University of California, by one of its members, urging the adoption of a similar course there. After an elaborate discussion, it was decided to erect an addition college in the university, to be known as the college of commerce, The course extends over four years, similar to that of the other colleges in the university. The requirements for admission were essentially the same, and correspond to graduation from the typical high schools with the four years' course.

In the first annual report of the president, after work was begun, it was stated that many details were yet to be determined, among others, the question of what degree should be conferred upon students who completed the course. In the same report the following statement is contained as to the scope of the new college:

"It is the intention of the authorities of the university to place the course in commerce upon a high scientific plane, otherwise it is not justified in claiming a place in the university curriculum beside those advanced scientific, philosophical and literary courses which have already won recognition."

The sciences dealing with the various departments of the world's trade can justly claim such recognition. The mere arts of the counting room do not belong to the list of studies. The student will be encouraged to acquire a knowledge of them elsewhere possibly, before entering college. Thus the college of commerce will supplement, not compete with, the work of the older business commercial schools.

The following list of courses taken from a prospectus recently issued by the university will show more clearly the intended character and scope of the new college:

Economic studies: General theory and analysis- Political economy: General principles and theory. Labor and wages. Theory and practice of exchange; foreign and domestic. Theory of value. Markets: their organization and the determination of prices. Currency: in all countries. Banking: in all countries. Economic features of transportation, by land and water. (A subject in which many special courses should be offered.) Industrial

and commercial organization. Corporations and corporation finance. Communication: postal service, telegraph and telephone, newspapers and advertising. Insurance: fire, marine, life, etc. Consumption, and the principles of demand and storage. Commercial usages of different countries. Public finance: Government expenditures, revenues- including taxation, customs, duties, etc.— public debts and fiscal administration. Statistics, mathematical and practical. History, theory and methods: the "movement of population," actuaries' statistics, theory of prices, etc.

Studies in economic history- The history of commerce in all countries and at every age. (Upon this general subject as large a number of special courses as possible should be offered.) The history of the institution of private property. The history of land tenures. The history of agriculture. The history of industry from the earliest times. The history of manufactures. The history of labor and of labor organizations and other special courses. Legal studies - Commercial law of different nations. Public international law, and the duties of diplomatic and consular offi

Private international law. Admiralty and maritime law. Roman law. Comparative jurisprudence. Judicial procedure in different countries. Law of private corporations; and other special

courses.

Political studies- Constitutional law of different nations. Public law and administration. Municipal government. General political theory. Legislative control of industry and commerce.

Historical studies- The general political and constitutional history of the leading nations, especially during the XIXth century; diplomatic history. (Economic history, that is, the history of industry and commerce, is of such importance as to constitute a separate group; see above.)

Geographical studies - Political geography. Geodesy. Physical geography. Commercial geography. Biological geography: including botany, zoology, anthropology, etc., Meteorology and climatology. Oceanography: Coasts, harbors, etc. Navigation and nautical astronomy. Geology.

Technological studies concerning transportation - Civil engineering and mechanical engineering; construction of roads, bridges, canals, irrigation works, etc.; motors and motor power, etc.; railroad economics, etc.

Technological studies concerning the materials of commerce -Botany: General plant morphology; economic botany. Forestry, and wild-plant products; also wild-animal products. Agri

culture: cultivated plant products of all descriptions, including field, orchard, and vineyard products; animal products, such as meats, dairy products, wool, etc., and including agricultural practice, irrigation, etc. Agricultural manufactures, such as sugar, starch, textiles, oils, brewing, tanning, drying, canning, etc. Fisheries, and all the products of the sea. Mining, and mineral products, and building materials. Chemical technology, and chemical products, acids, alkalies, etc. Manufactured products. Decorative and industrial art.

A large number of other special courses in these and other applied sciences connected with the materials and the operations of commerce should be offered.

Mathematical studies-Courses covering all the mathematical principles involved in the above studies.

Linguistic studies- The English language and English literature. The languages and literatures of the nations with which we have commercial relations: American, European, and Oriental. Philosophical studies- Ethics and civil polity.

No statement of the actual enrollment of students in this new college and of the way in which it has opened up its work has come to the attention of the writer, but the interest felt in the project by some members of the board of trustees and by some members of the faculty justifies the hope that this is the beginning of great things in the department of higher commercial education.

On November 3rd, 1898, the chamber of commerce of the state of New York adopted the report of a committee which had been previously appointed by that body on the subject of commercial education. This report, after strongly commending the establishment of a department of sounder commercial education both in secondary schools and in higher institutions of learning in this country, advised the appointment of a special committee by the president of the chamber of commerce for the further consideration of the subject of commercial education. This committee was appointed and, after various sessions and conferences with authorities of Columbia university, a report was submitted to the chamber of commerce recommending that the chamber assist

Columbia university in the establishment of a collegiate course in commerce by the grant of certain funds.

This report presents in a certain way the most complete scheme of higher commercial instruction which has thus far been submitted for the consideration of the public. It unites the practical elements in the course of the Wharton school with the wider range of the courses and subjects offered at California and Chicago. It was framed upon the plan of utilizing as largely as possible the existing courses of instruction in Columbia university, and supplementing and adding to such courses the subjects necessary to offer a complete and well-rounded scheme of higher commercial instruction.

Although the plan has not been carried into effect as yet and may be materially altered, still, coming from such a source and backed by such a body as the New York chamber of commerce, it seems likely to be of sufficient importance to merit a somewhat fuller notice.

It is intended to be a college course of commerce covering four years of fifteen hours a week. It presupposes graduation from a secondary school, public or private, in which English, mathematics, history and natural science, and one modern language will have been systematically studied to the extent now required for admission to the college department of Columbia university. In form and in content it is adapted to students of college age, namely, sixteen to twenty years.

In addition to the training provided in commercial subjects, the course includes training for two years in writing English, for two years in a modern European language, for two years in European and American history, and for three years in political economy and social science. It offers opportunities for the study of industrial chemistry, of a selection of three modern languages and literature, if any of these be desired.

Of the sixty hours required (four years of 15 hours each) four hours or six and two-thirds per cent are devoted to instruction in writing English; six hours or ten per cent to

European and American history; six hours or ten per cent to the modern European languages; ten hours or sixteen and two-thirds per cent to political economy and social sciences, and thirty-four hours or fifty-six and two-thirds per cent to the study of commerce itself in its various phases. It will be observed that this curriculum comprises fundamental courses in the principles governing business combined with a detailed course in practice. It is intended that many of these latter courses, as well as some of the former, shall be given by men having an intimate personal acquaintance with actual business life. Among such courses would be those in accounting and transportation, technique of trade and commerce, commercial ethics, commercial credits, insurance and commercial business.

Aside from the general subjects included in liberal courses we note a course of three hours per week for one year given to accounting and a similar course to economic geography; a course of two hours a week following a course in chemistry on the study of commercial products; a course of three hours a week upon the technique of trade and commerce, such as weights and measures, currency and banking systems, customs regulations, markets, fairs, etc. There are also courses in banking, accounting, commercial geography, railroad and public accounting, history of commercial theory and merchant shipping and trade routes, commercial treaties and insurance.

No degree is to be given for this course for the present, but a certificate of graduation testifying that the candidate has completed the work of the four years will be given to all students who pass the requisite examinations after attending the courses.'

It is plain from the foregoing account that instruction in commercial subjects is to be introduced into all higher institutions of learning upon a broader scale than ever before.

1 After this account was prepared information comes to hand of a department of Commerce and Economics at the University of Vermont. A trustee of the university, Mr. John H. Converse of Philadelphia, has given funds for an endowment, and work will be inaugurated in the autumn of 1900.