each side are 20 inches apart, and are of the simplest possible construction: each one consists of a conical piece of brass, perforated on its under surface by three fine holes, and screwed into a corresponding socket on the distribution pipe. The trough (C) is of semi-cylindrical shape, constructed of four foot lengths of enamelled earthenware, cemented together at the junctions. Its length is 16 feet, its width 14 inches, and its depth 8 inches. It is supported by tiers of glazed bricks, and its upper margin is separated from the jets by a distance of 22 inches, so as to leave ample space for washing. The trough has a fall of 1 inch in 16 feet, and its outlet is shielded by a 4-inch grating. A stopcock (D) throws out of action all the jets except four, and thus prevents unnecessary waste of water when one or two children only are washing. receptacles for soap (E,E) are provided for every nine nozzles. Each is a semi-oval plate of enamelled slate, hollowed out to contain the cake, and cemented to the central screen (F), which is also constructed of slate. Lastly, the floor is covered with 4-inch red paving tiles laid in Portland cement, and given a fall towards a 3-inch channel (G) at the base of the enamelled bricks. By that means, water that may happen to be splashed about is got rid of quickly.

Five

The earthenware trough is in many instances replaced by a slate slab, set at an acute angle with the central partition that carries the supply pipe and its attached jets. An open channel is thus left to catch and carry off the waste. Figure 18 gives a good general idea of the arrangement. This form of apparatus looks nothing like so well as that described first. It is, however, cheaper, and it possesses the great advantage that by no possibility can the waste channel be used to wash in.

Instead of nozzles, groups of small holes may be bored through the under surface of the delivery pipe. But the disadvantage of this plan is that the perforations speedily become choked by rust, and hence need constant attention.

The principles that should be attended to in erecting jets for washing purposes may be thus epitomised :

FIG 18.-Lavatory arranged on jet system and provided with slate screens. illustration also shows a simple way of suspending towels from numbered pegs arranged around the room.

The

1. Hot and cold water should be supplied, and thoroughly mixed in a special chamber. The latter should be provided with a thermometer, so that the temperature may be regulated.

2. The nozzles should be of simple construction. Fancy patterns ought to be avoided in view of the mischievous tendencies of children. A good form is a simple knob, the under surface of which is bevelled away and perforated by three to five small holes. The "spread" of the water need never exceed six inches -that is, about the width of outspread palms-at the level of the trough.

3. Individual jets should be at least 18 inches apart, so as to provide plenty of elbow room and to prevent any possibility of two children using water from the same nozzle. They should be fixed high enough above the troughs to allow lads, if necessary, to douche their heads; 20 inches, measured from the brim of the trough to the nozzle, represents a good distance.

4. As to number, jets should be provided for at least one-third of the total inmates.

5. The troughs into which the waste water falls should be wholly constructed of some non-absorbent material that can be easily scrubbed down and disinfected. Glazed stoneware or earthenware is perhaps the best for this purpose, and enamelled slate is good, but chips rather readily. Wood ought never to be employed; it is capable of retaining germs and other organic particles, and is liable to become covered by a species of fungus, and to rot away.

As to shape, the trough should in section be semicircular, and this forms one objection to the use of slate. Angular patterns are to be condemned, inasmuch as they offer facilities for the lodgment of filth, which is allied to disease no less by ancient tradition than in the light of modern scientific discovery.

6. It is of importance that the troughs be given a good fall, in order that dirty water may rapidly flow away; 1 inch in 10 feet is ample for the purpose. Furthermore, the exit should be large enough to prevent children readily stuffing it up with towels or other foreign bodies, so as to enjoy a wash in the trough itself.

The waste pipe should pass through an external wall to discharge into the open air over a grated opening.

Evidently, the troughs should be lower for the younger children, and they should be arranged with a view to prevent undue splashing.

7. A simple arrangement of valves should be provided, so that a given number of jets may be thrown into action at any one time. I have often seen twenty nozzles at work when one would have sufficed.

8. Lastly, the floor of the lavatory should be faced with Portland cement or covered with tiles, and given an adequate fall towards one or more gulleys. Wooden racks, like those used in wash-houses, ought to be provided for the children to stand upon.

Before leaving the subject of washing, a word may be added with regard to a simple device whereby fixed basins can be altered so as to be used without danger of infection. A tube connected with the supply is brought up through the plug-hole of the basin, and its free end is capped with a rose pierced by a number of fine apertures. In this way an ascending douche of water is obtained, and by that means washing may be carried on in comfort. The waste is not allowed to accumulate in the bowl, but flows away at once by the sides of the supply pipe, that is to say, by the original outlet of the basin.

Ordinary plunge baths may, of course, be used for bathing if a sufficient number be provided and separate water given to each bather. As to the first point, much will depend upon the proportion of attendants to inmates, and also upon the ages of the latter. As a general rule, however, one bath to every fifteen children will be found enough.

Special tubs are used in some institutions for the younger children. Those employed at the Central London District School are shown in Figure 19, and were supplied by Rufford & Co., of Stourbridge. They are of oblong shape, their length being 33 inches, their breadth 21 inches, and their depth 13 inches. Their cubic capacity is 8,712 square inches. They are constructed of earthenware, glazed white both inside and outside. As shown by the figure, they are

arranged in pairs, and raised a foot from the ground by four tiers of enamelled bricks. They are filled by ordinary hot and cold water supply cocks, and can be rapidly emptied by a large exit, the valve of which is arranged in such a way as to be under the control of an attendant's foot.

These tubs possess certain definite advantages over the plunge baths in common use. Thus, they are simple, convenient, and cleanly; they are readily disinfected; their original cost is small; they take up little space; and they are quickly filled and emptied.

children.

The last point is important, inasmuch as it increases the likelihood that each bather will be provided with separate water. In short, these earthenware tubs are suitable, and may well replace the ordinary plunge bath for children under ten years of age.

As to number, for babies-i.e., infants under three years-one tub should be provided for every five children, while one to fifteen would suffice for older inmates.

Neither plunge baths nor porcelain tubs, however, form an ideal