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schools reporting graduate students 49 per cent of the students in theology, 24 per cent of those in law and 14 per cent of those in medicine held either B.A. or B.S. degrees. The corresponding returns for 1898 were 53 per cent in theology, 29 per cent in law, and 21 per cent in medicine.

Following is a classification of schools 1) that report graduate students, 2) that report no graduate students, 3) that do not report this item:

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Courses in theology, law and medicine are naturally graduate courses and will eventually be maintained as such by leading universities. It is believed, however, that it would not be advisable or even desirable for the state to make graduation from college the minimum requirement in general education for degrees even in these faculties. High school graduation is sufficient for the minimum state requirement. Anything farther than this should be left to individual initiative."

1 Not reported.

'There are few graduate students in dentistry, pharmacy or veterinary medicine. In library science, however, which under New York's leadership will develop rapidly throughout the United States, a thorough college training will soon be the usual requirement of all strong schools for admission to the professional course. In 1900 for example all but two of the entering class of 31 at the New York state library school are graduates of colleges or universities registered as maintaining proper standards. In public accounting which was raised by New York to the dignity of a profession in 1896 the New York requirement of a full four years' high school course will doubtless be accepted generally as the standard in preliminary general education. Additional requirements in New York for full C. P. A. (certified public accountant) certificates are three years' satisfactory experience in the practice of accounting (one of which has been in the office of an

Length of professional courses -The following table shows as a rule great progress, specially since 1885, in the adoption of higher standards for graduation.

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expert public accountant) and examinations in the theory of accounts, practical accounting, auditing and commercial law. Pennsylvania has a C. P. A. law, and attempts have been made to secure similar legislation in Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey and Minnesota.

1 Including 4 schools that report courses of five years.

* Including 17 schools that report courses of more than four years.

'Distinction between medical schools with two and three-year courses not

certain.

* Including 3 medical preparatory schools.

'Department of pharmacy, University of Washington, which has suspended temporarily.

Professional schools now remain in session for a much greater part of the year than formerly:

Length of courses in months, 1899

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University supervision — As long as the public had practically no protection from incompetency in professional practice independent proprietary schools flourished. With proper restrictive legislation such institutions will either die or fall under university supervision.

Many professional schools not under university supervision show a self-sacrificing zeal for high standards and an absence of the commercial spirit that might well be emulated by all institutions connected with colleges or universities. Nevertheless independent institutions are realizing more than ever before the disadvantages of working without university privileges and tend more and more toward university connections or university relations.

In 1899, 257 schools were separate institutions and 275 were departments of colleges or universities as follows:

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Scholarships - Theological seminaries, when not endowed, are supported by funds from the denominations they represent. Tuition is generally free, and in many cases board and lodging are furnished. Additional help is given usually when needed, and generous scholarships are the rule. In other professional schools scholarships are comparatively rare. The 1895 U. S. education report gives 40 law school scholarships and 295' medical school scholarships. The largest, offered by College of physicians and surgeons, New York, pays $700 a year and is bestowed to promote the discovery of new facts in medical science.

An examination of 82 law school catalogues for 1899 shows that 48 scholarships are offered definitely. Tuition is free at the law department of Howard university, the law departments of the universities of Kansas, Texas and West Virginia. The Harvard law school and the Boston university law school offer a "limited number of free scholarships." Law students may compete for the 150 state scholarships and the 18 university scholarships offered annually at Cornell and for the 50 city scholarships offered by the University of Pennsylvania. college offers free tuition to sons of ministers and to all young men of limited means and good character. 3 schools give fellowships annually as follows: New York law school,

The law department of Centre

1 "Many of these are not scholarships in a strict sense."— U. S. education report, 1895

I at $500 a year, good for from one to three years; Law department University of Pennsylvania, 1 at $300, good for one year; Pittsburg law school, 1 at $250, good for one year. 32 schools offer cash prizes amounting to $3010 and law and reference books as other prizes.

151 medical school catalogues for 1899 report definitely only 152 scholarships and 11 fellowships. These are offered by 31 schools. 5 other schools refer indefinitely to scholarships. At Cornell and the University of Pennsylvania medical students may compete for state and university, or city scholarships on an equal footing with those who would enter other departments. Tuition is free at the Army medical school, the medical department of the University of Texas and the medical preparatory school of the University of Kansas. 19 schools give cash prizes amounting to $5685; 57 offer hospital appointments as prizes; 47 give gold medals, surgical instruments and other prizes.

56 dental school catalogues for 1899 show that 7 schools offer 58 scholarships. The dental department of the University of Maryland deducts one half from tuition fees of one student from each state on recommendation of his state

dental society. The Baltimore college of dental surgery had similar beneficiary scholarships till 1898 when they were abolished. 18 schools offer prizes but their value is not

great.

52 catalogues of schools of pharmacy for 1899 show that 5 schools offer 12 scholarships and 2 fellowships. Tuition is free at the schools of pharmacy connected with the Alabama polytechnic institute, Washington agricultural college, Purdue university, and the universities of Kansas, Ohio, Oklahoma, Texas, Washington and Wisconsin. 15 schools offer prizes, usually medals or pharmaceutic instruments. 5 of these 15 schools give cash prizes amounting to $620. The committee on revision of the U. S. pharmacopœia has instituted fellowships in the University of Michigan and the University of Wisconsin for the discovery of new facts in pharmacy.

See section on Subjects discussed in dentistry.

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