Lachine canal and near the aqueduct. Low down in front of the building was an arc light. Attracted by this was an innumerable company of Neuroptera. Both the variety of species and the number of each kind were surprising. It was a calm, soft evening, a very gala time for the Neuroptera. In the assembly were the beautifully striped Macronema zebratum, Hagen, the elegant Setodes exquisetor, Walker, with its golden spotted border, and the diaphanous Chloroperla bilineata, Say.

VI. By the word life we sometimes understand a life history.

Scattered through the pages of the Canadian Entomologist will be found many life-histories of various kinds of insects. They may not, by the general reader, be deemed as valuable as "Plutarch's Lives," or "Walton's Lives"; but to entomologists they are deeply interesting; and we gladly welcome every addition to their number.

Among the most wonderful of the insect life histories I have read, are those of Hormaphis hamamelidis, Fitch, and Hamamelistes spinosus, Shimer. They appear in " Technical Series, No. 9, U.S. Department of Agriculture," and are written by Mr. Pergande. The creatures whose lives are recorded are two species of plant-lice inhabiting both the witch-hazel and the birch.

Mr. Pergande tells us that, "The study of the life history of these, after numerous failures and disappointments, covering a space of twenty-two years of patient labour" was at length brought to a successful conclusion. I will speak only of the first named insect.

It lays its eggs in October upon the branches and twigs of the witch-hazel. They produce stem-mothers, which in colour are of a dull black, and are set with white, iridescent waxy rods. Around each of these stem-mothers a gall is formed within which it lives. It changes its skin three times before attaining its growth. It then brings forth its progeny (numbering 100 or 120) within the gall. These are the migrants. They grow rapidly, changing their skins four times. At the last change they become winged. They leave the gall at the end of May, and seek, and settle upon, the black birch. They are of a dark purplish colour and have colourless or slightly dusky wings.

Each migrant deposits about fifty larvæ upon the under side of the birch leaves. The larvæ change their skins three times, and then present an extraordinary appearance. They are almost round and flat, and have a fringe of cylindrical waxy rods. Their body colour is dusky brown, or black; and, in the fringe, the lowest third of each rod is white, and the other two-thirds glassy and iridescent. The insects at this stage are closely cemented to the leaf. After two generations more, and about the end of August, comes the sixth generation or return migrants which undergo four changes-becoming pupa at the fourth. These pupa produce the winged insects that return to the witch-hazel. The migration continues throughout September. From these return migrants comes a brood of wingless males and females, the latter of which deposit their eggs upon the witch-hazel twigs in October, as was at first stated.

We have dwelt upon insect life in the different meanings in which the term is used. I trust that your interest in the subject will not end with this night's proceedings. All around us, and all the time, there are natural objects and workings of nature deserving of our close attention. "For everything there is a purpose, and in everything there is a meaning, if only we have the eyes to see it, and the hearts to understand it." The Entomological Society of Ontario was intended to be, and is, a guide to nature studies. If any gentleman present be not a member of the Society, I invite him to join it. In entomological pursuits he will learn lessons of God's power and goodness that will strengthen his higher life; he will acquire information that will be of interest and service to him all his life long. His presence at our meetings will give new life to our proceedings. He will find new interests and pleasures that will banish ennui from the life he leads; and in the end, if he has proved a useful member of the Society, the editor of the day will, I doubt not, write his life-history for the pages of the "Canadian Entomologist"!!

PROF. JAMES: Ladies and gentlemen, we always look for a paper of much interest from Dr. Fyles, and he has kept up the good reputation he has already achieved in this Society by his paper this evening I have always taken a great interest in the Society and never fail to read anything the Doctor has written. I remember some years ago reading some reminiscences of the life of Philip H. Gosse, a celebrated entomologist who lived in that part of Canada from which the Doctor comes. I consider his paper on the insects of the Bible one of the most instructive papers I have ever read; and others upon the insects of Shakespeare and of our modern poets most interesting and attractive. The Doctor is always able to add a literary finish to his work on entomology. He tells us to-night in one place that natural history is full of surprises, and this reminds me of a little incident I read in a New York paper. Cooper, the novelist, in one of his stories des ribed a young man driving along the road who came to a house, pulled up his horse, jumped down from the rig and tied his horse to a locust. The sup position is, of course, that a locust tree was meant, when, however, the French translator came to this passage he evidently was stuck by the word "locust." He turned to his dictionary and found only one meaning, and that was the locust or grasshopper (Sauterelle), and he makes Cooper's young man tie his horse to a grasshopper! This rather staggered the translator, and he thought it necessary to add a foot-note, which ran as follows: "In America the grasshopper grows to a very large size, so they stuff them and add a few weights to hold them down and place them in front of their houses to use them as tie-posts"! The natural history of America certainly is full of surprises.

SOME COMMON BUTTERFLIES, AND SOME NOTED BUTTERFLY HUNTERS. BY WM. LOCHHEAD, ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, GUElph.

The younger students of insects, and those of us who are actively engaged in the warfare against injurious insects, can hardly realize the conditions under which the older eutomologists worked; and I make bold to say that we will never know how much we owe to them. We are indeed fortunate in our day and generation. We have ready access to large collections correctly named and arranged through no effort of ours. We have scores of splendidly illustrated volumes, each of which can be bought for a trifle and placed on the shelves of our own library. We have numbers of specialists who can help us out of the many small difficulties which often arise. All of these privileges were denied to the workers of a generation ago, and we marvel at the amount of good work done under obstacles which would now be termed well nigh insurmountable.

It is my purpose this evening to tell you something about some of our great collectors, including some of those stout-hearted men who worked unremittingly without hope of money reward, and more than that, without the sympathetic encouragement ofthe people whom they were trying to help. They were looked upon as harmless "bug-hunters", and they were allowed to live, because the community believed that it took all kinds of people to make a world. But times have changed. Entomologists are now looked upon as persons who are doing a necessary and a valuable work for the country. Governments spend money on their support, College chairs are endowed that students may receive instruction in Entomology, people are beginning to clamor for a better knowledge of insect-life, and the parents of school children are demanding the introduction of Nature Study into our schools.

I wish to state at the outset that Entomology knows no national boundaries, for the entomologists of all countries form one grand brotherhood of workers. Naturally, then, I shall not confine my remarks to our Canadian band. I shall introduce to you many co-workers from the United States, co-workers whom we always delight to honor, for to them we owe much.

With the aid of the electric lantern, I hope to make quite real both the persons and the insects about which I shall speak. I regret that, through oversight on my part, lantern slides of some of our prominent collectors were not prepared.

The first face shown on the screen is one quite familiar to a London audience. The name of Dr. Bethune is well known in scientific circles throughout Canada, the United States, and Europe. He has been Editor of the Canadian Entomologist" for upwards of 22 years, and the credit of its present high standing is due almost entirely to his brilliant work. Dr. Bethune was a contributor of valuable papers on insect-life nearly 40 years ago. He is one of the few surviving charter members of the Entomological Society which was organized in 1863. From 1865 to 1873, Dr. Bethune was Editor of the Entomological department of the Hon. Geo. Brown's "Canada Farmer", and for nearly 40 years he has contributed articles to the agricultural papers on subjects of economic importance.

The second face is also familiar to Londoners. Dr. Saunders and Dr. Bethune were a fine team of workers. He, too, is a charter member of the Entomological Society of Ontario, and until he became Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms was one of the leading authorities on Entomological subjects. His work "Insects Injurious to Fruits," published in 1883, is still the best thumbed book on the shelves of the working Economic Entomologist.

The third face is also familiar to Londoners. Mr. J. M. Denton was one of the most earnest collectors of our Society. Readers of the Annual Reports of the Entomological Society recognize how much he helped to make those Reports so valuable.

The fourth face is that of our worthy President, -Rev. Dr. Fyles of Quebec. He and Mr. Lyman of Montreal whose picture follows have done much in stirring up the enthusiasm of lovers of insects in our sister province, and both have done work of real scientific merit.

Our sixth face is that of Mr. Harrington of Ottawa, and is probably not so well known as the preceding, since his duties at Ottawa have prevented his attendance at our annual meetings for four or five years. Mr. Harrington is one of the leading authorities in America on Hymenoptera and Coleoptera. He is one of our younger men, so that much may yet be expected of him.

The seventh face is one well known from the Atlantic to the Pacific. I do not care to say much about Dr. Fletcher in his presence, suffice it to say that his heart and head are as large as his body, and that is saying a great deal. Long may he live to fill the position which he now adorns !

The last Canadian to whom I shall refer is the Abbé Provancher of Laval University, Quebec. In 1869, this indefatigable worker, without the aid of reference libraries or access to reference collections, began the "Naturaliste Canadien" and continued this magazine up to 1891, completing 20 volumes. In the meantime, in 1874, he began his "Faune Entomologique Canada," a series of volumes devoted to descriptions of Canadian Insects. The first volume, completed in 1877, is devoted to Coleoptera. In 1878-79-80, he issued supplements to this volume. In 1883, he completed a second volume which was devoted to the Orthoptera, Neuroptera and Hymenoptera; and a little later he published additions to his Hymenoptera. In 1890, he completed his third volume devoted to the Hemiptera. He died in 1892. I regret that I am unable to present a likeness of this able French Canadian Naturalist. Now, I turn to our co-workers in the United States. The first is T. Wm. Harris, who lived from 1795 to 1856. This man was the first paid American Entomologist, and his publications date from 1823. These were followed by a long succession of interesting and original articles dealing chiefly with the injurious Insects of New England. He published a Report entitled "Insects Injurious to Vegetation" in 1841, this being known now as "A Treatise Upon Insects Injurious to Vegetation." As Dr. Howard remarks: "This book is to-day as valuable as when first written, more than 50 years ago." In the early part of his life, Harris

worked practically alone; but, in 1854, Dr. Asa Fitch was appointed Entomologist for the State of New York. Dr. Fitch was born in 1809 and died in 1879. He published 14 reports, in all of which are observations and work of a valuable character.

The next picture is that of Townend Glover, who might be called the first entomologist of the Federal Government at Washington. His first report dates from 1854. For the 10 years between 1856 to 1866, Fitch and Glover were the only Economic Entomologists of great note in America.

The next face is that of Benj. D. Walsh, an Englishman by birth, who was a contemporary of Fitch and Glover, but began later than the previous two to write articles along economic lines. In 1868, Walsh was appointed State Entomologist for the State of Illinois. He is said to have been a very interesting speaker, and one who could hold an audience of farmers for hours at a time when he dealt with entomological subjects.

The next face is that of C. V. Riley, who also came from England,-one of the most famous economic entomologists the world has ever produced. In 1868, Riley was appointed entomologist for the State of Missouri. He published 9 annual reports covering the whole field of economic entomology. In 1878, on Glover's death, Riley was appointed entomologist of the United States Department of Agriculture. With the exception of two years, when Prof. Comstock was entomologist, Dr. Riley had charge of the Government work up to June 1894, when he was succeeded by the present entomologist, Dr. L. O. Howard.

Dr. Howard is a leader among entomologists; and, as chief of his department, has been a great success. He has the faculty of gathering around him a strong corps of assistants, and these he encourages to do much original investigation by giving them full credit for all the work they do. Dr. Howard is a prolific writer-his latest important publication being " The Insect Book," an illustrated manual of popular entomology.

Our next picture is Dr. J. B. Smith of New Jersey in his office and laboratory. He is another of our best known entomologists. In 1895, he published a college text-book called "Economic Entomology," a valuable guide to the insects which are of economic value. Dr. Smith is a specialist in the Noctuid family of moths.

The next is Dr. W. J. Holland of the Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg. His specialty is the Lepidoptera, and his most recent work: is the " Butterfly Book which should be in every school library. It is a marvel of cheapness and profusely illustrated with coloured plates.

Next comes W. H. Edwards, the great Lepidopterist. His grand work on the butterflies of North America is a monumental one, filling three large quarto volumes with exquisite coloured illustrations.

The next picture is that of Prof. Comstock of Cornell University. Although an investigator of great originality, his strongest claim on the brotherhood of entomologists is the inspiring influence which he has exerted on the many students who flock to his class-room and laboratory. I may say truly that about two-thirds of all the entomologists in America to-day have been in his laboratory and have come under his influence. His published works are known to every student. They have done much to systematize the study of insects, and to make it possible for the young collector to make headway.

Next comes one of our famous women who have popularized the study of insects. Mrs. Comstock is a meet companion and helpmate for the Professor. Besides being a student of insects, she is an illustrator of insect life and has prepared a large proportion of the illustrations in her husband's books. For the past two years, she has been devoting her attention to the extension of Nature Study in New York State.

The next woman is the late Miss Ormerod of England. She has done more than any other person in Great Britain to build up economic entomology. Her reports published a her own expense, are almost invaluable, and her Manuals are classics.

The last picture is that of Prof. Webster, whom most of our members know well. For

many years, he attended our annual gathering, and assisted us in our discussions; he more●ver helped us when we were fighting the San José scale. Having received an appointment in Illinois, he is now unable to be with us, much to our mutual regret.

Now we come to the consideration of some of our common butterflies and moths. (Colored illustrations of the following were presented by means of the lantern); Papilio turnus; Vanessa antiopa; Pieris rapae; Anosia archippus; Eudamus tityrus; Samia cecropia; Hyperchiria io; Phlegethontius celeus; Everyx myron; Deilephila lineata; Tropæa luna; ŒEdemasia concinna ; Orgyia leucostigma ; Bombyx mori; Cutworms; Clothes' Moths; Hyphantria cunea; Acronycta; Prionoxystus robiniae; Halisidota ; and Sannina exitiosa.

In most cases, all the four stages egg, caterpillar, pupa, and imago were shown. Such forms as Pieris, Orgyia, Bombyx, Cutworms, Clothes' Moths Hyphantria and Sannina, which are of economic importance, were dwelt upon more at length.

At the conclusion of Prof. Lochhead's lecture, Dr. Fletcher rose and said: I am sure everyone present has been much pleased with the entertainment we have had this evening; Dr. Fyles's delightful address, full as it was of so many ideas of interest, must have pleased everybody. Prof. Lochhead's illustrations with his remarks will, I have no doubt, teach us a great deal about insects, and I have much pleasure in moving a vote of thanks to Dr. Fyles and to Prof. Lochhead.

The motion was duly seconded and carried unaminously.

Dr. BETHUNE Before we separate I should very much like to propose a vote of thanks to the chairman for the very able manner in which he has presided here to-night, and for coming from Toronto to be with us, also for his interesting remarks at the beginning and at other times during the proceedings; and I should like to add to this vote of thanks the name of Mr. Principal Merchant, who has kindly allowed us the use of this lecture room, and of Mr. Dearness for the able way in which he has taken charge of the lantern.

The motion was seconded and unaminously adopted.

Mr. Dearness made a suitable reply on behalf of himself and Mr. Merchant, and the meeting adjourned.

SECOND DAY'S SESSION.

THURSDAY, OCTOBER 30th, 1902.

The Entomological Society resumed its meetings at 11 o'clock, a. m., the President, Rev. Dr. Fyles, occupying the chair. The Directors' Reports on the insects of the year were first called for; at the close of the reading of each there followed a general discussion on the insects referred to and much valuable information was given. Specimens were also exhibited in illustration of the subjects treated of, many of which were presented to the Society's collections. The reports of the Council and officers for the past year were read and adopted; the meeting then proceeded to the election of Officers, which resulted as shown on page 2. The reports of the Branches and Sections were read and approved.

In the afternoon the Society met at 2.30 o'clock and the chair was taken by Prof. Lochhead, the newly elected President. After the reading of Reports was completed, papers were read by Dr. Fletcher, Prof. Lochhead, Messrs. Moffat, Lyman, Stevenson, Norris, Gibson aud others, and were in many cases fully discussed. The majority of the papers are published in the following pages, but a few, being of a technical character, are to appear in the "Canadian Entomologist" the monthly organ of the Society; among the latter should be mentioned'papers by Dr. Fletcher and his assistant Mr. Arthur Gibson on "The Life-history of the Variable Cutworm, Mamestra Atlantica"; by Mr. Gibson on the Canadian species of the genus Apantesi (Arctiu) with special reference to the larvæ ;" and "the Life-history of Crocigrapha Normani.