Hungarians to the rule of Austria, from which they would not fail to affect the commerce and industry desire to be released, gave so serious a character of the two hemispheres." As to this possible forto the contest as to awaken the most painful solici- tune, this hypothetical retaliation, the Government tude in the minds of Americans." The undersigned and people of the United States are quite willing can not but consider the Austrian Cabinet as unne- to take their chances and abide their destiny. Tacessarily susceptible in looking upon language like king neither a direct nor an indirect part in the dothis as a "hostile demonstration." If we remem-mestic or intestine movements of Europe, they ber that it was addressed by the Government to its have no fear of events of the nature alluded to by own agent, and has received publicity only through Mr. Hülsemann. It would be idle now to discuss a communication from one Department of the with Mr. Hülsemann those acts of retaliation which American Government to another, the language he imagines may possibly take place at some inquoted must be deemed moderate and inoffensive. definite time hereafter. Those questions will be The comity of nations would hardly forbid its be- discussed when they arise; and Mr. Hülsemann ing addressed to the two Imperial Powers them- and the Cabinet at Vienna may rest assured that, selves. It is scarcely necessary for the under- in the meantime, while performing with strict and signed to say, that the relations of the United exact fidelity all their neutral duties, nothing will States with Russia have always been of the most deter either the Government or the people of the friendly kind, and have never been deemed by ei- United States from exercising, at their own discrether party to require any compromise of their pe- tion, the rights belonging to them as an indepenculiar views upon subjects of domestic or foreign dent nation, and of forming and expressing their polity, or the true origin of Governments. At any own opinions, freely and at all times, upon the rate, the fact that Austria, in her contest with Hun- great political events which may transpire among gary, had an intimate and faithful ally in Russia, can the civilized nations of the earth. Their own innot alter the real nature of the question between stitutions stand upon the broadest principles of Austria and Hungary, nor in any way affect the neu- civil liberty; and believing those principles and tral rights and duties of the Government of the the fundamental laws in which they are embodied United States, or the justifiable sympathies of the to be eminently favorable to the prosperity of American people. It is, indeed, easy to conceive, States-to be, in fact, the only principles of gov that favor toward struggling Hungary would not ernment which meet the demands of the present be diminished, but increased, when it was seen that enlightened age-the President has perceived, with the arm of Austria was strengthened and upheld great satisfaction, that, in the Constitution recenthy a Power whose assistance threatened to be, ly introduced into the Austrian Empire, many of and which in the end proved to be, overwhelming these great principles are recognized and applied, ly destructive of all lier hopes. and he cherishes & sincere wish that they may proToward the conclusion of his note Mr. Hülse-duce the same happy effects throughout his Ausmann remarks that "if the Government of the Uni- trian Majesty's extensive dominions that they have ted States were to think it proper to take an indi-done in the United States. rect part in the political movements of Europe, The undersigned has the honor to repeat to Mr. American policy would be exposed to acts of re- Hülsemann the assurance of his high considerataliation, and to certain inconveniences which tion. DANIEL WEBSTER. The aggregate of the average yearly expenditures | $102,572,978. The increase of expense in this single of the German Governments, before the revolution department for the past three to five years has been of March, 1848, was $174,097,908; since that revolution it has been $246,862,849. These expenditures were rising before the revolution; and, taking the last three to five years, the increase amounts to 41 per cent. The annual cost of the Court establishments alone before the revolution was $10,919,974; since then this item has averaged $10,520,165, showing a decrease of 33 per cent. But still even the reduced sum the people have been obliged to furnish since the revolution, is equivalent to the interest on a capital of $263,004,140 invested in agriculture, The armies of Germany cost yearly before March, 1848, $42,379,874; since then this item has been. 142 per cent. The total amount of the national debts was, before the revolution, $845,147.752; it now is $1,174,938,984, and is increasing as fast as it can be filled up. The increase in the last three to five years has been 39 per cent. The debt of Prussia is now (1851) $186,544,346; that of German Austria (1850) $764,000,000. It will be seen by the above table that England, France, and Germany, are much the deepest in debt and heaviest taxed of all countries. *President's salary as now paid; the Constitutional rate would be one-third of a cent per head and 1-23 per cent of the entire expenditure. Federal only. President's salary. EUROPE IN 1851. THE chronicle of Europe in 1851 must be very | blance of legality, Louis Napoleon deliberately brief or very tedious; brief as it records only the executed one of the most atrocious schemes of general tendencies and few salient points of the year's history, or tedious as it expands in a wilderness of details. We prefer the former. usurpation ever recorded in history. On the morning of December 2, he violently dissolved the Assembly, arrested and imprisoned all the In GREAT BRITAIN, though some reduction members who would not acquiesce in his crime, has been made in the burdens of taxation, the and, with a mockery of universal suffrage, called revenue has not fallen off. The decennial census the whole people to vote Yes or No on the queshas revealed facts of an alarming nature. The tion whether he should be President for ten years population of Ireland alone has fallen back to with dictatorial powers. At the same time he where it was twenty years ago, the decrease by suppressed all the newspapers except his own famine and emigration being counted in mil- organs, and declared not only Paris, but a great lions. People still continue to emigrate in vast number of departments, in a state of siege. numbers, a conclusive commentary upon the There were attempts at opposition in the capisystem by which the kingdom is governed. tal and the provinces, but a vast military force put During the year the ministry have once re- them down with bloodshed. The end is not yet. signed, on occasion of a parliamentary defeat; In GERMANY, the main fact is the complete but as no men could be found to take their pla-restoration of the old Diet at Frankfort. This ccs, they resumed office again. The World's body is to be strengthened by the addition of a Fair has been the great event of the year. This unexampled exhibition lasted six months, and was every way successful. The United States carried off a full share of the honors of this great industrial tournament, it being admitted that the most useful inventions with which the Fair made England acquainted came from America. At the same time the schooner America, a yacht built in New York, beat out of sight all the yachts of the Royal Club, and established the superiority of American ship-building. Shortly after the closing of the exhibition, in October, Kossuth arrived in England. He was received triumphantly by the working classes, and the more liberal part of the middle class. His speeches, mado at public banquets and receptions, were admirable, and produced a profound sensation everywhere. federal police to its other machinery and means of suppressing "anarchy and demagoguism." The course of tyranny has been continued in this country, while the people have generally fallen into a state of phlegmatic indifference. Hanover and other States, which have before practised free trade, have come into the Zollverein, and become protectionist The question of the succession in Schleswig-Holstein, on which the late war mainly turned, still remains unsettled. In AUSTRIA, the Constitution of March 4, 1849, has been abrogated by a decree of the Emperor, who rules henceforth by his own absolute pleasure, as he did before the revolution. This empire has had to make a new loan, on very bad terms, and it seems impossible that it should escape from open bankruptcy. It is already bankrupt in fact. Prince Metternich has reIn FRANCE, the year has been mainly occupied turned to Vienna. Kossuth and his companions with the intrigues of President Bonaparte to were hung in effigy by the government at Pesth procure the abolition of that clause in the Con-at the time that they were set free by the Turkstitution which forbade his election, and in the ish authorities, and allowed to go to England suppression of those liberties yet remaining to the and America. people. The effort to obtain the revision of the In ITALY, the year has been marked by the Constitution having failed in the Assembly, the dreariest tyranny. In Lombardy this has been President, in his annual Message on Nov. 4, as a exercised by Marshal Radetzky; at Rome by the last resort, proposed the restoration of universal Pontifical government; in Naples by the Boursuffrage, in order thereby to bring the republi-bon who reigns there. The prisons have been can members to the support of his scheme for crowded with victims, who have suffered abuses his own re-election. This proposition was voted almost incredible; and thousands, especially in down in the Assembly, and then seeing that his Lombardy, have been put to death on offenses ambition could not be gratified with any sem- that, under a tolerable state of things, would not Rochester, Where to. Miles. 469 33 Scranton, Pa., 52 Buffalo, unfinished. Schenectady, 40 144 17 Utica, 78 Syracuse, 53 Rochester, 104 Buffalo, 76 Schenectady, 20 be deemed worthy of notice. Never was all jus- RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. tice worɛe outraged than in the proceedings at Name of Road. Where from. New York & Erie, New York, Rome and Naples. As respects the latter, indig-Cayuga & Susqueha'a, Owego, nation has been excited throughout the civilized world by the exposure of the cruelties practised on men of venerable age and high character, whose sole offense was belief in constitutional freedom and attachment to the constitution which the monarch himself had granted, and sworn to observe. This exposure was made by Mr. Gladstone, an eminent member of the British parliament; the Neapolitan government attempt. ed to confute it, but failed. The government of Sardinia has alone remained faithful to constitutional principles, and Sardinia has enjoyed through the year a degree of internal peace and prosperity unknown to the rest of Italy. The arrangements for the complete annexation of Tuscany to the Austrian dominions are said to have been completed. pro In SPAIN, a concordat or treaty has been concluded with the See of Rome, by which all other religions than the Roman Catholic are interdicted in the kingdom. The affair of Cuba has duced a general fermentation. It is said, on good authority, that Bravo Murillo, the prime minister, is in favor of selling Cuba to England, or even to the United States. The queen is about to give an heir to the throne, whereat great expectations are excited. In PORTUGAL, a revolution has occurred, whose only effect has been to send off Count Thomar, the head of the ministry, and to put the Duke of Saldanha in his place. In SWEDEN, an attempt has been made to reform the national legislature, which now consists of four houses, the representatives of the knights, of the clergy, of the citizens, and of the peasants. The reform was defeated. In RUSSIA, one or two conspiracies have been The railroad from St. Petersburgh detected. to Moscow has been opened, and another to Warsaw beg. a. The former occupied eight years in building, and the latter will require ten. The revolutionary elements of Europe have been active, under the guidance chiefly of Mazzini and his associates at London. The influence of these exiled leaders of the people has been devoted to restraining all merely local demonstrations, till the time when the great upheaval of France, Italy, Hungary, and Germany, shall take place. It is impossible to say when this will be, as we can not calculate the period of Louis Napoleon's downfall. That event can not, however, long be delayed, and it will be the signal for the whole continent to begin. Lackawanna & West'n Great Bend, Findlay Branch, Michigan Southern, Detroit, Caseyville, Erie & Kalamazoo, Spencer's C'a'r 98 Xenia, 22 Lewiston, 10 Oswego, 35 Jefferson. 21 55 Philadelphia, Lancaster, Hollidaysburg, 175 Chambersburg, York Philadelphia, Ohio & Pennsylvania, Pittsburg, Baltimore & Ohio, Westchester, 40 36 77 22 30 28 116 98 32 Winchester, 75 17 197 3 New York & N. Haven, New York, N. H. & Northampton, New Haven, West Point, Montgomery, Decatur, Sufferns, Brandon, Port Hudson, Bayou Sara, Proctorville, Carrollton, Lake Poncht's, New Haven, Pittsfield, Winsted, Verm't & Massachus's, Fitchburg, Greenfield, Brattleboro' Branch, Grout's Corn's, Brattleboro, Vermont Valley, Cheshire, Sullivan, Bellows Falls. Bratteboro', Rutland & Burlington, Bellows Falls, Burlington, 37 Eastern, 54 Gloucester Branch, 45 Marblehead Branch, Salisbury Branch, 171 Newburyport, 40 Salem & Lowell, 4 Essex, 140 South Reading, Salisbury Milla, E. Salisbury, Newburyport, Georgetown, Salem, Lowell, Salem, Lawrence, Boston, 18 Port. Saco & Portem'h, Portland, 42 York & Cumberland, Portland, 191 Atlantic & St. Lawr'ce, Portland, 101 Androscog. & Kenn'ec, Portland, Salem, Portsmouth, Gorham, Me. Gorham, N. H Waterville, 87 Buckfield Branch, Mechanic Falls, Buckfield, 88 Portland & Kennebec, Portland, 46 Bath Branch, Brunswick, 33 Bangor & Piscataquis, Bangor, 60 Great Falls & Conway, Great Falls, 24 Franklin, 96 Calais & Baring, Machiasport, Calais, 27 Montreal & Lachine, Montreal, Richmond, Old Town, Lachine, Hyacinthe, 6 Champ'n & St Law're, Rouse's Point, Montreal, 6 St. La'rence & Atlantic, Montreal, 76 St. Andrew's & Quebec St. Andrew's, 110 11 10 62 By the addition of the above figures it will be 45 seen that there are now completed, and in opera62 tion, in the United States, ten thousand and eighty10 seven miles of railroad. There are also several 20 thousands of miles in process of construction. Of 61 73 the roads completed, two thousand and seventy66 four miles are located in New England, eighteen hundred and ninety-three in New York, and the 64 remainder, in the various other States. It is im120 possible to ascertain the exact cost of building and equipping these roads, but the outlay involved 67 is not far from $370,000,000, or about $36,700 per HINTS TOWARD REFORMS,' 45 a collection of Lectures, Addresses, and brief Es14 says, by HORACE GREELEY, is published in a 12mo. 5 of 400 pages, by Harper & Brothers: Price $1. 26 It gives a summary of his reasons for advocating 13 the Abolition of the Death Penalty, the Protection 12 of Home Industry, the Organization of Labor so 17 that the Workers shall become their own Employ96 ers, &c., &c. Those who care to know what are 69 his opinions on the most important practical ques71tions will find them set forth in this volume. 35 18 14 GLANCES AT EUROPE, in a Se26 ries of Letters from Great Britain, France, Italy, 3 Switzerland, &c., during the summer of 1851 ; în8cluding notices of the Great Exhibition, or World's 34 Fair,' is published by Dewitt & Davenport, New 23 York, in a neat 12mo. of 850 pages, Price $1 11 96 43 *Either of these books may be obtained by enclosing the 60 price to the publishers of The Tribune, (either separately or 43 in connection with orders for Tribunes or Whig Almanaca Dedham, 9% and directing how the work required may be sent. WHIG ALMANAC, 1852. ELECTION RETURNS, BY STATES, CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS, AND COUNTIES. Co's. MASSACHUSETTS, 1851-GOVERNOR-1860, 1848--Pa. NEW HAMPSHIRE. GOVERNOR-1851. 1848-PRESIDENT—1844. Saw'r.Din'r.At'd. Taylor. Cass. V.B. Clay. Polk. Go's. W'p. B'll. P'y. B'ga. B'il. P'pa. Tayl'r Cass. V.B Belknap...1021 1887 622.... 610 1769 334.... 864 1701 Barnsta'e..1569 781 303..1300 642 $75..2015 802 616 Carroll.... 800 2046 702.... 539 1835 625.... 732 1816 Berkshire..3705 3177 763..3510 Si6t 522..3549 2397 1549 Cheshire...2424 2115 773....1881 2076 945....2358 2070 Bristol....4060 2850 1896.3893 2262 1675..4840 2170 2832 Coos..... 222 911 617.... 230 1282 219.... 348 1364 Dukes..... 7 125 38.. 187 152 32.. 290 133 81 Grafton....2337 4162 1261....1927 4060 1104....2566 4046 Essex.....45 6096 3662..8158 6206 3737..8555 4678 5020 Hillsboro'..3335 3709 2013....2799 4773 1257....3124 4583 Franklin..2749 1940 1242.2584 1856 1106..2133 1542 1015 Merrimac..1551 4029 2271...1245 4218 1076....1589 3821 Eampd'n.3756 3414 616..3511 3400 664..3306 3061 1284 Rocking m.3189 4169 16612710 3972 982....2830 4007 Hampsh'e 3603 1514 1854..3403 1271 1266..3055 1070 1806 Strafford...2340 2251 645....1664 1912 495....1702 1808 Middles'x10624 8583 4279..9444 7054 4397..9854 6820 5964 Sullivan....1215 1844 691....1176 1866 673....1553 1944 Nantucket 316 102 138.. 306 68 27.. 444 89 159 TOTALS. Whig. Opp. F. S. Norfolk...4920 3146 2561..4581 2233 2737..4739 2461 3538 1851-Sawyer....18,434; Dinsmoor 27,123; Atwood..12,086 Plymouth.3995 2053 2970..8349 1669 2578,,3668 1-847 3189 1850-Chamber'n 18,559; 64 30,751; Berry....6,526 Suffolk...7897 3975 1442..6447 2138 1251..8895 3173 2132 18,764; 46 30,107: ....7,162 Worces'r.7910 6071 7236..6579 5105 7295..5827 5068 8343 1848-Taylor.....14,781; Cass......27,763; Van Buren7,560 TOTALS. Whig. Opp. F. S. 1844-Clay......17,866; Polk......27,160; Birney, Ab.4,161 1861-Winthrop.64,611; Boutwell.43,922; Palfrey,.28.KAP Din. CONGRESS, 1851. 1850-Briggs... 57,252; 36,216: Phillips ..27,762 I. Tuck, W. & F. S...7,791. III. Perkins, W. & F.S..8,715 1849" 30,130; ..25,247 Kittredge, Opp....7,416. Morrison, Opp......7,777 1848-Taylor....61,070; Cass....35,281; Y.Buren..38,058 II. Peaslee, ..7,170. IV. Hibbard, 66 ....5,125 1844-Clay......67,712 Polk.....53,470; Birney,b,10,950 Colby, Whig......3,803. Kittredge, Whig....2,248 1851-Call of Constitut'l Convention: Yes,60,984; No.68,016. Fowler, F. S.....2,060. White, F. S.. -1,018 LEGISLATURE for 1852, SENATE: Whigs, 19; Coalition (Opp. & F.S.) 28. Houan: 196; 202; Vacancies, 43. 1849 64 VERMONT. GOVERNOR-1851. 1848-PRESIDENT— 1844. *Dis. Co's. liams. field. son. lor. V.B. Cass, Clay. Polk ....54,009; MAINE. 46 There was no State Election in the year 1851. They are 1 Addison.....2099 898 112..2558 1035 319..2527 772 to be biennial hereafter. Bennington..f1471 2071185..1569 616 1150..1656 1450 Chapin.Allen.Harris Taylor.Cass, V.B. Clay Polk Total.....6106 6935 186....6779 3646 730...7322 4867 Litchfield.......4081 3924 282.. ..5038 4064 469 ..3918 3674 800 51. Chapin, Whig, 6106; Allen, Opp..6935; Harris, F.S. 186 10.S.Seymour.18485 8633 402..8172 2078..8904 7738 1262 '50.Anthony......3668; Scattering .. 135; 773 CONGRESS, 1849. Scattering: 1, 28; 11, 139; 111, 27; IV, 76 '49. 46 46 5081; Sackett.....2964; GRAND TOTALS LEGISLATURE: SEBATE: Whigs, 14; Opp., including Lt. Gov., 18. Hous: Whigs, 37; Opp. & F. S., 35. |