the State, elastic sandstone, asbestos, soapstone, plumbago, lead, gold, and copper, exist in considerable quantities.

CASSVILLE is the seat of justice, 150 miles northwest of Milledgeville. In the vicinity are several fine springs.

Cartersville is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, surrounded by a rich country. Named after Colonel F. Carter, of Milledgeville. Kingston is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad. This place is celebrated for the excellency of the water. Named after J. P..King, Esq., of Augusta.

The above is a view of Spring Place, the residence of the Rev. C. W. Howard, one of the most beautiful seats in Cherokee Georgia. Adairsville is on the Western and Atlantic Railroad, twelve miles from Cassville.

EARLY SETTLERS.-Colonel HARDEN, Z. B. HARGROVE, JOHN DAWSON, D. IRVINE, T. G. BARON, ROBERT PATTON, L. TUMLIN, the JOHNSONS, the WYLEYS, Dr. HAMILTON, and others.

Extract from Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,712, families, 1,750; white males, 5,333; white females, 4,938; free coloured males, 11; free coloured females, 10. Total free population, 10,292; slaves, 3,008; deaths, 105; farms, 601; manufacturing establishments, 8; value of real estate, $1,773,689; value of personal estate, $1,942,121.

There are many fine springs, impregnated with mineral qualities, in this county. Among these are the Rowland Springs, purchased in 1843 by their present owner, John S. Rowland, Esq. The tract of land contains 2,100 acres, and is in the midst of the great iron region of Cherokee Georgia. When this property was purchased, it was a forest, being entirely unimproved. The proprietor has made all the improvements. Water is conveyed upon the premises in the centre of the square, in front of the main building, watering the whole place. The springs are numerous, of pure freestone, chalybeate, and sulphur. The location is high and healthy, surrounded by mountains and romantic scenery.

This place was said to be the favourite resort of the Cherokee Indians for health in sickly seasons.

The Rowland Springs were kept as a watering-place by their owner until the year 1850, and were one of the most fashionable resorts at the South, being always crowded to excess in the summer months, since which time they have been used as a stockfarm and summer residence of the proprietor.

There are several remains of ancient works in this county. Among them is a mound on the plantation of Colonel Tumlin, a diagram of which is given above. The following description of it first appeared in one of the early numbers of Silliman's Journal:

On the north side of the Etowah, vulgarly called the High-tower River, is a mound of large dimensions. It stands upon a strip of alluvial land, called river bottom. The first object which excited attention was an excavation about twenty feet wide, and in some parts ten feet deep. Its course is nearly

that of a semicircle, the extremities extending towards the river, which form a small elbow. I had not time to examine it minutely. An Indian said it extended each way to the river, and had several unexcavated parts, which served as passages to the area which it incloses. To my surprise, I found no embankment on either side of it, but I did not long doubt to what place the earth had been removed, for I had scarcely proceeded 200 yards, when, through the thick forest trees, the stupendous pile met the eye, whose dimensions were in full proportion to the intrenchments. I had at the time no means of taking an accurate admeasurement. To supply my deficiency, I cut a long vine, which was preserved, until I had an opportunity of ascertaining its exact length. In this manner I found the distance, from the margin of the summit to the base, to be 111 feet; and, judging from the degree of its declivity, the perpendicular height cannot be less than seventy-five feet. The circumference of the base, including the feet of three parapets, measured 1,114. One of these parapets extended from the base to the summit, and can be ascended, though with difficulty, on horseback. The other two, after rising thirty or forty feet, terminate in a kind of triangular platform Its top is level, and at the time I visited it, was com pletely covered with bushes and trees of a most luxuriant growth, so that I could not examine it as well as I wished. Its diameter, I judge, must be 150 feet. On its side and summit are many large trees of the same description, and of the same dimensions as those around it. One beech tree near the top measured ten feet and nine inches in circumference. The earth on every side of the tree was several feet lower than on the opposite side. This fact will give a good idea of the mound's declivity. An oak which was lying down on one of the parapets, measured, at the distance of six feet from the butt, without the bark, twelve feet four inches in circumference. At a short distance to the southeast is another mound, in ascending which I took thirty steps. Its top is encircled by breastworks three feet high, intersected through the middle with another elevation of a similar kind. A little further is another mound, which I had not time to examine. On these great works of art the Indians gazed with as much curiosity as any white man. inquired of the oldest chiefs if the natives had any tradition respecting them, to which they answered in the negative. I then requested each to say what he supposed was their origin. Neither could tell, although all agreed in saying that they were put there by our people.

SALTPETRE CAVE.-In this county are many caves. A remarkable one is situated about five miles from Cassville. The adjoining country around it is poor, rocky, and mountainous. The descent is steep, abrupt, and somewhat difficult, for perhaps one hundred and fifty feet, where the bottom becomes perfectly smooth and even; owing, no doubt, to the collection of dirt which has been washed down the mouth, and settling there for ages. This smooth and even surface extends forty by sixty feet. Here the Indians are said to have been in the habit of meeting for the purpose of dancing, and to indulge in other customary pastimes and festivities. The air is damp, and unpleasantly cold. From the mouth to the bottom of the first descent, the aperture becomes larger and larger until the bottom is reached. About midway the rocks overhead are so far above

as to render the top almost invisible from the light of the torches. Stones thrown up can barely reach it. At the bottom of the first room, as it is usually called, the rocks close in on all sides, except the entrance, and a few feet through which the visitor must pass half bent, if he desires to proceed farther. After going in this way for twenty or thirty feet, the opening again becomes suddenly large and extensive on all sides, and a steep and rugged ascent has to be encountered for eighty or one hundred feet. Here, if it were not that the cave is in the side of a mountain, it could not be very far to the surface of the earth above, as it is now ascended a distance nearly equal to that which was descended in entering, and it is also some distance to the rock overhead. But the visitor is now in the heart or centre of the mountain, where no ray of light ever found its entrance, except that of the torch or lantern of exploring man. At the top of this ascent a road branches off to the right and left. Both are circuitous, and lead into various rooms of different sizes and shapes. The one to the right leads by a difficult and sometimes dangerous route, to the longest room in the cave. From this there is a small and narrow outlet, scarcely of space sufficient to proceed erect, of about one hundred and fifty or two hundred feet in length, and leads to another issue, though small. There are in this cave some twenty or thirty rooms of different sizes and forms, and generally connected with each other by apertures sufficiently large to admit of easy access; but in some places, though rarely, the visitor must gain his way on his hands and knees. Some visitors, of more enterprise and perseverance, have taken in poles, by which to ascend to the rooms overhead. The continual drippings of the lime and saltpetre have, in many of the rooms, formed beautiful columns and pillars, by concretion. Many of these, from the different shapes which they have assumed, are interesting curiosities. These pillars are, in a state of nature, almost as white as marble; but the frequent visits to the cave, and the visitors using pine for torches, they have become smoked black. Several years ago, considerable quantities of saltpetre were manufactured from the dirt dug out of this cave, and the signs are yet visible, but no operation of the kind is now going on.

CHATHAM COUNTY.

THIS County forms the southeast corner of the State. It is a portion of what was once called Savannah County, for in 1741, by order of the Trustees, the Colony of Georgia was divided into two counties, one of which was called Savannah, embracing all the territory north of Darien. It was laid out in 1758 into St. Philip's and Christ Church Parishes, and Christ Church and a part of St. Philip's were formed into the County of Chatham, which name was given in honour of the celebrated Earl of Chatham. Length, 28 m.; breadth, 15 m.; area square miles, 420.

Extract from the Census of 1850.-Dwellings, 1,915; families, 1,979; white males, 4,794; white females, 4,367; free coloured males, 296; free coloured females, 426; total free population, 9,883; slaves, 14,018; deaths, 385; farms, 132; manufacturing establishments, 13; value of real estate, $4,890,750; value of personal estate, $5,828,388. The chief streams are the Savannah, Big and Little Ogeechee. The smaller are, St. Augustine, Vernon, Pipemaker, &c.

The face of the country is flat, interspersed with many swamps. The country has a large portion of fertile land. On the Savannah River, the bodies of tide swamp lands are extensive, and are cuitivated upwards of twenty miles from the brackish marsh up the river, and are considered the most valuable lands in the State. Many of the rice plantations have a picturesque appearance. The annexed cut exhibits a view of Mr. James Potter's plantation on the Savannah River.

SAVANNAH is the seat of justice, and the largest city in Georgia. It is situated on the southeast bank of the Savannah River, on a high bluff forty feet above low-water mark, twelve miles in a direct line from the ocean, and eighteen miles by the course of the river.

It is in north latitude 32 degrees, 4 minutes, 56 seconds; west longitude 81 degrees, 8 minutes, 18 seconds from Greenwich; and 4 degrees, 6 minutes, 54 seconds, west longitude from Washington City ; 158 miles E.S.E. from Milledgeville, the capital of the State.

The city contains the following public buildings, viz.: two Episcopal churches, one Roman Catholic, one Lutheran, one Independent Presbyterian, one Presbyterian, one Unitarian, two Baptist churches for whites, three for coloured people, one Hebrew Synagogue, one for Mariners, one Methodist Church for whites, one Methodist for coloured people, Court-House, Jail, Exchange, Female Asylum, Armoury, Arsenal, Guard-House, Market-House, Academy, Hall of the Georgia Historical Society, Institution of the Sisters of our Lady of Mercy, United States Barracks, Savannah Poor-House and Hospital, Hall of St. Andrew's Society, Custom-House, Athenæum, Masonic Hall, Odd Fellows' Hall, Powder Magazine, Bank of the State of Georgia, Planters' Bank, Marine and Fire Insurance Bank, Central Railroad and Banking Company, Savannah Bank.