ment during the Rebellion of 1798. The insurgents hated him more than any other man. Lord Cornwallis, though he came out to Ireland prejudiced against him, declared later that he was "by far the most moderate and right-headed man in the country." He defended the Union in a great speech on Feb. 10, 1800, in the Irish Parliament. In the following year he made a bitter attack on the absentee Whig lords in the English Parliament. In 1802 he died, and his burial was nearly interrupted by a furious mob. typical upholder of the Protestant ascendency, Fitzgibbon is Mr. Froude's special hero. A Froude, English in Ireland; Plowden, Life of Grattan. Fitz-Gilbert, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE CLARE, was a Norman baron, nearly related to William the Conqueror. He accompanied William to England, and received lavish grants of land, among which was the manor of Clare, from which he took the name which his descendants likewise adopted. He was appointed joint regent of England during William's absence in 1073, and in 1076 was instrumental in quelling the rebellion of the Earls of Hereford and Norfolk. He lived on till the reign of Henry I. Fitzharris, EDWARD (d. 1681). An Irish adventurer, who in 1681 concocted a libel upon the king and the Duke of York, in which he advocated the deposition of the one, and the exclusion of the other. This manuscript he probably intended to place in the study of one of the prominent Whig statesmen, and then, by discovering it himself, earn the wages of an informer. He was, however, betrayed by an accomplice, and sent to the Tower, where he invented a Popish Plot for the murder of the king, and the boiling down of the leading Whigs into a jelly, to be used for anointing future Popish kings. Fitzharris was impeached by the Commons, but the Lords declared that they had no power of trying a commoner, as that would be a violation of Magna Charta, while the Commons asserted their right of impeachment. The dissolution of Parliament settled the fate of Fitzharris, who was tried for high treason before the King's Bench, and executed. Hallam, Const. Hist.; Parliamentary History; State Trials. Fitz-Herbert, MRS., a Roman Catholic lady, with whom George, Prince of Wales, in 1787, went through the ceremony of marriage. If the Royal Marriage Act had not invalidated this marriage as contracted without the royal consent, the Act of Settlement would have deprived George of his rights of succession. To get his debts paid, George persuaded Fox to publicly deny his marriage with Mrs. Fitz-Herbert, and afterwards denied he had instructed Fox to do so. Fitz-Jocelin. REGINALD, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1191), was the son of Jocelin, Bishop of Salisbury, and was elected Bishop of Bath and Wells in 1174. On the death of Archbishop Baldwin, the monks of Canter bury, in opposition to King Richard and Earl John, each of whom had his own nominee, chose Reginald to fill the vacant see. Almost immediately after his election he was seized with illness, and expired in less than a month. Hook, Archbishops of Canterbury. Fitz-Maurice, JAMES (d. 1579), was the brother of the sixteenth Earl of Desmond, and far superior to him in address and military skill. When the head of the family was made a prisoner by Sidney, he roused the Geraldines, and, uniting with other chiefs, he took Kilmallock. He went over to Spain to get help in 1570, but on his return, had to submit to Sir John Perrot in 1571. He then again went abroad, and in vain tried to induce France and Spain to come to the aid of the Irish Catholics. Pope Gregory XIII., however, entrusted him with a force of a few hundred men, and he set sail with them in 1579, and landed at Smerwick. Not finding there the support he expected, he went off into Tipperary, where he was wards slain in battle. Froude, History of England. soon after Fitz-Nigel, RICHARD, or FITz-Neal (d. 1198), was te son of Nigel, Bishop of Ely, and great-nephew of Bishop Roger, of Salisbury. He was appointed Treasurer of England in 1165, which office he seems to have held till his death, having also been made Bishop of London in 1189. He was the author of a history of Henry II.'s reign, entitled Tricolumnus, which is probably the basis of what used to be attributed to Benedict of Peterborough; but his more famous work is the Dialogus de Scaccario, which his position and connection with Nigel and Roger made extremely important and trustworthy. Stubbs, Prefaces to Benedict of Peterborough (Rolls Series). The Dialogus is printed in Stubbs's Select Charters. Fitz-Osbern, ROGER, Earl of Hereford, was the son of William Fitz-Osbern. In 1075 he entered into a plot with Ralph Guader against William I., the immediate cause being the king's refusal to allow the marriage between Ralph and Fitz-Osbern's sister. Being defeated and taken prisoner, he was sentenced to deprivation of his lands and titles and perpetual captivity. [NORWICH, BRIDAL OF.] Fitz-Osbern, WILLIAM (d. 1072), was s Norman baron, somewhat distantly connected with the Conqueror. He was very instrumental in obtaining the sanction of the Norman nobles to the invasion of England, and commanded one of the wings at the battle of Hastings. He received the Palatine earldom of Hereford as his reward. During the king's absence in Normandy he acted as regent, and, in 1069, assisted in suppressing the insurrections in the north and west of England. In 1072 he went over to Flanders, where he was slain, while fighting in a civil war. Freeman, Norman Conquest. Fitz-Osbert, WILLIAM (d. 1196), known also as William Longbeard, the first demagogue in English history, served in the Third Crusade, and is described as a man of great eloquence. In 1196 a poll-tax was levied on London, and Fitz-Osbert organised a resistance to it, and enrolled, it is said, more than 50,000 men. He held meetings, denounced the oppression of the governing bourgeoisie, and proclaimed himself the saviour of the poor. The Justiciar, Hubert Walter, collected troops, and speedily awed the city into submission. Fitz-Osbert took sanctuary in St. Mary-le-Bow, where he was attacked by fire, and eventually captured. He was at once tried, and put to death as a traitor. Of his character and aims it is difficult to judge, as contemporary writers express such very opposite views. William of Newburgh says:"The contriver and fomenter of so much evil perished at the command of justice, and the madness of this wicked conspiracy expired with its author: and those persons, indeed, who were of more healthful and cautious dispositions rejoiced when they beheld or heard of his punishment, washing their hands in the blood of the sinner." On the other hand, Matthew Paris says:-"So perished William Longbeard, for endeavouring to uphold the cause of right and the poor. If it be the cause which makes the martyr, no man may be more justly described as a martyr than he." Pauli, Englische Geschichte; Hook, Lives of the Archbishops; William of Newburgh. Fitz-Peter, GEOFFREY (d. 1213), was probably the son of Simon Fitz-Peter, one of Henry II.'s justices. He himself acted as an itinerant judge, and Richard I. placed him on the council which was to act, with the Justiciar, during the king's absence on the Crusade. In 1198 he was appointed Justiciar, which office he contrived to hold till his death. His administration was characterised by great sternness and rigid impartiality, and he did what he could to restrain the excesses of John, who, on hearing of his death, exclaimed, with an oath, "Now, for the first time, am I King of England." Fitz-Peter was created Earl of Essex in 1199. Fitz-Roy, SIR CHARLES, was Governor of New South Wales (1847-8). His tenure of office was chiefly remarkable for disputes between the Home and the Colonial govern. ments as to the proposed change of constitution in New South Wales. Fitz-Stephen, ROBERT, a Norman conqueror in South Wales and Ireland, was the son of Nesta, the former mistress of Henry I., and of Stephen de Marisco. When Dermot came to Wales to collect succours, he was the captive of a Welsh prince; but on his release, in 1169, he led thirty knights, sixty men-at-arms, and three hundred archers to Ireland. With this force he took Wexford; but, in 1170, he was induced by treachery to surrender at Carrig. When Henry II. landed, in 1171, he was taken before him at Waterford as a traitor. He was, however, restored to favour, and entrusted with the custody of Wexford. He followed Henry abroad, in 1174; was sent over to Ireland, again recalled, but finally, in 1177, invested with the command in southern Munster. In 1182 he was besieged in Cork, but rescued by Raymond le Gros. Giraldus Cambrensis, Expugnatio Hiberniæ; Moore, Hist. of Ireland. A Fitz-Stephen, WILLIAM (d. 1191). monk of Canterbury, the eye-witness of the murder of his master, Becket, whose biography he wrote, to which was prefixed a remarkable description of London. Fitz-Urse, REGINALD. A knight in the service of Henry II., and one of the murderers of St. Thomas. [BECKET.] Fitz-Walter, MILO (d. 1146), was one of the itinerant justices in the reign of Henry I. On that king's death he assisted Stephen in his attempt to gain the crown, but before long he deserted the king, and strenuously supported the Empress Matilda, who gave him the title of Earl of Hereford, together with considerable lands and privileges. He was accidentally killed in 1146. Fitz-Walter, ROBERT. A northern baron, who, as an old enemy of John, was selected by the baronial confederacy as the leader in the struggle that finally resulted in the grant of Magna Charta. Fitz-William, SIR WILLIAM (d. 1542), was a famous naval commander of Henry VIII.'s time. In 1513, and again in 1522-24, he won victories over the French, and in 1537 was made Earl of Southampton and Privy Seal. Fitz-William, WILLIAM, 4TH EARL (b. 1748, d. 1833), was of the distinguished Yorkshire Whig family, and nephew of Rockingham, and opposed the American War and Pitt's earlier ministry. Taking panic at the French revolutionary excesses he deserted Fox. He was made LordLieutenant of Ireland, but recalled, because too liberal, just before 1798. This alienated him from the government, and he became President of the Council under Grenville, in 1807, and lived to share in and see the success of the Reform Bill agitation. He was one of the best specimens of the Whig grandee of the eighteenth century. Stanhope, Life of Pitt. Five Boroughs of Mercia. A rude confederacy of Danish boroughs, corresponding, as some have thought, to the older divisions of north-eastern Mercia. They were Derby, Lincoln, Leicester, Stamford, and Nottingham. They were each ruled by their "jarl,' with twelve lawmen administering Danish law in each, while a common court existed for the whole confederacy. They were conquered by Edward the Elder; and reconquered in 940 by Edmund, who seems to have allowed them full enjoyment of their local privileges. [DANELAGH.] Five Members, THE. In January, 1642, Charles I., believing that the Parliamentary leaders intended to impeach the queen, resolved to prevent it by impeaching her assailants. He selected, as the chief offenders, five members of the House of Commons, John Pym (Tavistock), John Hampden (Buckinghamshire), Denzil Holles (Dorchester), Sir Arthur Haselrig (Leicestershire), and William Strode (Dorchester). Lord Kimbolton was included in the same impeachment on January 3. Sir Edward Herbert, the AttorneyGeneral, laid the charges before the House of Lords, who at once appointed a committee to inquire whether his procedure had been according to law. On the same day the king sent the Sergeant-at-arms to the House of Commons with orders to arrest the five members. Charles was urged on by Lord Digby and the queen to arrest the members himself, and about three o'clock on the afternoon of January 4, started from Whitehall with about four hundred armed men to apprehend them. The accused members had been warned by a message from Lady Carlisle, and escaped by the river into the city. The king entered the House, leaving about eighty armed men in the lobby, and made a speech in which he said that since they had disobeyed his orders, he had come to arrest the members himself. He commanded the Speaker to tell him whether the accused members were present; and when Lenthal refused to do so, and the king saw with his own eyes that "the birds were flown," he retired, saying, "I assure you, on the word of a king, I never did intend any force, but shall proceed against them in a legal and fair way, for I never meant any other." The House adjourned till the 11th, appointing a committee to sit in the interval at Guildhall. This committee voted, on the 6th, that the impeachment, the personal issue of the warrants by the king, and the attempt to arrest the impeached members were alike illegal. Addresses and petitions on behalf of the accused members poured in from the city and the country. On the 11th the Commons returned in triumph to Westminster, and two days later the king announced that, as the legality of the impeachment of the members had been doubted, he would now abandon it, and proceed against them "in an unquestionable way." The justifiable distrust caused by this attempt induced the leaders of the Parliament to demand substantial securities from the king, and so led to war. S. R. Gardiner, Hist. of Eng., 1603-1642, vol. x.; Hallam, Constitutional History. Five-Mile Act, THE (1665), enacted that no Nonconforming clergyman should come within five miles of any corporate town or any place where he had once ministered (except when travelling), nor act as a tutor or schoolmaster unless he first took the oath of non-resistance, and swore to attempt no alteration of the constitution in Church or State. It was one of the series of repressive measures, popularly known as the "Clarendon Code," and was aimed at depriving the ejected clergy of their means of livelihood, both by preaching and teaching. Flag, HONOUR of the. From very early times the English required foreign ships to salute English vessels within the narrow seas by lowering their flag. This question was vehemently contested by their commercial rivals, the Dutch, and was one of the smaller points of the chronic dispute between the two nations in the middle of the seventeenth century. The Dutch admitted the claim in 1673. Flagellants, THE. A sect of fanatical enthusiasts of the thirteenth century, who formed special fraternities for the observation of flagellation as a solemn and public religious ceremony. Started in 1210 by St. Anthony of Padua, this order became widespread through the teaching of Rainer of Perugia. In the reign of Edward III., 120 of them crossed into England, but their long proce sions and self-immolation did not produce a single convert. Fórstemann, Dis Christlichen Geisslergesellschaften. Flambard, RALPH (d. 1128), was a Norman of low origin, who after Lanfranc's death became the chief minister of William Rufus. To his malign influence may be attributed much of the tyranny and oppression of this reign. He devised new impositions, and enriched himself as well as the king, by keeping the sees and abbey's vacant. Under him the position of Justiciar gradually became a definite office. In 1099 he was made Bishop of Durham. On the accession of Henry I. he was at once arrested and imprisoned in the Tower, from which, however, he very soon managed to escape, and took refuge in Normandy with Robert, whom he encouraged in his invasion of England. Henry subsequently allowed him to return to his bishopric, where he remained peaceably till his death, occupying himself chiefly in architectural and ecclesias tical works. His character is painted in the darkest characters by the chroniclers. William of Malmesbury says, "If at any time a royal edict was issued that England should pay a certain tribute, it was doubled by this plunderer of the rich, this exterminator of the poor, this confiscator of other men's inheritance. He was an invincible pleader, as unrestrained in his words as in his actions, and equally furious against the meek or the turbulent. Wherefore the king used to laugh and say, that he was the only man who knew how to employ his talents in this way, and cared for no one's hatred so long as he could please his master.'' Freeman, William Rufus. Flammock, THOMAS, was a Cornish attorney, whose harangues incited the Cornishmen to revolt, in 1491, against Henry VII.'s excessive taxation. He led them on their march to Blackheath, and on the suppression of the revolt was hanged as a traitor. Bacon, Hist. of Henry VII. Flanders, RELATIONS WITH. Nominally a fief of France, Flanders was very early of sufficient importance to have close dealings with England. The name 66 Baldwinsland," given by the early English to the country, suggests the frequency of the dynastic relations between the courts. The first Count Baldwin married Judith, the Frankish widow of Ethelwulf of Wessex, and their son married Elfthryth (Elfrida), a daughter of Alfred the Great. Dunstan found in his exile a refuge in a Flemish monastery. Godwin, in 1051, was warmly welcomed by the great Baldwin, whose dealings with England were singularly intimate. He died soon after his son-in-law, William I., had conquered the kingdom. Later in William's reign, Gerbod of Chester, and William Fitz-Osbern found captivity and death respectively through warlike intervention in Flemish quarrels. Another Baldwin supported William FitzRobert against his uncle Henry I. Flemish mercenaries and William of Ypres fought for Stephen. Count Philip joined in 1173 the great confederation which the younger Henry had excited against his father Henry II. But gradually the old changing relations settled down into a general friendship, when, not only dynastic accidents, but a common policy of alliance against the encroachments of the French kings, and the growing pressure of economical necessities, firmly bound together the two countries. Count Ferdinand joined John and his nephew, Otto IV., in the confederacy that was ssolved by the battle of Bouvines (1213). Edward I. ended, by the Treaty of Montreuil (1274) with Count Guy, the hostilities between his father and Margaret of Flanders. Guy, on the whole, gave Edward efficient support against Philip the Fair. But the growth of the cloth trade in Flanders had bound its great towns to England, whence came the raw wool which Ghent or Ypres Pauli, Englische Geschichte; Schanz, Englische Flavia Cæsariensis was one of the districts of Roman Britain. Its situation is unknown. Fleet Prison, a famous London gaol, a king's prison since the twelfth century, was situated on the east side of Farringdon Street, on the bank of the Fleet rivulet. The Fleet was burnt down by Wat Tyler, and became of great historical interest, as the prison of religious offenders on both sides, under Mary and Elizabeth, and of the victims of the Star Chamber. On the abolition of the Star Chamber, it became a prison for debtors and those committed for contempt. It was again burnt. in the Gordon riots, and abolished in 1841. In the eighteenth century the Fleet became famous for the irregular marriages contracted there by clergymen of abandoned character, and in prison or within the precincts for debt. Lord Hardwicke's Marriage Act (1753) put an end to this abuse. Burn, Hist. of Fleet Marriages; Loftie, Hist, of London. Fleetwood, CHARLES (d. circa 1692). the son of Sir William Fleetwood, was one of those gentlemen of the Inns of Court who enlisted in the body-guard of the Earl of Essex. He also served in the army of the Eastern Association under Oliver Cromwell. In the New Model he commanded a regiment of horse, and, after the capture of Bristol, was appointed governor of that place. Oct., 1645, he became member for Bucking In On hamshire. He took no part in the king's death, though his brother George sat amongst the judges. In 1650 Fleetwood was lieutenantgeneral of the army under Cromwell which invaded Scotland. As such, he shared in the victory of Dunbar, and played a very important part in the battle of Worcester. the death of Ireton, Fleetwood married his widow, Cromwell's daughter Bridget; and, after the commandership-in-chief in Ireland had been refused by Lambert, Fleetwood was appointed to that post (June, 1652). In March, 1654, he became Lord Deputy, but was recalled to England in the summer of 1655, probably because he was not sufficiently active in pushing on the transplantation of the Catholics and suppressing the exercise of the Catholic religion. On his return, he took his place as a member of Cromwell's Council, and as one of his major-generals. Notwithstanding his relationship to the Protector, he opposed his taking the crown, but accepted a place in his House of Lords. Fleetwood had some expectation of being nominated Cromwell's successor, but, nevertheless, accepted the appointment of Richard Cromwell. However, he headed the party among the officers which wished to make the army independent of the civil power. Their plan was to make Fleetwood commander-inchief, independent of the Protector, and practically a co-ordinate power with him. Not succeeding in this, he and the Council of Officers forced Richard to dissolve Parliament. The Rump, directly it was restored, appointed him commander-in-chief of the land forces in England and Scotland, and one of the Commission of Seven, who were to appoint officers (May, 1659); but as they attempted to subject the army to the Parliament, he broke up the House (Oct., 1659), and established the "Committee of Safety." Monk's advance, and the spread of disaffection in army and people, obliged him to recall the Parliament, though Whitelocke very nearly persuaded him to bring back the king instead. He was deprived of his office by Parliament, and, after the king's return, perpetually incapacitated from public employment. He is said to have lived till 1692. Clarendon, Hist. of the Reb.; Whitelocke, Memorials; Ludlow, Memoirs; Carlyle, Cromwell. Fleming, SIR THOMAS (d. 1613), a prominent member of the Parliaments of 1601 and 1604, was Recorder of London (1594), and Solicitor-General the following year. He took part in the trial of the Earl of Essex, and became Chief Baron of the Exchequer in 1604. Coke calls him "a man of great judgment, integrity, and discretion." Foss, Judges of England. Flemings in England. At various times, large colonies of Flemish settlers have been brought over to England. The close commercial and political relations of the two countries largely occasioned this emigration. Henry I. is reputed to have settled Lower and Southern Dyfed with Flemings. He certainly thoroughly expelled the Welsh, and planted the country with Teutonic settlers, who speedily became English, and have remained so to the present time, without any tendency to amalgamate with the sur rounding Celts. Not to mention the Flemish mercenaries of Stephen's reign, we find large numbers of Flemish weavers settling in England, especially in the eastern counties, where Norwich became the great seat of the clothing industry. These Flemings taught the English to make up their own wool into cloth, instead of exporting it to the looms of Flanders. Later still, the Reformation led to a large emigration of Flemish Protestants into England. Fleta. The name usually given to a very valuable work on English law, written some time in the reign of Edward I. Its date is approximately fixed by the fact that the Statute of Westminster the Second (13 Ed. I.) is the last statute quoted. It derives its name from the fact that it is said to have been written by an unknown prisoner in the Fleet. Fletcher, ANDREW, OF SALTOUN (b. 1653, d. 1716), was educated by Bishop Burnet, then minister of Saltoun. He first appears as Commissioner for East Lothian in the Scotch Parliament; but his opposition to the court occasioned his outlawry and the confiscation of his estates. In 1685 he engaged in Monmouth's rebellion [MONMOUTH), but quarrelled with a fellow-officer named Dare, and shot him. Monmouth was obliged to dismiss Fletcher, who withdrew to the Continent, and entered the Austrian service against the Turks. In 1688 he joined William of Orange at the Hague, and after the Revolution his estates were restored to him. He soon joined the "Club," a body of politicians who were dissatisfied with the Revolution Settlement in Scotland. Proud of his good family and theoretical Liberalism, Fletcher hated monarchy and democracy: and desired to make Scotland an oligarchical republic, of the Venetian or Bernese type. At this time he published two Discourses concerning the affairs of Scotland, in one of which he recommended predial slavery as a remedy for pauperism. He formed a friendship with Paterson, the originator of the Bank of England, and supported his Darien scheme. In Anne's reign he led the Patriots" in their opposition to the Union. In 1703 he introduced his "Limitations" for Queen Anne's successor, some of which strangely anticipate modern Liberalism, and was a prime mover of the "Bill of Security," which passed in 1704, while the "Limitations" were accepted in 1705. But, finding he could not withstand the Union, he exerted |