Numquam aliud Natura, aliud Sapientia dicit. Acribus exemplis videor te claudere. Misce Ergo aliquid nostris de moribus: effice summam, Bis septem ordinibus quam lex dignatur Othonis. 325 Hæc quoque si rugam trahit, extenditque labellum; Sume duos Equites, fac tertia quadringenta. Si nondum implevi gremium, si panditur ultra; 330 Indulsit Cæsar cui Claudius omnia, cujus Paruit imperiis, uxorem occidere jussus. UMBRICIUS, an eminent soothsayer, disgusted at the prevalence of vice, and the total disregard of needy and unassuming virtue, is introduced as on the point of quitting Rome, 1-9. Juvenal accompanies him a short distance out of the town, 10-20. When the honest exile, no longer able to suppress his indignation, stops short, and in a strain of animated invective acquaints his friend with the cause of his retirement, 21 seqq. Umbricius' discourse may be resolved under the following heads :Flattery and vice are the only thriving arts at Rome; 21-57. In these points the Romans are left far in the distance by foreigners, more especially the Greeks, who resort to the city in such shoals, 58—125. Poor clients are not only defrauded of their dues by wealthy competitors, 126-130; but have the mortification to see low-born fellows put over their head, 131–136, 153 seqq. and of finding themselves universally slighted, 137–163. Then the expense of living in Rome is enormous, 147, seqq. 164, seqq. 223-225. Besides you are in constant apprehension of being either buried by some over-grown, top-heavy building, or burnt in your bed! 190-222; that is, if you can contrive to fall asleep in the midst of such a din and racket, 232-238. Unless you are rich, you cannot move about town with any comfort, and if you stir out after dark, you are almost sure of a broken head, either from some missile out of a garret window, 268-277, or from the cudgel of some choice spirit who has sallied into the streets in quest of an adventure, 278-301. Should you try to avoid such a rencounter by striking into the lanes, you run the risk of being robbed and murdered by one of those numerous ruffians, who, for the accommodation of the honest citizens, have been hunted into Rome, and there left to exercise their vocation unshackled, as the blacksmiths cannot keep pace with the demand for irons, 302314. After alleging these various reasons for leaving town, Umbricius bids an affectionate farewell to his friend, 315–322. Gifford, Ruperti. This Satire is imitated by Regnier (Sat. 3.); by Boileau (Sat. 1); and by Smollet in his " Satirical description of London and Bath in the expedition of Humphrey Clinker." 1-3. "Although [I am] troubled at the departure of an old friend, yet I commend his resolution of establishing his residence in comparatively deserted Cumæ, and of conferring at least one citizen on the Sibyl." Confusus, ovyxvduís. Veteris emphatic, as the loss of an old friend must be deeply felt.—The object of laudo is not eum understood, but the whole of the succeeding clause; if eum were the object the indicative destinat would follow.—Cuma, a city of Campania, founded B. C. 1050, by some Greeks of Euboea, under the conduct of Hippocles of Cuma (or rather Cyme-Kúμn-of Æolia), and Megasthenes of Chalcis. It was famous for the cave of the Sibyl, μavrov, which consisted of one vast chamber hewn out of the solid rock. The existence of this cavern is not fabulous; it was almost entirely destroyed in a siege, which the fortress of Cumæ, then in possession of the Goths, maintained against Narses, who, by undermining the cave, caused the citadel to sink into the hollow, and thus involved the whole in one common ruin.-Vacuis thinly inhabited," i. e. in comparison with Rome. -Sibyllæ, i. e. to the Sibyl's place of abode, namely, Cumæ. The word is derived from aòs, Æolic for 9sòs, and Bovan, Comp. Æn. 6, 10 seqq. Destino is derived from διὰ and ἱστάνω, same as ἵστημι. 4. "It [scil. Cuma] is the great thoroughfare, or key, to Baiæ, and its shore is a welcome and delightful retreat." Janua, i. e. persons on their way to Baiæ had to pass through Cumæ.-Baie was a fashionable watering-place, situated on the bay of Naples; and is said to have been founded by Baius, one of the companions of Ulysses. It was the usual resort of the wealthy Romans, who occupied with villas the whole line of coast, and frequently erected piers projecting into the sea, for bathing lodges.-Litus (from lino "to make a stroke or line") is properly "the line of coast that borders on the sea."-Amanus is from apsivav, and usually refers to that which is agreeable to the sight, as a fine view, &c.; while suavis is said especially of that which is agreeable to the senses, particularly to the hearing, smell, and taste; GRATUS "precious," refers especially to the value of a thing to ourselves; and JUCUNDUS is said of that which directly administers pleasure. 5. The connexion is " [but even if my friend has determined on a less agreeable spot, I would not censure his resolve, for] I prefer even Prochyta [that barren rock] to the Subura."-Prochyta (hodie Procida or Procita) was a small island off Cape Misenus, and received its name from goxúvas, because it was thought to have been rent from Enaria by an earthquake, and thrown forth, as it were, into the sea. It is called alta by Virgil, Æn. 9, 715. and aspera by Statius, in Sylv. 11. 2. 76. Subura, (so called from sub urbe, because it was at the foot of Mount Cælius) is generally alleged to have been the residence of the vile and abandoned, but so far from this, it was in reality the abode of the great and gay. Julius Cæsar was born in that part of the Subura which was situated on the Esquiline hill. Some derive the name from Saburra, a marsh, and Junius, cited by Varro, thinks it to be a contraction from sub murum; quia subest ei loco, qui terreus murus vocatur. In some MSS. the reading is Sucura, or Sucusa, which is derived from succurrere, quia solitum fuit sUCCURRERE Esquiliis, infestantibus eam partem urbis Gabinis. The word is here used for Rome in general. It properly indicates a street in the second region at the base of the Cælian mount. 6-9. "For what [place] have we seen so dreary, so deserted, that you would not believe it worse to be in constant dread of fires, perpetual falls of houses, together with the multitudinous dangers of the unfeeling city, and [last not least] poets rehearsing in the month of August [than to be there]?" Ruinas. The ground in Rome was very valuable, hence the houses were raised to a very considerable height, and owing to their proximity, the fall or conflagration of one, frequently caused the destruction of many. Comp. Tac. Ann. xv. 43. To remedy this evil Augustus ordered that the greatest height of any mansion bordering upon the public way, should be 70 feet. Trajan reduced this to 60; and Nero required that there should be a passage between each habitation. 8. Save on account of the pericula.-9. Poetas. The silly poets of Rome in Juvenal's time were wont to bore, by their own spoutings, those unfortunate persons who remained in the city during the hottest month; this Juvenal humorously classes among the calamities that attend a residence at Rome. 10. Tota domus. "While his entire family and effects are being stowed," &c. Reda, this was a four-wheeled vehicle which the Romans used in their journeys: it is a Celtic word [Gallic according to Quintilian], and connected with the German reiten and our ride. The cisium (cabriolet) had but two wheels. The carruca was a carriage for ladies, and is also from the Celtic.-Una shows the scantiness of Umbricius' furniture. 11. Substitit "He stopped for it," scil. the waggon, and while he waits, Juvenal and he hold the following colloquy:-Arcus, arches, this cannot be the monument of the Horatii, for that was not an arch but a pillar, yanaía orvλís; Ruperti, on account of the epithet veteres, would refer the word to the "triumphal arches" of Romulus, (which were originally built of brick, but afterwards of marble), were there but proof that the latter were near the gate Capena; as this, however is deficient of proof, he refers it to the arches of the aqueducts.— Capena, now called "St Sebastian's gate," led out into the Appian way, towards Capua; it is called here madidam "dripping," on account of the aqueduct which was over it, (" quia supra eam aquæductus est, quem nunc appellant Arcum stillantem” vet. schol.) or from the number of springs in that quarter,—if this view be adopted, madidam must be rendered "surrounded by fountains," [like aquosa Ida' in Hor.]: from the latter circumstance it received the name of Fontinalis ; and from the triumphs passing through it, was called also Triumphalis. 12-17. The common editions have a semicolon after Capenam, and a full stop at amica, whereby hic will be considered as alluding to Capena, transl. "the spot where Numa used to make assignations with his mistress by night;" but this plainly is wrong, for the "grove" where Numa met Egeria was at a considerable distance from the gate, being in the vale of Aricia. We have adopted the punctuation of Ruperti, according to which the sentence must be constructed thus :—“ Here, (divinas), where Numa used to appoint an hour for assignation with his mistress by night; namely, into the vale of Egeria we [scil. Umbricius and Juvenal] descend, and into grottos, unlike the natural; at the present day the grove with its consecrated spring, and its shrines are left to the Jews, whose furniture consists of a basket and hay (for every tree has been commanded to pay rent, and the forest [i. e. the Jews, its occupants] goes a begging, since the Muses have been served with an ejectment).' If the style here seem too abrupt, Ruperti proposes to read hinc for hic, which will mean "leaving this scil. the gate-we descend," &c. For information respecting Numa and Egeria consult Livy, I. 19 and 21.-By his using the word amica the poet gives us to understand that Egeria was neither Nymph nor Muse, but a harlot. The grove had been sacred to Diana, which Numa consecrated to the Camenc.-Fontis, this fountain flowed through the middle of the wood (Livy, loc. cit. 1. 21).-Sacri, so termed on account of the numen aqua (19), or because Numa had consecrated it to the Muses. Comp. Plut. Num. 68. ὕδωρ ιερὸν ἀπεδείξε ταῖς Ἑστικίσι παρθένοις, ὅπως λαμβάνεισαι καθημέραν ἀγωνίζωσι καὶ ῥαίνωσι τὸ ἀνάκτορον.—Locantur, locare “ to let |