creatures into rum and tobacco? or that the nation which prohibits such an intercourse are not his enemies? To have free access to Ashantee would command Dagwumba. The people of Inta and Dagwumba being commercial, rather than warlike, an intercourse with them would be an intercourse with the interior, as far as Timbuctoo and Houssa northwards, and Cassina, if not Boornoo, eastwards.

| We strongly believe, with Mr. Bowdich, that this is the right road to the Niger.

Nothing in this world is created in vain: lions, tigers, conquerors, have their use. Ambitious monarchs, who are the curse of civilized nations, are the civilizers of savage people. With a number of little independent hordes, civilization is impossible. They must have a common interest before there can be After the observations of Mr. Bowdich, senior offi- peace; and be directed by one will before there can cer of the mission, follows the narrative of Mr. Hutch-be order. When mankind are prevented from daily inson, left as charge-d'affaires, upon the departure of quarrelling and fighting, they first begin to improve the other gentlemen. Mr. Hutchinson mentions some and all this, we are afraid, is only to be accomplished, white men residing at Yenné, whom he supposes to in the first instance, by some great conqueror. have been companions of Park; and Ali Baba, a man sympathise, therefore, with the victories of the King of good character and consideration, upon the eve of of Ashantee and feel ourselves in love, for the first departure from these regions, assured him, that there time, with military glory. The ex-emperor of the were two Europeans then resident at Timbuctoo. In French would, at Coomassie, Dagwumba, or Inta, be his observations on the river Gaboon, Mr. Bowdich has an eminent benefactor to the human race. the following information on the present state of the slave trade

1 vol. 8vo.

We

(EDIN

Three Portuguese, one French, and two large Spanish PUBLIC CHARACTERS OF 1801, 1802. ships, visited the river for slaves during our stay; and the BURGH REVIEW, 1802.) master of a Liverpool vessel assured me that he had fallen in with twenty-two between Gaboon and the Congo. Their Public Characters of 1801-1802. Richard Phillips, St. Paul's grand rendezvous is Mayumba. The Portuguese of St. Thomas's and Prince's Islands, send small schooner boats to Gaboon for slaves, which are kept, after they are transported this short distance, until the coast is clear for shipping them to America. A third large Spanish ship, well armed, entered the river the night before we quitted it, and hurried our exit, for one of that character was committing piracy in the neighbouring river. Having suffered from falling into their hands before, I felicitated myself on the escape. We were afterwards chased and boarded by a Spanish armed schooner, with three hundred slaves on board; they only desired provisions.'

thing else.

We suppose the booksellers have authors at two different prices :-those who write grammatically, and those who do not; and that they have not thought fit to put any of their best hands upon this work. Whether or not there may be any improvement on this point in the next volume, we request the biographer will at least give us some means of ascertaining when he is comical, and when serious. In the life of Dr. Rennell we find this passage:

THE design of this book appeared to us so extremely reprehensible, and so capable, even in the hands of a blockhead, of giving pain to families and individuals, that we considered it as a fair object of literary police, and had prepared for it a very severe chastisement. Upon the perusal of the book, however, we were entirely disarmed. It appears to be written by some very innocent scribbler, who feels himself under the necessity of dining, and who preserves, throughout the whole of the work, that degree of good humour which These are the most important extracts from this the terror of indictment by our lord the king is so well publication, which is certainly of considerable impor- calculated to inspire. It is of some importance, too, tance, from the account it gives us of a people hitherto that the grown-up country gentlemen should be habialmost entirely unknown; and from the light which tuated to read printed books; and such may read a the very diligent and laborious inquiries of Mr. Bow-story about their living triends, who would read nodich has thrown upon the geography of Africa, and the probability held out to us of approaching the great kingdoms on the Niger, by means of an intercourse by no means difficult to be established with the kingdoms of Inta and Dagwumba. The river Volta flows into the Gulf of Guinea, in latitude 7° north. It is navigable, and by the natives navigated for ten days, to Odentee. Now, from Odentee to Sallagha, the capital of the kingdom of Inta, is but four days' journey; and seven days' journey from Sallagha, through the Inta Jam of Zengoo, is Yahndi, the capital of Dagwumba. Yahndi is described to be beyond comparison larger than Coomassie, the houses much better built and ornamented. The Ashantees who had visited it, told Mr. Bowdich they had frequently lost themselves in the streets. The king has been converted by the Moors, who have settled themselves there in great numbers Mr. Lucas calls it the Mahometan kingdom of Degomba; and it was represented to him as peculiarly wealthy and civilized. The markets of Yahndi are described as animated scenes of commerce, constantly ACCOUNT OF NEW SOUTH WALES. crowded with merchants from almost all the countries of the interior. It seems to us, that the best way of becoming acquainted with Africa, is not to plan such sweeping expeditions as have been lately sent out by government, but to submit to become acquainted with it by degrees, and to acquire by little and little a To introduce an European population, and, conseknowledge of the best methods of arranging expedi- quently, the arts and civilization of Europe, into such tions. The kingdom of Dagwumba, for instance, is an untrodden country as New Holland, is to confer a not 200 miles from a well-known and regular water-lasting and important benefit upon the world. carriage, on the Volta. Perhaps it is nearer, but the be destined for perpetual activity, and if the proper distance is not greater than this. It is one of the most objects of that activity be the subjugation of physical commercial nations in Africa, and one of the most difficulties, and of his own dangerous passions, how civilized; and yet it is utterly unknown, except by absurd are those systems which proscribe the acquisi report, to Europeans. Then why not plan an expedí- tions of science and the restraints of law, and would tion to Dagwumba ?-the expense of which would be arrest the progress of man in the rudest and earliest very trifling, and the issue known in three or four stages of his existence! Indeed, opinions so very exmonths. The information procured from such a wise travagant in their nature, must be attributed rather to and moderate undertaking, would enable any future the wantonness of paradox, than to sober reflection mission to proceed with much greater ease and safety and extended inquiry. into the interior; or prevent them from proceeding, as they hitherto have done, to their own destruction.

'Dr. Rennell might well look forward to the highest dignities in the establishment; but, if our information be right, and we have no reason to question it, this is what he by no means this excellent man, which much resembles that of the first preeither expects or courts. There is a primitive simplicity in lates of the Christian church, who were with great difficulty prevailed upon to undertake the episcopal office.'

BURGH REVIEW, 1803.)

(EDIN

Account of the English Colony of New South Wales. By
Lieutenant-Colonel Collins, of the Royal Marines. Vol.
II. 4to. Cadell and Davies, London.

If man

To suppose the savage state permanent, we must suppose the numbers of those who compose it to be

|

stationary, and the various passions by which men | benevolent Howard attacked our prisons, incarcerahave actually emerged from it to be extinct; and this tion has become not only healthy but elegant; and a is to suppose man a very different being from what he county jail is precisely the place to which any pauper really is. To prove such a permanence beneficial (if might wish to retire to gratify his taste for magnifiit were possible), we must have recourse to matter of cence, as well as for comfort. Upon the same princifact, and judge of the rude state of society, not from ple, there is some risk that transportation will be the praises of tranquil literati, but from the narratives considered as one of the surest roads to honour and to of those who have seen it, through a nearer and better wealth; and that no felon will hear a verdict of 'not medium than that of imagination. There is an argu- guilty,' without considering himself as cut off in the ment, however, for the continuation of evil, drawn fairest career of prosperity. It is foolishly believed, from the ignorance of good; by which it is contended, that the colony of Botany Bay unites our moral and that to teach men their situation can be better, is to commercial interests, and that we shall receive hereteach them that it is bad, and to destroy that happi- after an ample equivalent, in bales of goods, or all the ness which always results from an ignorance that any vices we export. Unfortunately, the expense we have greater happiness is within our reach. All pains and incurred in founding the colony will not retard the nat pleasures are clearly by comparison; but the most de- ural progress of its emancipation, or prevent the atplorable savage enjoys a sufficient contrast of good, to tacks of other nations, who will be as desirous of know that the grosser evils from which civilization reaping the fruit, as if they had sown the seed. rescues him are evils. A New Hollander seldom pass- a colony, besides, begun under every possible disad es a year without suffering from famine; the small-pox vantage: it is too distant to be long governed, or well falls upon him like a plague; he dreads those calami- defended: it is undertaken, not by the voluntary assoties, though he does not know how to avert them; but ciation of individuals, but by government, and by doubtless would find his happiness increased, if they means of compulsory labour. A nation must, indeed, were averted. To deny this, is to suppose that men be redundant in capital, that will expend it where the are reconciled to evils, because they are inevitable; hopes of a just return as so very small. and yet hurricanes, earthquakes, bodily decay, and death, stand highest in the catalogue of human calamities.

Where civilization gives birth to new comparisons unfavourable to savage life, with the information that a greater good is possible, it generally connects the means of attaining it. The savage no sooner becomes ashamed of his nakedness, than the loom is ready to clothe him; the forge prepares for him more perfect tools, when he is disgusted with the awkwardness of his own his weakness is strengthened, and his wants supplied, as soon as they are discovered; and the use of the discovery is, that it enables him to derive from comparison the best reasons for present happiness. A man born blind is ignorant of the pleasures of which he is deprived. After the restoration of his sight, his happiness will be increased from two causes-from the delight he experiences at the novel accession of power, and from the contrast he will always be enabled to make between his two situations, long after the pleasure of novelty has ceased. For these reasons it is humane to restore him to sight.

But, however beneficial to the general interests of nankind the civilization of barbarous countries may be considered to be, in this particular instance of it, the interest of Great Britain would seem to have been very little consulted. With fanciful schemes of universal good we have no business to meddle. Why we are to erect penitentiary houses and prisons at the distance of half the diameter of the globe, and to incur the enormous expense of feeding and transporting their inhabitants to, and at such a distance, it is extremely difficult to discover.* It certainly is not from any deficiency of barren islands near our own coast, nor of uncultivated wastes in the interior; and if we were sufficiently fortunate to be wanting in such species of accommodation, we might discover in Canada, or the West Indies, or on the coast of Africa, a climate malignant enough, or a soil sufficiently sterile, to revenge all the injuries which have been inflicted on society by pickpockets, larcenists, and petty felons. Upon the foundation of a new colony, and especially one peopled by criminals, there is a disposition in government (where any circumstance in the commission of the crime affords the least pretence for the commutation) to convert capital punishments into transportation ;and by these means to hold forth a very dangerous, though certainly a very unintentional, encouragement to offences. And when the history of the colony has been attentively perused in the parish of St. Giles, the ancient avocation of picking pockets will certainly not become more discreditable from the knowledge, that it may eventually lead to the possession of a farm of a thousand acres on the river Hawkesbury. Since the

* The transportation committee of last year in their report arrive at the same conclusion, but not till after 7,000,000l. had been spent in the experiment,

It is

It may be a curious consideration, to reflect what we are to do with this colony when it comes to years of discretion. Are we to spend another hundred millions of money in discovering its strength, and to humble ourselves again before a fresh set of Washingtons and Franklins? The moment after we have suffered such serious mischief from the escape of the old tiger, we are breeding up a young cub, whom we cannot render less ferocious, or more secure. If we are gradually to manumit the colony, as it is more and more capable of protecting itself, the degrees of emancipation, and the periods at which they are to take place, will be judged of very differently by the two nations. But we confess ourselves not to be so sanguine as to suppose, that a spirited commercial people would, in spite of the example of America, ever consent to abandon their sovreignty over an important colony, without a struggle. Endless blood and treasure will be exhausted to support a tax on kangaroos' skins: faithful Commons will go on voting fresh supplies to support a just and necessary war; and Newgate, then become a quarter of the world, will evince a heroism, not unworthy of the great characters by whom she was originally peopled. The experiment, however, is not less interesting in a moral, because it is objectionable in a commercial point of view. It is an object of the highest curiosity, thus to have the growth of a nation subjected to our examination; to trace it by such faithful records, from the first day of its existence; and to gather that knowledge of the progress of human affairs, from actual experience, which is considered to be only accessible to the conjectural reflections of enlightened minds.

Human nature, under very old governments, is so trimmed, and pruned, and ornamented, and led into such a variety of factitious shapes, that we are almost ignorant of the appearance it would assume, if it were left more to itself. From such an experiment as that now before us, we shall be better able to appreciate what circumstances of our situation are owing to those permanent laws by which all men are influenced, and what to the accidental positions in which we have been placed. New circumstances will throw new light upon the effects of our religious, political, and economical institutions, if we cause them to be adopted as models in our rising empire; and if we do not, we shall esti mate the effects of their presence, by observing those which are produced by their non-existence.

The history of the colony is at present, however, in its least interesting state, on account of the great preponderance of depraved inhabitants, whose crimes and irregularities give a monotony to the narrative, which it cannot lose, till the respectable part of the community come to bear a greater proportion to the criminal.

These Memoirs of Colonel Collins resume the history of the colony from the period at which he concluded it in his former volume, September, 1796, and continue it down to August, 1801. They are written in the i style of a journal, which, though not the most agreea

ble mode of conveying information, is certainly the most authentic, and contrives to banish the suspicion (and most probably the reality) of the interference of a book-maker-a species of gentlemen who are now almost become necessary to deliver naval and military authors in their literary labours, though they do not always atone, by orthography and grammar, for the sacrifice of truth and simplicity. Mr. Collins's book is written with great plainness and candour: he appears to be a man always meaning well; of good, plain, common sense; and composed of those wellwearing materials, which adapt a person for situations where genius and refinement would only prove a source of misery and of error.

We shall proceed to lay before our readers an analysis of the most important matter contained in this

volume.

stitution among barbarous people; and, when com pared to assassination, is a prodigious victory gained over human passions. Whoever kills another in the neighbourhood of Botany Bay is compelled to appear at an appointed day before the friends of the deceased, and to sustain the attacks of their missile weapons. If he is killed, he is deemed to have met with a deserved death; if not, he is considered to have expiated the crime, for the commission of which he was exposed to the danger. There is, in this institution, a command over present impulses, a prevention of secrecy in the gratification of revenge, and a wholesome correction of that passion by the effects of public obser vation, which evince such a superiority to the mere animal passions of ordinary savages, and form such a contrast to the rest of the history of this people, that it may be considered as altogether an anomalous and The natives in the vicinity of Port Jackson stand inexplicable fact. The natives differ very much in the extremely low, in point of civilization, when compar- progress they have made in the arts of economy. ed with many other savages, with whom the disco- Those to the north of Port Jackson evince a consider. veries of Captain Cook have made us acquainted. able degree of ingenuity and contrivance in the strucTheir notions of religion exceed even that degree of ture of their houses, which are rendered quite imperabsurdity which we are led to expect in the creed of a vious to the weather, while the inhabitants at Port barbarous people. In politics, they appear to have Jackson have no houses at all. At Port Dalrymple, scarcely advanced beyond family government. Huts in Van Diemen's Land, there was every reason to bethey have none and in all their economical inven-lieve the natives were unacquainted with the use of tions, there is a rudeness and deficiency of ingenuity, canoes; a fact extremely embarrassing to those who unpleasant, when contrasted with the instances of dex- indulge themselves in speculating on the genealogy of terity with which the descriptions and importations nations; because it reduces them to the necessity of of our navigators have rendered us so familiar. Their supposing that the progenitors of this insular people numbers appear to us to be very small a fact at once swam over from the mainland, or that they were indicative either of the ferocity of manners in any aboriginal; a species of dilemma, which effectually people, or more probably of the sterility of their bars all conjecture upon the intermixture of nations. country; but which, in the present instance, proceeds It is painful to learn, that the natives have begun to from both these causes. plunder and rob in so very alarming a manner, that it has been repeatedly found necessary to fire upon them; and many have, in consequence, fallen victims to their rashness.

:

Gaining every day (says Mr. Collins) some further knowledge of the inhuman habits and customs of these people, their being so thinly scattered through the country ceased to be a matter of surprise. It was almost daily seen, that from some

trifling cause or other, they were continually living in a state of warfare: to this must be added, their brutal treatment of their women, who are themselves equally destructive to the measure of population, by the horrid and cruel custom of endeavouring to cause a miscarriage, which their female acquaintance effect by pressing the body in such a way as to destroy the infant in the womb; which violence not unfrequently occasions the death of the unnatural mother also. To this they have recourse, to avoid the trouble of carrying the infant about when born, which, when it is very young, or at the breast, is the duty of the woman. The operation for this destructive purpose is termed Mee-brä. The burying an infant (when at the breast) with the mother, if she should die, is another shocking cause of the thinness of population among them. The fact, that such an operation as the Mee-brä was practised by these wretched people, was communicated by one of the natives to the principal surgeon of the settlement.'-(pp. 124, 125.)

It is remarkable, that the same paucity of numbers has been observed in every part of New Holland which has hitherto been explored; and yet there is not the smallest reason to conjecture that the population of it has been very recent; nor do the people bear any marks of descent from the inhabitants of the numerous islands by which this great continent is surrounded. The force of population can only be resisted by some great physical evils; and many of the causes of this scarcity of human beings, which Mr. Collins refers to the ferocity of the natives, are ultimately referable to the difficulty of support. We have always considered this phenomenon as a symptom extremely unfavourable to the future destinies of this country. It is easy to launch out into eulogiums of the fertility of nature in particular spots; but the most probable reason why a country that has been long inhabited is not well inhabited is, that it is not calculated to susport many inhabitants without great labour. It is difficult to suppose any other causes powerful enough to resist the impetuous tendency of man, to obey that mandate for increase and multiplication, which has certainly been better observed than any other declaration of the Divine will ever revealed to us.

There appears to be some tendency to civilization, and some tolerable notions of justice, in a practice very similar to our custom of duelling; for duelling, though barbarous in civilized, is a highly civilized in

The soil is found to produce coal in vast abundance, salt, lime, very fine iron ore, timber fit for all pur poses, excellent flax, and a tree, the bark of which is admirably adapted for cordage. The discovery of coal (which, by the bye, we do not believe was ever before discovered so near the line,) is probably rather a disadvantage than an advantage; because, as it lies extremely favourable for sea-carriage, it may prove to be a cheaper fuel than wood, and thus operate as a discouragement to the clearing of lands. The soil upon the sea-coast has not been found to be very productive, though it improves in partial spots in the interior. The climate is healthy, in spite of the prodigious heat of the summer months; at which period the thermometer has been observed to stand in the shade at 107, and the leaves of garden vegetables to fall into dust, as if they had been consumed with fire. But one of the most insuperable defects in New Hol land, considered as the future country of a great people, is the want of large rivers penetrating very far into the interior, and navigable for small craft. The Hawkesbury, the largest river yet discovered, is not accessible to boats for more than twenty miles. The same river occasionally rises above its natural level, to the astonishing height of fifty feet; and has swept away, more than once, the labours and the hopes of the new people exiled to its banks.

The laborious acquisition of any good we have long enjoyed is apt to be forgotten. We walk and talk, and run and read, without remembering the long and severe labour dedicated to the cultivation of these powers, the formidable obstacles opposed to our progress, or the infinite satisfaction with which we overcame them. He who lives among a civilized people may estimate the labour by which society has been brought into such a state, by reading in these annals of Botany Bay, the account of a whole nation exerting itself to new-floor the government-house, repair the hospital, or build a wooden receptacle for stores. Yet the time may come, when some Botany Bay Taci tus shall record the crimes of an emperor lineally descended from a London pickpocket, or paint the valour with which he has led his New Hollanders into the heart of China. At that period, when the Grand Lahma is sending to supplicate alliance; when the

viz.

Spice Islands are purchasing peace with nutmegs; | by which he was enabled to fix a rate that he conceived to when enormous tributes of green tea and nankeen are be fair and equitable between the farmer and the labourer. wafted into Port Jackson, and landed on the quays of The following prices of labour were now established Sidney; who will ever remember, that the sawing of a few planks, and the knocking together a few nails, were such a serious trial of the energies and resources of a nation?

Felling forest timber, per acre
Do. in brush ground. do.
Burning off open ground, do.
do.
Do. brush ground,

Breaking up new ground, do.
Chipping in wheat,
Chipping fresh ground, do.
do.
Breaking up stubble or corn ground, 1d per rod,

or

do.

do.

do. do.

Planting Indian corn,
Hilling do.
Reaping wheat,
Thrashing do. per bushel, do.
Pulling and husking Indian corn, per bushel
Splitting paling of 7 feet long, per hundred
Do. of 8 feet long,
do. -
Sawing plank,
do.

Ditching per rod, 3 feet wide and 3 feet deep
Carriage of wheat, per bushel, per mile
Do. Indian corn, neat

Wages per week, with provisions, consisting of

Yearly wages for labour, with board

4lb of salt pork, or 61b of fresh, and 21lb. of
wheat with vegetables
A day's wages with board
Do. without board

The government of the colony, after enjoying some little respite from this kind of labour, has begun to turn its attention to the coarsest and most necessary species of manufactures, for which their wool appears to be extremely well adapted. The state of stock in the whole settlement, in June, 1801, was about 7000 sheep, 1300 head of cattle, 250 horses, and 5000 hogs. There were under cultivation at the same time between 9000 and 10,000 acres of corn. Three years and a half before this, in December, 1797, the numbers were as follows:-Sheep, 2500; cattle, 350; horses, 100; hogs, 4300; acres of land in cultivation, 4000. The temptation to salt pork, and sell it for government store, is probably the reason why the breed of hogs has been so much kept under. The increase of cultivated lands between the two periods is prodigious. It appears (p. 319), that the whole number of convicts imported between January, 1788, and June, 1801 (a period of thirteen years and a half), has been about 5000, of whom 1157 were females. The total amount of the population on the continent, as well as at Norfolk Island, amounted, June, 1801, to 6500 persons; of these 766 were children born at Port Jackson. In the returns from Norfolk Island, children are not discriminated from adults. Let us add to the imported popu-A lation of 5000 convicts, 500 free people, which (if we consider that a regiment of soldiers has been kept up there), is certainly a very small allowance; thêu, in thirteen years and a half, the imported population has increased only by two-thirteenths. If we suppose that something more than a fifth of the free people were women, this will make the total of women 1270; of whom we may fairly presume that 800 were capable of child-bearing; and if we suppose the children of Norfolk Island to bear the same proportion to the adults as at Port Jackson, their total number at both settlements will be 913: a state of infantine population which certainly does not justify the very high eu. logiums which have been made on the fertility of the

female sex in the climate of New Holland.

The governor, who appears on all occasions to be an extremely well-disposed man, is not quite so conversant in the best writings on political economy as we could wish; and indeed, (though such knowledge would be extremely serviceable to the interests which this Romulus of the Southern Pole is superintending), it is rather unfair to exact from a superintendant of pick-pockets, that he should be a philosopher. In the 18th page we have the following information respecting the price of labour.

A government-man allowed to officers or settlers
in their own time
Price of an axe
New steeling do.
A new hoe

sickle

Hire of a boat to carry grain, per day

£ s. d.

0 9 0

0 10 6

0 12 3

07 0

0 16 S

10 0 0

.

6 0

1 0 026

The settlers were reminded, that, in order to prevent any kind of dispute between the master and servant, when they should have any occasion to hire a man for any length for a quarter, half year, or year, and to make their agreeof time, they would find it most convenient to engage him ment in writing; on which, should any dispute arise, an appeal to the magistrates would settle it.'

This is all very bad; and if the governor had cherished the intention of destroying the colony, he could have done nothing more detrimental to its interests.

The high price of labour is the very corner-stone on which the prosperity of a new colony depends. It enables the poor man to live with ease; and is the strongest incitement to population, by rendering children rather a source of riches than of poverty. If the same difficulty of subsistence existed in new countries as in old, it is plain that the progress of population would be equally slow in each. The very circumstances which cause the difference is, that in the latter, there is a competition among the labourers employed; and, in the former, a competition among the occupiers of land to obtain labourers. In the one, land is scarce, and men plenty; in the other, men are scarce, and land is plenty. To disturb this natural 'Some representations having been made to the governor order of things, a practice injurious at all times, must from the settlers in different parts of the colony, purporting, be particularly so, where the predominant disposition that the wages demanded by the free labouring people, whom of the colonists is an aversion to labour, produced by they had to hire, were so exorbitant as to run away with a long course of dissolute habits. In such cases, the the greatest part of the profit of their farms, it was recom-high prices of labour, which the governor was so demended to them to appoint quarterly meetings among them-sirous of abating, bid fair not only to increase the selves, to be held in each district for the purpose of settling the rate of wages to labourers in every different kind of agricultural prosperity, but to effect the moral reforwork; that, to this end, a written agreement should be en- mation of the colony. We observe the same unfortutered into, and subscribed by each settler, a breach of which nate ignorance of the elementary principles of comshould be punished by a penalty, to be fixed by the general opinion, and made recoverable in a court of civil judicature. It was recommended to them to apply this forfeiture to the common benefit; and they were to transmit to the head-quarters a copy of their agreement, with the rate of wages which they should from time to time establish, for the governor's information; holding their first meeting as early as possible.'

merce, in the attempts of the governor to reduce the prices of the European commodities, by bulletins and authoritative interference, as if there were any other mode of lowering the price of an article (while the demand continues the same) but by increasing in quantity. The avaricious love of gain, which is so feelingly deplored, appears to us a principle which, in able hands, might be guided to the most salutary

And again, at p. 24, the following arrangements on purposes. The object is to encourage the love of lathat head are enacted :

bour, which is best encouraged by the love of money. In pursuance of the order which was issued in January the best timber on the estates as government timber. We have very great doubts on the policy of reserving last, recommending the settlers to appoint meetings, at Such a reservation would probably operate as a check which they should fix the rate of wages that it might be proper to pay for the different kinds of labour which their upon the clearing of lands, without attaining the obfarms should require, the settlers had met and submitted to ject desired; for the timber, instead of being immedi the governor the several resolutions they had entered into, lately cleared, would be slowly destroyed, by the neg