comprised the remaining period of life-senectus prima, or recta, was called μoysgovia. The form of expression is derived from the Latin proverb. Clotho fert fusum, Lachesis rotat, Atropos occat. 27. Dum, &c. "While something remains for Lachesis to spin," Lachesis is from λayxávy sortior. The Fates, called by the Greeks Clotho, Lachesis and Atropos, were by the Latins termed Nona, Decima, and Morta.-torqueat, this word, as well as versare, is used for nere "to spin," from the notion of turning the spindle or thread. It is derived from τροπέω “ to turn,” metathes. τορπίω, ol. τορκέω. 29. Cedamus, "let us depart."—Artorius and Catulus were mean individuals, who, by bad practices had attained to wealth.-By his saying "let Artorius and Catulus live there, &c.," he means that Rome was now only fit for such abandoned characters. 30. Maneant, &c. "let such persons remain as turn black into white, as find it easy to contract for the building of a temple, the clearing out of rivers, and harbours, the cleansing of the public sewers, the carrying forth of a corpse to the tomb, and to expose a head for sale beneath the imperial-spear," i. e. to sell a slave by public auction."-30 66 D Nigrum in candida vertunt, i. e. who can make falsehood have the semblance of truth, and vice the appearance of virtue. 66 66 31. Facile, i. e. on account of their wealth, bribery, and servility. Conducere ædem, scil. extruendam, vel reficiendam. Gesner, Bentley, and the majority of the eminent critics maintain that ædes in the singular can only signify "a sacred edifice," "a temple," whilst in the plural it means a house." Both Jahn and Mitscherlich, however, contend that this distinction was not attended to, even by the writers of the Augustan age, and accordingly they would translate ædem here "an edifice," whether public or private. Heinsius tells us that the original signification of the word was an apartment," and so was peculiarly applied to a temple which at first had only one apartment; then as a house has many apartments, the plural easily came to have that meaning.—Conducere here is the same as redimere, the opposite to which is locare. The building and repairing of public edifices were contracted for generally by persons of equestrian rank; the Censors and Ædiles had the power of assigning whom they pleased as contractor. Private buildings were also contracted for at Rome by private persons, and hence some read ædes here for adem.-Some understand by flumina "the fisheries," and by portus, "the harbourdues," i. e. the tax which was levied from the ports of Italy and the provinces for the importation and exportation of commodities (pro invehendis et evehendis mercibus) which was properly called VECTIGAL. Others take portus to refer to the "construction and reparation of harbours."-32. Those who contracted for funerals were called designatores, and libitinarii.—Bustum, from buro same as uro (not from bene), is properly the place where a corpse has been burnt and buried." The b in bustum supplies the place of a lost digamma.— Cadaver is not from caro data vermibus, but from cado, as rionua and Traμa from Tirra, and our "carcass," from caro and CASA, "fleshFALLEN."-33. On this line Ruperti has the following remarks :-Many refer this verse to the individual slaves which Artorius and Catulus exposed for sale; which method of traffic was exceedingly lucrative; but since the poet now talks of those wealthier persons who farmed the revenues, I am inclined to think that not the mangōnes or slave-dealers are mentioned in the text, but the farmers of the tax on saleable commodities, which was levied on those things that were sold only in the forum, or under the spear which was set up publicly; to this class the mancipia, or slaves chiefly belonged, who were peculiarly termed venales or venalitii, and were purchased up by the slave-dealers to be sold again. When Augustus was in want of money to carry on his wars and to maintain his night-watches, he appointed a tax of the 50th part of the value of slaves that were sold [i. e. 2 cent.], according to Dio Cassius. Tacitus tells us that afterwards, probably under Caligula, this tax was raised to the 25th part [4 cent].-dominâ hasta. The spear, which was set up as a sign of a public auction, was called domina, as implying the dominion over the person and life of the slave, which was then and there vested in the purchaser. haps the custom of erecting the spear arose from selling spoils of war originally. Domina is here used as an adjective: comp. Æn. 1. 16. Hinc populum late regem, i. e. regnantem. Capit, is either used in its proper signification, or figuratively, as frequently to denote the life, station, or fortune of any individual. Per 34. "These ci-devant horn-blowers, these constant hangers-on of a provincial theatre, these cheeks so well known throughout the towns, now exhibited public shows of gladiators, and at the in-turning of the rabble's thumb, cause the death of any one [gladiator, scil.] they wish, in order to gain their favour."-Cornicines, Gr. zegaúλas, the horn was used to call the people together, as at the shows in our country fairs.-Municipium was a town out of Rome, particularly in Italy, having its own laws and magistracy, and also the right of Roman citizenship; i. e. each inhabits the privileges of a Roman citizen,' ex. gr. of voting in the comitia at Rome, (but this right was not enjoyed by all municipia), and offering themselves as candidates for all public offices there. The word is derived from munia "duties of an office," and capio.-35. Perpetui, this word is from per and peto, and properly means, "penetrating." Its synonyms are Eternus, alávios, which means "having neither beginning nor end," "eternal," also figuratively, in the sense of immortalis, àðávaros, i. e. "having a beginning but no end," "immortal," "undying ;" perennis, dıɛTús, is properly, "that which lasts throughout the year," then, "that lasts many years, and, as sempiternus, àɛídios, “that lasts for ever:" perpetuus denotes properly a relative duration to a certain point of time, and is used improperly in the sense of sempiternus, that certain point being regarded xar' xv, as the end of all time.-Comites, as having hired themselves to gladiators even in the provincial towns,-Bucca may either allude to their cheeks being puffed out in playing the horn, and is therefore humorously employed by Juvenal instead of facies; or as signifying "persons who make much use of their mouth," it may be here taken to mean "low provincial advocates," or "pleaders," or perhaps "criers." These mean wretches, says Umbricius, by their evil practices, have amassed such wealth as to enable them to exhibit shows of gladiators at their own expense.-36. Munera were at first given by the magistrates, afterwards by the emperors, and finally by all persons who enjoyed civil offices, even though they were exceedingly low and worthless, for the purpose of gaining popularity, and so of securing their own advancement to dignities. Various decrees of the senate were passed to check this conduct.-The phrase munera edere is peculiarly applied to gladiatorial shows, as ludos facere to scenic games. The persons who exhibited these shows were called Muneratores, munerarii or editores. -Verso pollice, the people, if they wished the death of a gladiator, pollicem vertebant, or convertebant; if they wished to save him, pollicem premebant, when the thumb was versus it was called infestus, which means directed against" anything, for they turned the thumb in, towards the breast, to indicate that the latter was to be pierced by the sword; they did not, as some think, turn it upward, which vertere would scarcely express, nor did they hide it beneath their dress, as Heinsius supposes, nor press it down, keeping the rest of the fingers extended, which is the opinion of Plathnerus. Our word "poltroon" is derived from pollice trunci; for many who wished to avoid serving in the army used to cut their thumbs off, to incapacitate themselves from so doing. -37. Occidunt, "suffer to be slain," or, "give the signal for the death."-37. Populariter either "for the purpose of gaining popularity," or, "with the applause and favour of the people," or, amuse the people." to 37. Inde reversi, &c. the common explanation of these words is that, having returned home from the shows, after having been drained of money by the expensive exhibitions they had given, they contract no longer for the respectable means of livelihood, but for the low and mean, ex. gr. the forica; but Achaintre's interpretation is more correct, "so base, grovelling and covetous are those men, that after returning from the shows which had cost them so much, they are not ashamed to treat with the Ediles regarding the jakes, and indeed they would reject nothing, provided they could make money of it." Juvenal is not speaking of persons reduced to difficulties by their expensive shows, but of those who exhibit them to gain popularity, and to secure thereby the path to the highest dignities, and who can contract for "everything," since they are such as fortune, &c. i. e. since they are very wealthy. 39. Ad fastigia rerum "to the highest circumstances," "to the tiptop of society." 40. Jocari, "to be merry," but with the implication that the goddess makes man the object of her sport. When fortune raised the unworthy, or depressed the worthy, and afterwards reversed the condition of both, she was said jocari or ludere, i. e. "to make men her playthings." Comp. Luc. in Nigrin. τοῦτο γάρ τοι καὶ τὸ δεινότατόν ἐστιν, ὅτι, καίτοι μαρτυρουμένης τῆς τύχης παίζειν τὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων πράγματα. κ τ. λ. 42. Librum, si malus est, &c. i. e. I am not flatterer enough to praise a bad book when I hear it read, and request a copy," either for perusal or transcription. The usual method of publishing a book was to read it aloud to friends, by whom it was transcribed. 43. Funus promittere, &c. I have neither the will nor the power to predict the death of a father," to promise his death to the abandoned and dissolute son, who considers his parent too long-lived."-Promittere is here especially applied to the diviners who promise everything, but perform nothing. 44. Ranarum, &c. "I never explored the entrails of toads," scil. in order to extract poison, not referring to divination by the entrails; for Umbricius was a soothsayer. The rana rubeta was venomous; our toad is not so. 45. Quæ mittit adulter, quæ mandat, "the commissions (such as billets doux and presents) and messages of her gallant."-Me nemo ministro, &c. "No one will be a thief by my connivance, and therefore I depart, no one's associate as though I were crippled, and were a useless trunk with paralyzed or withered right hand.”—Fur (from púg) is either taken here in its usual acceptation, or as a general term for a vile character. Some render it "adulterer," as furtum and res furtive signify often illicit intercourse, thus Virgil, Æn. 6. 24. see also Georg 1, 261. and iv. 336. Martis dulcia furta.—The connexion and meaning of the whole passage is, because I do not practise the infamous conduct which prevails in the city, no one associates me to himself; the wicked spurn me as incapable of assisting them, in the prosecution of their villany.-Exstinctâ dextrâ, which is the reading of some copies, would appear more suited to the text. 49. Nisi conscius, &c. "save the confidant of a guilty secret, whose soul is in a feverish ferment with dark concealments, which too he must ever keep unrevealed."—Estuat, a metaphor from the sea in agitation -Tacendis, tacere is properly "not to utter a word," especially, "to keep secret," "to bury in silence," opposed to dicere, loqui. Reticere is " to be silent when one ought to speak," opposed to eloqui. Silere "to make no noise," ," "to give no sound," opposed to strepere, fremere. 53. Carus erit Verri, &c.-"To Verres," i. e. to a man such as Verres was, unprincipled and base. Verres was Prætor of Sicily, and was accused of extortion. We have six orations of Cicero against him, only the first of which, however, was delivered, as he withdrew into voluntary exile, and did not stand his trial. He was slain by order of Antony, the triumvir, twenty-six years after his departure from the |