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9. "the feast of reason and the flow of soul": Pope's Imitations of Horace, Satire I, 128.

10. "brave sublunary things": see note 15 to page 313.

II. Sidon... Tyre . . . Babylon... Susa: Sidon was earlier the richest and most powerful Phoenician city, as Tyre was later; Babylon and Susa were once capitals of great empires. All four are now mere small towns or only heaps of rubbish.

12. The stockdove plain amid the forest deep, etc.: slightly adapted from James Thomson's Castle of Indolence, i, 33–34.

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13. "the purple light of love": Gray's Progress of Poesy, 41.

14. Rubens Peter Paul Rubens (1577-1640), the great Flemish painter, particularly famed as a colorist.

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15. "the Raphael grace, the Guido air": cf. "Match Raphael's grace with thy loved Guido's air," Pope's Epistle to Mr. Jervas, 36. Raphael Santi (1483-1520) was the great Italian painter of religious subjects in particular; Guido Reni (1575-1642) was also an Italian painter.

16. "gain new vigour at our endless task": see Cowper's Charity, 104. 17. divinæ particula auræ: particles of divine ether.

18. Rembrandt: Rembrandt Hermanzoon Van Rijn (1607–1669), the greatest of the Dutch school of painters.

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19. beguile the slow and creeping hours of time": see As You Like It, II, vii, 112.

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20. Robbers ... Don Carlos: plays by Schiller, the first published 1781, the second 1787.

21. From the dungeon of the tower time-rent, etc.: from Coleridge's sonnet To the Author of the Robbers, 3-4.

22. "That time is past with all its giddy raptures ": see Wordsworth's Tintern Abbey, 83-85.

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23. "Even from the tomb the voice of nature cries," etc.: Gray's Elegy, 91-92.

24. "all the life of life is flown": see Burns's Lament for James, Earl of Glencairn, 46.

25. From the last dregs of life, etc.: see Dryden's Aurengzebe, IV, i, 41–42.

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26. "treason domestic, foreign levy, nothing could touch us farther”: see Macbeth, III, ii, 24–26.

27. "reverbs its own hollowness": adapted from Lear, I, i, 155–156.

WILLIAM MAKEPEACE THACKERAY

The three essays in this selection originally appeared as Nos. 7, 12, and 23 of the Roundabout Papers in the Cornhill Magazine.

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TUNBRIDGE TOYS

1. hardbake: a kind of candy.

2. prodigal little son: see Luke xv, 11-32.

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3. bull's-eyes: glass marbles.

4. form class.

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5. Eutropius: (fourth century A.D.), the author of a concise history of Rome. 6. Bartlemytide: the time of the festival of St. Bartholomew, August 24.

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7. Mr. Sala: George Augustus Sala (1828-1895), novelist and miscellaneous writer.

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8. Tyburn: the site of the public gallows until its transfer to Newgate Prison in 1783.

9. stumps: the uprights forming the wicket in cricket.

10. Valancour: one of the principal characters in The Mysteries of Udolpho, a romance of mystery and terror, by Mrs. Ann Radcliffe (1764-1823).

II. Manfroni: apparently the chief figure in the tale twice named later in this essay. The editors cannot make any further identification, but the story is evidently of the same character as The Mysteries of Udolpho.

12. Thaddeus of Warsaw: the principal character in a pseudo-historical romance of the same name by Jane Porter (1776-1850).

13. Corinthian Tom Jerry Hawthorn: characters in the once extremely popular Life in London, by Pierce Egan the elder (1772?-1849). 14. a lecture on George II. in the Cornhill Magazine: Thackeray's lectures on The Four Georges, first delivered in America (1855-1856), were printed in the Cornhill in the issues from July to October, 1860.

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ON BEING FOUND OUT

I. coram populo: in the presence of the public.

2. cried his peccavi: acknowledged his fault; peccavi is literally "I have sinned."

3. Siste tandem, carnifex: Cease, pray, O executioner!

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4. Jack Ketch a famous English executioner (d. 1686). His name was applied to the hangman in Punch and Judy, and then became synonymous with hangman.

5. one of your Bluebeards: in the famous nursery story Bluebeard gives his young wife the keys to his castle with permission to enter all the rooms but one. Her curiosity compels her to enter the forbidden room, in which she finds the bodies of six former wives, whom Bluebeard had murdered for disobeying the same prohibition.

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6. Abbé Kakatoes. . . Marquis de Croquemitaine: apparently invented names ; kakatoes is a French form for "cockatoo," and croquemitaine

7. Palsambleu: an archaic French oath; a corruption of par le sang Dieu.

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...

8. put the cap out . . . put his head into it: suggested by the proverb, "If the cap fits, wear it."

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9. Kтîμa és άel: an immortal possession.

10. dies iræ: Day of Judgment, literally " day of wrath"; from the famous Latin hymn beginning:

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...

Dies iræ, dies illa.

II. Bardolph . . . Nym . . . Doll Tearsheet . . . Mrs. Quickly : Bardolph is a rascally companion of Falstaff's in Henry IV. In Henry V he accompanies the king's army into France, where he is executed for stealing a pax (or pyx) from a church (Henry V, III, vi, 41–51). Nym is his companion thief in Henry V (III, ii, 44–57). Doll Tearsheet is a woman of the town and a friend of Mrs. Quickly's in 2 Henry IV, and Mrs. Quickly is the hostess of the Boar's Head Tavern, the meeting place of Prince Hal and Falstaff.

12. de la société: of the company.

2. Stella: Esther Johnson, whom Swift is said to have secretly married in 1716. From 1710 to 1713, while Swift was in London and Stella in Ireland, he wrote her daily letters, which were later published as the Journal to Stella. These letters show a playful tenderness and a capacity for feeling not hinted at in Swift's other works.

3. some commentator or other: Thackeray himself in his lecture on Swift in the English Humourists.

4. Mr. Johnson . . . touching the posts: see Boswell's Life, anno 1764 (Vol. I, p. 485, note 1 in Hill's edition).

5. Dodsley's: a famous eighteenth-century printing house, by which many of Dr. Johnson's works were published.

...

6. Green Arbour Court: the Cornhill was printed in Green Arbour Court. 7. Pendennis, Clive Newcome . . . Philip Firmin: the principal characters in Thackeray's novels Pendennis, The Newcomes, and The Adventures of Philip. The final section of the last named and De Finibus appeared in the same number of the Cornhill.

8. tamen usque recurro: "yet I always come back"; see Horace, Epistles I, x, 24.

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9. Woolcomb... Twysden: characters in The Adventures of Philip.

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10. Angels and ministers of grace: Hamlet, I, iv, 39.

Weissenborn

II. Goethe Weimar: Weimar, the capital of a small German principality, was for more than forty years the home of Goethe. Through the residence there of Goethe, Schiller, Herder, and Wieland, it became the center of German literature. Thackeray resided in Weimar for some time in 1831, and had three interviews with Goethe. During his stay he had lessons from Dr. Weissenborn.

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12. as different . . . as Lord Palmerston and Mr. Disraeli: Lord Palmerston, for instance, was of Irish, and Disraeli (later Lord Beaconsfield), of Jewish descent; the former was prominent as a Whig, the latter as a Tory.

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13. once on the Mississippi: Thackeray lectured in America in 18521853 and again in 1855-1856.

14. Jacob Faithful: a lively sea story by Frederick Marryatt (1792–1848). 15. Vingt Ans Après: Twenty Years After, a sequel to The Three Musketeers; both by Alexandre Dumas père (1802-1870). D'Artagnan, named below, is the adventurous hero of both romances.

16. Woman in White: a novel of thrills and mystery, by William Wilkie Collins (1824-1889).

17. à la mode le pays de Pole : according to the Polish custom "; the internecine quarrels of the Poles were marked by the utmost barbarity. 18. Doctor F – . . . Mr. T. H: Doctor Firmin and Tufton Hunt were villainous characters in the Adventures of Philip.

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19. dilectissimi fratres: most dearly beloved brethren.

20. "Miserere nobis miseris peccatoribus":"Have mercy upon us,

23. perennial brass see Horace, Odes III, xxx, 1: Exegi monumentum ære perennius "I have wrought myself a monument more lasting

than bronze."

24. Pythoness: the priestess at the oracle of Apollo at Delphi; she was supposed to be inspired by the god with a spirit of divination.

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25. Mignon... Knight of La Mancha: the persons named in this paragraph are all among the greatest characters of fiction. Mignon is the mysterious Italian maiden, the daughter of the old harper, in Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre; Margaret is Gretchen, the heroine of his Faust; Goetz von Berlichingen is the hero of his early drama by that name, a play patterned after Shakespeare's historical plays. Dugald Dalgetty is a soldier of fortune in Scott's Legend of Montrose, and Ivanhoe is the hero of the novel of the same name. Uncas is the young Indian chief, the hero of Cooper's Last of the Mohicans, and Leatherstocking is Natty Bumpo, the backwoodsman who plays a prominent part in the series of novels of Indian and pioneer life - The Leatherstocking Tales. Athos, Porthos, and Aramis are Dumas's "Three Musketeers," the companions of D'Artagnan. Amelia Booth is the title character of Fielding's Amelia, loving and generous. Uncle Toby is the whimsical, tender-hearted uncle of Tristram in Sterne's Tristram Shandy. Tittlebat Titmouse is the vulgar and simple