which these gentlemen and others have given the Apple Maggot, there is much yet unknown in its life history, and much that must be known before it can be successfully resisted. The eggs must be deposited upon the apple, Mr. Lintner says near the calyx end. Mr. Walsh thought that the female pierced the skin and placed the eggs beneath it, but, as Mr. Lintner well remarks, the ovipositor is too soft and blunt for this. It is not certain that the eggs are always placed at the same end or on the same part of the apple. Some times they are probably placed in the burrows made by the larvæ of the codling moth. Wherever placed, as soon as they hatch, which is probably in a few days, the little worms burrow into the flesh of the apple; sometimes during their growth they remain near the surface, sometimes they go nearly to the core, though usually most of their work is done near the surface. There may be a number of maggots in a single apple. As the maggots do not eat the apples until well advanced toward maturity, it is obvious that the eggs are not deposited on the fruit until the end of summer, and from that time until mid-autumn. The work of this worm may be distinguished usually from that of the Codling Moth by the position of the burrows, those of the larvæ of the moth beginning always at the calyx end of the apple and going more or less directly to and about the core. If the worms themselves are found they are easily distinguished by the small size, less slender form and absence. of feet in the apple maggot, the larva of the codling moth growing to three times the size of the other and being well furnished with feet. It also has a distinctly seen and dark colored head which the maggot has not. After living in and feeding upon the apples for a length of time not yet determined, probably somewhat variable, the worms leave the fruit and go to the ground, probably, though this has not been fully determined, going not far from the surface. Here they remain as chrysalids through the winter and spring emerging as perfect insects in the middle or latter part of summer. The perfect insect is a little fly not very unlike some of those often seen on house windows. It has a reddish head and feet, the body, which is from one-fifth to one-fourth inch long is of a dark color with transverse white bands and a white spot on the thorax just behind the wings. These are, as in all flies, transparent, but each bears a curiously shaped dark marking which occupies a considerable portion of the wing. It is shaped as much like a letter Fas

anything, though the resemblance is not exact. Most authorities agree in stating that this insect is chiefly found in early apples, some going so far as to say that it is confined to such varieties. But in this respect, in some parts of Vermont, and I think elsewhere, this latter is too well disproved though it seems to vary in different localities the late fall and winter apples have suffered most. In one orchard from which I had apples, Greenings and Spitzenbergs were injured more than the Fameuse, all growing near together. In other parts. of the State it is chiefly the early apples that have been injured. In one place sweet apples have suffered more than sour, in another the reverse of this is true. I have less to propose by way of remedy for this pest than could be desired. From the nature of its habits it must be a difficult insect to exterminate. So far as the apples attacked fall to the ground they may be picked up and fed to swine, but it is not probable that a large proportion of the worms could be reached in this way. A more efficient remedy would be to let swine have full range over the orchard for several weeks at the time the apples were maturing. These animals would not only devour the windfalls, and in this way destroy any insects which they might contain, but would root up many of the larvæ concealed in the ground. When the entire life history of Trypeta is known remedies may be discovered which shall be much more satisfactory than any yet known. It has been more abundant in New England than elsewhere, but its ravages are reported from the Mississippi Valley and over most of the Northern States. In some places the produce of entire orchards has been destroyed by it, and in all cases the fruit is greatly injured. So far as Vermont is concerned, I do not think that it is on the increase. Certainly fewer reports of its ravages have come in during the past year than before, and it may be that unknown conditions are checking its increase, but if not, and it goes on increasing, it will become a most serious and dreaded pest. On this account it is important that all who have the opportunity shall observe the habits of the insect and make known whatever they may observe to this or similar Stations. It is important to know at what time and how long, exactly, the worms are in the apple. This could be learned by examining the apples daily after the maggots are first observed until it is found that they had left the fruit. It is also desirable to know just what part of the infested

fruit falls from the tree. Also how commonly are the worms found in stored fruit and at what time and how they leave it. The position of the eggs and the time required for hatching also needs to be determined, and how long the larvæ are in reaching maturity. Observations might also be made to determine whether any varieties of apples are more or less infested than others. All this could not be determined satisfactorily by a single series of experiments or in any single orchard, for the habits of the insect vary more or less from year to year and in different localities. By observing, each in his own orchard, all the facts possible and then by comparing his observations with those of his neighbors, the fruit grower can do valuable service.

The Codling Moth has been mentioned already, and, although it may seem to some quite unnecessary to devote space to so well known an insect, yet as inquiries are continually being made concerning this species, I am sure that, however familiar to entomologists any account of it may be, it will not be useless to the fruit growers of this State. For description and figures I must refer the reader to a former article in the Report of the State Board of Agriculture, 1875-76, p. 582. Some of the characters which distinguish the larvae have been already given, the eggs are laid by the delicate little moths on the calyx end of the apple just after the blossoms fall, though very rarely the insect makes a mistake and places the eggs at the stem end. The eggs hatch in a few daysusually six or seven-and the little pinkish-white worms eat into the apple toward the core, about which they burrow for three or four weeks, during which time the infested fruit drops from the tree either just before or just after the worms have left it. Leaving the fruit either on the tree or on the ground the larvæ find their way to some hiding place, where they spin a small cocoon, more often about the rough bark of the tree than anywhere else. In the chrysalis the insect remains about a fortnight, and then the moth flies out to lay a lot of eggs, which hatch into a second brood to infest the winter apples. Since the article above referred to was written various new remedies have been devised and tried, but thus far I do not find that any of them have proved more successful than those there mentioned. The best of all is probably found in the use of bands of brown paper, coarse cloth or anything of the sort which should be put about the trees by the last of May, or at the

the time the apples are setting well, which is about a month after the trees are in blossom, varying with the season. They should be looked over once a week and all worms and chrysalids therein concealed can be taken and destroyed. Recently spraying the trees, just at the time when the apple is setting and the calyx end turns up, with Paris Green or London Purple has been tried with some success, and may prove better than anything else, and if both bands and spraying are used the fruit grower should have little trouble from this often very troublesome insect. I do not know that it has been anywhere tried, but I believe that if the trees were well sprayed with a solution of crude carbolic acid, one part of crystals to 100 of water, the moths would be prevented from depositing their eggs on the fruit; this solution would have the great advantage of being harmless. In this case the spraying should be carefully timed so that it come as nearly as possible just before the moths seek to lay their eggs, and also while the apples have the calyx end uppermost. Later in the season when the apple maggot described a few pages back makes its appearance as the perfect fly, it too would probably refuse to lay its eggs upon apples perfumed with carbolic acid while the first shower would remove most if not all the unpleasant odor so that the fruit could be used. In such a dilute state, carbolic acid is entirely harmless.

The tent caterpillar has been treated atsome length in Bulletin No. 11 of this Station, and the writer would call attention to what is therein given and urge the prompt and thorough destruction of this pest. A most unaccountable indifference respecting this insect seems to exist in some quarters. It would seem wholly unnecessary to assert very emphatically that this is not only an insect that disfigures our orchards but one that damages the trees by its destruction of their foliage, and one that unless attended to will prove a serious evil. Attention is also called to Bulletin No. 9, in which are given sundry recipes for preparing solutions and washes designed to repel the attacks of various insects. In conclusion let me again ask the co-operation of all interested persons in discovering the habits of injurious insects, the effects of insecticides and any facts that either directly or indirectly bear upon the subject, and that such facts as may be gained be freely given to the Station.

ENSILAGE.

A silo was built at the Farm during the summer and considerable attention given to the subject of the changes that take place in the material after being put in the silo. The silo was built in the most substantial manner; rock and mortar framed the foundation and bottom of the silo; the sides consisted of 2x10 inch timbers set edgewise and boarded on each side with a double layer of planed and matched boards, each of these layers had building paper between. So that the walls of the silo have four thicknesses of matched board and two of building paper with a ten-inch air space between. A partition similarly constructed was built through the middle of the silo, dividing into two parts each twelve feet long by six and a half wide and twenty feet deep. One of these halves was afterward divided by a temporary partition of matched boards, giving us thus three silos. The silos were filled with separate layers of peas and oats, Hungarian fodder corn, unfrosted, fodder corn, frosted, and apple pomace. The layers were separated by building paper.

All of the material was weighed when put into the silo and samples taken for analysis. It was weighed as it was fed out, and other samples taken so that it is possible from these figures to calculate the changes that have taken place in the ensilage and the amount of loss experienced.

Tests were made to determine the changes and loss under three conditions: 1st. Of complete ensilage from Sanford corn when the ears were in the roasting stage, cut into half-inch lengths. 2nd. Of ears from the same corn at the same time, husked and cut into half-inch lengths. 3rd. Of ears from the same corn at the same time put in whole, unhusked and uncut. A large quantity of each of these kinds was collected and divided; part was weighed and each put into a saparate weighed wire bag made of iron window-screen netting, and the rest taken to the laboratory and analyzed. These wire bags were placed in the silo side by side and covered with ordinary ensilage of the same character as that in the first bag. The silo was allowed to stand uncovered until the ensilage reached a temperature at the surface of 107° F. ; it was then covered with building paper and boards and weighted