1814, when the Volunteers were disbanded, many of the Yeomanry Cavalry were allowed to exist, under regulations providing that they should be called out for short periods of exercise every year. In 1871 the command of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteers was vested in the crown and the War Office. [VOLUNTEERS.]

Yeomanry, THE (Ireland), were embodied in Sept., 1796, as the Militia could not be trusted in so dangerous a time. The government being afraid of a religious war, had long refused the applications of the gentry to be allowed to raise men at their own expense, but could not refuse any longer. The Orangemen entered largely into these corps, of which Dublin alone raised four regiments of foot and four troops of horse. Thirty thousand men were soon under arms, nearly all of whom were Protestants. It was the Yeomanry who effected the disarmament of Ulster in 1797, and to them more than to any other force was the suppression of the rebellion of 1798 due. It cannot, however, be denied that their free use of the lash, the picket, and the pitchcap, both before and during the revolt, may have prevented the insurgents from laying down their arms, and led to many of the cruelties committed by the peasantry.

Froude, English in Ireland.

Yonge, SIR WILLIAM (d. 1755), was the eldest son and successor of Sir Walter Yonge, Bart., of Culloden, near Honiton, in Devonshire. He was elected member for Honiton at the beginning of George I.'s reign, and succeeded to his father's estates in 1731. In 1717 he

was appointed a commissioner for examining the debts due to the army; in 1724 a LordCommissioner to the Treasury. About 1730 he was made Secretary of War and a member of the Privy Council. He was a strong supporter of Walpole, who was accustomed to say of him, "that nothing but Yonge's character could keep down such parts, and nothing but his parts could support his character." In 1746 he was a member of the committee for managing the impeachment of Lord Lovat.

York (Latin, Eboracum; Old English, Eorforwic) was the capital of Roman Britain, a fortress where the head-quarters of the Sixth Legion, and for a time of the Ninth, were situated, and the site of an important colony. Its two rivers, the Ouse and the Foss, strengthened its walls, and the former made it an important commercial centre. Constantius Chlorus died there, and Constantine the Great was there hailed Emperor by his troops (306 A.D.). It was also the seat of one of the bishoprics of the Romano-British Church. Under the Anglian kings it preserved its position as a capital; first of Deira, afterwards of the greater kingdom

The

of Northumbria. In 627 Paulinus baptised King Edwin in the hastily-built chapel where the cathedral afterwards rose. organisation of the English Church, effected by Theodore, made York an archbishopric, though quite dependent on Canterbury, until Archbishop Egbert vindicated its claims to metropolitan independence. In 867 it was taken by the Danes, and its recovery by Athelstan took place in 937. At the Conquest it contained about 10,000 people. It submitted to William, who built a castle there in 1068. It was taken in Sept., 1069, by an English revolt aided by a Danish fleet, but retaken by William without opposition at the end of the year. In the reign of John, York had a merchant_gild, and possessed a mayor and aldermen. During the long wars with Scotland it was very frequently the meeting-place of Parliaments. In 1298 Edward I.; in 1314, 1318, 1319, and 1322 Edward II.; in 1328, 1332, 1333, 1334, and 1335 Edward III. held sessions at York, and again in 1464 a Parliament was summoned thither by Edward IV. Its commerce continued to flourish, although diminished by the rise of Hull, and Edward III. for a time freed the staple there. Richard II. made the city a county, and Henry VI. extended its jurisdiction over the Wapentake of the Ainsty. The Yorkist kings cultivated the favour of the citizens, and Richard III. counted them his trustiest supporters. York suffered greatly at the Reformation from the destruction of the hospitals, chapels, and chantries which abounded there. It was captured by the rebels during the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536), and became the seat of the Council of the North, which was erected there during those disturbances. At York also met the commission which commenced the inquiry into the charges against Mary Queen of Scots (1568). In the civil wars of the next century the city played a still more important part. There, in 1642, Charles I. collected his partisans, and the surrender of York in July, 1644, sealed the fate of the north of England. Its occupation by Fairfax in Jan., 1660, enabled Monk to advance into England, and materially forwarded the Restoration. Like most other corporations York lost its charter in 1684, and had it restored in Nov., 1688. In the same month Lord Danby seized the city, then governed by Sir John Reresby, and declared for a free Parliament and the Protestant religion. At the time of the Revolution of 1688, York probably contained about 10,000 inhabitants. Though its trade was fast diminishing, and its political weight decreased as great manufacturing towns grew up in the north of England, it still retained its importance as a social centre. "What has been, and is, the chief support of the city at present," wrote Drake in his History of York (1737), "is the resort to and residence of several country gentlemen with their

families in it." As the judicial and political centre of the largest of English counties, as the ecclesiastical centre of a much wider district, it continues to rank amongst the great cities of England.

Wellbeloved, Eburacum; Drake, Eboracum, or the History and Antiquities of York; Davies, York Records; Barnes, Yorkshire, Past and Present; Raine, Fasti Eboracenses.

York, ARCHBISHOPS OF. [ARCHBISHOPS.]

York, HOUSE OF. The regal house of York was the most short-lived of our dynasties. Beginning with the proclamation of Edward IV. (March 4, 1461), it ended with the fall of Edward's youngest brother, Richard, on the field of Bosworth (Aug. 22, 1485). It sprang from a marriage, made early in the fifteenth century, between Richard, Earl of Cambridge, and Anne Mortimer, his first cousin twice removed. Richard was the younger son of the fifth son of Edward III. (Edmund, Duke of York), and Anne was the great grand-daughter of the third son (Lionel, Duke of Clarence). Thus the designation of the house came from a younger, its title to the crown from an elder, son of Edward III. Another Richard, born in 1410, was the issue of this marriage, and as early as 1424 a succession of events had made this Richard heir general of Edward III. It came about in this way. The Black Prince's line expired with Richard II.; King Edward's second son died in his infancy; Lionel's sole child, Philippa, and her husband, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March, had a son, Roger, whose children, Edmund and Anne, were in Henry V.'s reign the only descendants of Lionel, Duke of Clarence. In 1424 Edmund died childless. Consequently, just when the most inefficient of the royal descendants of John of Gaunt, Edward's fourth son, was beginning to reign, the undoubted representative of the third was growing up into a manly vigour and a healthy robustness of character, which promised a really competent ruler. Richard had also become the only representative of the family of York, for his father, having conspired with others against Henry V., had been beheaded in the summer of 1415, and a few months afterwards his uncle, Edmund, Duke of York, had fallen at Agincourt, leaving no issue.

Notwithstanding his father's treason, the full favour of the court shone upon Richard's path from the first. He was carefully brought up as his father's, mother's, and uncle's heir, and was allowed to connect himself by marriage with the wide-spread and influential Neville family, whose head, Ralph, Earl of Westmoreland, had indeed been his guardian for a time. He wedded Ralph's daughter, Cicely, and thus, when the big moment arrived, had linked to his aspirations and fortunes such powerful nobles as his brothers-in-law, Richard Neville, Earl of Salisbury, and

Ed

William, Lord Fauconberg, and Richard's sons, Richard, Earl of Warwick, and John, Lord Montacute; while the advisers of Henry VI. took every pains to add to his greatness. By giving him command in France and then making him regent there, and appointing him to the Irish lieutenancy, they threw oppor tunities in his way which he was able and willing to turn to account. He was, therefore, between 1450 and 1460 the foremost man in England. Yet his claim to the throne was not put forward till the meeting of Parliament in Oct., 1460. Its soundness is not indisputable. Succession to the crown did not then follow the same rule as succession to private property: the transmission of a right to the throne through an heiress, such as Philippa of Clarence, had never been established, and, even if it were admitted, its virtue was destroyed by the sixty years' prescription, the Acts of Parliament, and the oftrepeated oaths of allegiance, that made for Henry's right. The lords of Parliament shrank from giving judgment, and Richard agreed not to press his claim on being declared Henry's heir. Slain in the following December with his second son, Edmund, after the fight of Wakefield, he left his rights to his eldest son, Edward, Earl of March, who soon asserted them with a strong hand. ward simply seized the crown on March 4. 1461. The victory of Towton, and the voice of a Parliament that met in November, ratified the act, and Edward IV. was recognised as full king from the date of his proclamation. Mismanagement, and the alienation of Warwick, expelled him from the kingdom in 1470, but in 1471 he recovered his royalty, holding it in security till his death in April, 1483. By that time his second brother, George, Duke of Clarence, was dead, despatched, on a condemnation for treason, in some unknown fashion; but Edward left two sons, Edward, called the Fifth, and Richard, and five daughters. His youngest brother, however, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, cunningly supplanted and ther murdered the two sons, reigning as Richard III. for two years. Richard's crimes estranged from him several staunch Yorkists, who then promoted a marriage between Edward IV.'s eldest daughter, Elizabeth, and Henry Tudor. Before the combination that ensued Richard perished on Bosworth Field on Aug. 22, 1485. Henry married Elizabeth, and thus the rival houses coalesced. Another daughter of Fward IV.'s married the Earl of Devon, and was the mother of the Marquis of Exeter, fortunate and unfortunate in Henry VIII's reign. Clarence, who was married to the Earl of Warwick's elder daughter, Isabela, left two children, Edward, Earl of Warwick, who was kept in prison by Henry VII. till complicity with a design of Perkin Warbeck's led to his execution, and Margaret, created Countess of Salisbury, and executed by HELY VIII. The chief historical distinction of the

house of York is, that it was the first to set the fashion of constitutional despotism in England.

Gairdner, Richard III.; Stubbs, Const. Hist., vol. iii. [J. R.]

York, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (b. 1341, d. 1402), was the fifth son of Edward III. In 1362 he was made Earl of Cambridge, and on the accession of Richard II. was appointed one of the council of regency.

He did not take any prominent part in the battles of his nephew's reign, but in 1385 was made Duke of York, and in 1399, during the king's absence in Ireland, was appointed regent. On Bolingbroke's landing, York raised a force to oppose him, but finding him more powerful than he had expected, he was induced to make terms with him, and to believe that Henry had no traitorous designs against the king. Subsequently he proposed to Richard to resign the crown, thereby preserving a semblance of legality to what was in reality a revolution. After this he retired to his domain, where he spent the last years of his life. He figures as a weak man, of moderate views, and always ready by mediation to prevent civil strife. His desertion of Richard, whose representative he was in England, can scarcely be palliated, particularly as, if he had made a firm stand on hearing of Bolingbroke's landing, the barons would probably have submitted. Edmund was twice married, first to Isabella, daughter of Pedro the Cruel of Castile, and secondly to Joan, daughter of Thomas Holand, Earl of Kent.

York, EDWARD, DUKE OF (d. 1415), was the son of Edmund of Langley. In the lifetime of his father he was created Earl of Rutland, and subsequently Duke of Albemarle by Richard II. He accompanied the king on his expedition to Ireland in the year 1399, but, on learning of Bolingbroke's success, deserted Richard. Henry deprived him of his dukedom, but despite the fact that Lord Fitzwalter and many other barons accused him of abetting Richard in his tyrannical acts, he received no other punishment. In 1400 he conspired with the Earl of Huntingdon and others against Henry, but turned traitor, and revealed the plot to the king. He accompanied Henry V. to France, and was one of the commanders in the battle of Agincourt, where he was slain. He married Philippa, daughter of Lord Mohun, but left no issue.

York, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (b. 1763, d. 1827), was the second son of George III., and, as early as his elder brother, broke away from the rigid discipline by which their parents fondly hoped to preserve them from the evils of the world. At the age of twenty-one he was created Duke of York and Albany, and Earl of Ulster. But already in his third year he had been elevated by his

father to the half-secularised bishopric of Osnabrück. In 1791 he married Charlotte, eldest daughter of Frederick William, King of Prussia, when his income was increased by a vote of £30,000 per annum. In 1793 he was placed in command of an expedition to the Netherlands, to act with the Prince of Saxe-Coburg against France. Though giving some proofs of personal gallantry, he soon made it clear that his royal birth was his only qualification for command. Fortunately for England the duke became disgusted at his want of success, and retreated, leaving Abercromby in command. As a reward for the military ability displayed in this campaign, he was in 1795 appointed Commander-in-chief of the Forces, and in 1799 was again entrusted with the command of an expedition to the Low Countries, in which, however, the only successes gained were due to Abercromby. The campaign finally ended in a disgraceful convention with the French. The duke was compelled to resign his office because of the shameful disclosures as to the way in which he allowed his mistress, Mrs. Clarke, to influence the military appointments, but was later restored to his old office under his brother's regency. His last act in public life was a most violent speech in the House of Lords against Catholic Emancipation in 1826. In the following January he died.

York, RICHARD, DUKE OF (b. circa 1410, d. 1460), was the son of Richard, Earl of Cambridge, by Anne, daughter of Roger, Earl of March. In 1425 he was relieved from the effects of his father's attainder, and succeeded to the estates and titles of his uncles, Edward, Duke of York, and Edmund, Earl of March. In 1430 he was made Constable of England, in 1432 he was appointed guardian of the coast of Normandy, and in 1436 was made regent of France, and advanced with an army almost to the gates of Paris. In the next year he was recalled, but in 1440 was appointed regent again, holding office till 1445. In 1449 he was made Lieutenant of Ireland, and governed that country with great wisdom and moderation during the one year for which he held this post. On his return to England in 1450 he came prominently forward as the opponent of the Duke of Somerset. He was as popular as Somerset was odious, and had powerful allies in the Nevilles, with whom he was closely connected by his marriage with Cecily, daughter of the Earl of Westmoreland. In 1451 a proposal was made in Parliament that York should be declared heir to the crown, but this was not seriously entertained, and the proposer was imprisoned. In 1452 York, declaring that his sole object was to rid the king of Somerset and other evil counsellors, raised a force, and marched to London. Henry met him at Blackheath, and York laid before him a bill of accusation

against Somerset, at the same time swearing fealty to the king, and promising for the future to sue for remedy in legal form. The birth of an heir to Henry in 1453 deprived York of all hope of succeeding peacefully to the throne, while the imbecility of the king gave him the office of Protector, which he held till Henry's recovery in 1455, Somerset being in prison during this period. On the king's restoration to health York was dismissed and Somerset reinstated. The first battle of St. Albans followed, in which the latter was slain, and the king shortly afterwards becoming once more imbecile, York was again appointed Protector. When in Feb., 1456, Henry recovered, and York was relieved of his office, two years of comparative peace followed, and in March, 1458, a great pacification took place at St. Paul's. The misgovernment and misfortunes of the country, and the alienation of the Nevilles gave York another opportunity in 1459. The Yorkists were marching south when Lord Audley tried to stop them at Blore Heath, but was defeated, and battle was imminent at Ludlow when the defection of Trollop alarmed the Yorkists, and they fled. The duke went to Ireland, and in the Parliament held at Coventry at the end of the year was attainted. In 1460 the Yorkist lords planned a return to England, and York issued a manifesto against the royal ministers. The battle of Northampton placed the king at their mercy, and the Parliament which met repealed the duke's attainders. York now for the first time asserted his claim to the throne, and after a long discussion a compromise was effected, by which Henry was to retain the crown during his life-time, after which it was to revert to York and his heirs. Meanwhile the duke and his sons were not to molest the king, any attempt on the duke's life was made high treason, and the principality of Wales was handed over to him. However, Margaret, who refused to recognise this arrangement, had been collecting an army in the north, and against her the Duke of York marched. The battle of Wakefield ensued on the last day of the year, when York was slain. His head was placed on the walls of York, garnished with a paper crown, but was taken down after the battle of Towton. By his marriage with Cecily Neville the duke had eight sons and four daughters, of whom four sons and one daughter died in childhood. Of the others, Edward and Richard became kings, Edmund was killed at Wakefield, and George was created Duke of Clarence. His daughters were Anne, who married the Duke of Exeter, and secondly Sir J. St. Leger; Elizabeth, who married John, Earl of Suffolk, and Margaret, who married Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy.

Brougham, Eng. under the House of Lancaster; Wars of the English in France (Rolls Series); Paston Letters.

Yorke, CHARLES (b. 1723, d. 1770), was the second son of the first Lord Hardwicke. Called to the bar in 1743, he soon obtained a large practice, and in the next year made his reputation as a jurist by the publication of Some Considerations on the Laws of Forfeiture for High Treason. In 1747 he was returned to Parliament for Reigate, and in Nov., 1756, he was appointed Solicitor-General. In the following July he was doomed to a bitter disappointment when Pitt insisted on making Pratt Attorney-General over his head. For this slight he never quite forgave Pitt, and on the accession of George III. attached himself to Bute. On Pratt's appointment to the Chief Justiceship of the Common Pleas in Jan., 1762, he became Attorney-General. Bute's administration, however, was shortlived, and early in 1763, he made way for Sir Fletcher Norton. Out of office Yorke's reputation in the House rose. He strongly condemned the action of the government in issuing general warrants. In 1765 he became again Attorney-General during the Rockingham administration, but resigned his office.on their falling in the following year, and continued in opposition until the last few days of his life, but his activity was confined for the most part to the courts, and was not employed in any vigorous opposition to the govern ment. Towards the beginning of 1770, on the resignation of Lord Camden, he was offered the chancellorship-a post which he accepted after having declined it twice. Within a week of this date he died, suspected of having put an end to his own life by suicide.

Campbell, Lives of the Chancellors; Trevelyan, Early Life of For; Jesse, Memoir of George Ill.; Walpole, Memoir of George III.; Rockingham, Memoir; Letters of Junius.

Yorke, SIR ROLAND (A. 1587), was a "soldier of fortune," who was the bitter enemy of Leicester, and who is said to have been instrumental in bringing about the treachery of Sir William Stanley in delivering up Deventer to the Spaniards (1587). At the same time Yorke himself gave up the forts at Zutphen, of which he was in command, and went over to Philip.

Yorktown, THE SURRENDER OF (Oct. 13, 1781), is memorable as the last important act of the American War of Independence. Early in August Cornwallis had, in obedience to orders from Clinton, withdrawn into Yorktown, a place whose safety required a naval superiority in its defenders, and at this time that superiority had passed away to the French, who had a large fleet under De Grasse in those waters. Cornwallis was aware of the danger of his position, espe cially so when, on Sept. 28, the combined French and American armies appeared in sight. On Oct. 1 the investment was co

pleted, and works were begun with a view to the bombardment of the English position. After an ineffectual attempt to carry the infantry across the strait into Gloucester, a small town on the opposite headland, Cornwallis sent a flag of truce proposing to capitulate on condition that the garrisons of Gloucester and Yorktown should be sent home on their word of honour not again to serve against America or her allies. Washington would not accept these terms, and finally Cornwallis surrendered his public stores and artillery in the two forts, as well as all the shipping in the harbour, the men to remain prisoners of war in America, the ships to become the property of France. With the surrender at Yorktown the war was virtually at an end.

Bancroft, History of United States; Mahon, History.

Young, ARTHUR (b. 1741, d. 1820), was a writer of numerous works on agriculture and rural economy, to collect information on which subjects he made numerous journeys through the British Isles and on the Continent. In 1784 he published a periodical work called the Annals of Agriculture. In 1789 he was appointed Secretary to the Board of Agriculture. Young's works, especially his Political Arithmetic (1774) and his Travels (1792), are of very great value for the light they throw on the state of society, trade, and agriculture in England, Ireland, and France. Young's account of France, which he visited on the eve of the Revolution, is of singular interest.

Young, ROBERT (d. 1700), one of the most disreputable informers of the seventeenth century, was ordained a deacon in the Irish Church, but was expelled from his first parish for immorality, and from his third for bigamy. In 1684 he was convicted of having forged Sancroft's signature, and was sentenced to the pillory and imprisonment. When Monmouth's insurrection broke out he gave witness of a pretended conspiracy in Suffolk against the king, but his evidence was proved to be false. After the Revolution he determined to become an accuser of the Jacobites, and concocted a story of a plot against William and Mary. In 1692, he forged a paper purporting to be an association for the restoration of the banished king, to which he appended the names of Marlborough, Cornbury, Salisbury, Sancroft, and Sprat, Bishop of Rochester. A subordinate agent named Blackhead dropped the paper in one of Sprat's flower-pots. Young thereupon laid information before the Privy Council. Marlborough was committed to the Tower, and Sprat taken into custody, but the document could not be found. Blackhead thereupon rescued it from its hiding-place, and gave it to Young, who had it conveyed to the Secretary of State. But when confronted by Sprat, Blackhead lost his presence of mind, and confessed all. Young, however, HIST.-35*

with unblushing effrontery persisted in his denial. Young was imprisoned and pilloried. He was finally hanged for coining.

Young England Party, THE, was the name given to a group of Tory politicians during the Corn-Law struggles of 1842-46, mostly young members of aristocratic families. They came prominently before the public in the autumn of 1844. It was the theory of the Young England Party that what was supposed to be the ancient relation between rich and poor should be restored. The landowners and wealthy classes were to be the benevolent protectors and leaders, while the poor were to be obedient and trustful dependants. Every effort was to be made to improve the material condition of the labouring classes, while at the same time a firm resistance was to be offered to the levelling spirit of the age, to free-trade, and to the principles of the Liberals generally. Combined with a good deal of coxcombry and conceit, there was an element of usefulness in the Young Englanders. "What the Tractarian priesthood were at this time requiring of their flocks," says Miss Martineau, "the Young England politicians were striving for with the working classes; and the spectacle was seen of Sunday sports encouraged, as in the old Catholic times; and popular festivals revived at which young lords and members of Parliament pulled off their coats to play cricket with the labourers, or moved about among the crowd in the park or on the green, in the style of the feudal superior of old." In Parliament the Young England politicians, affecting to believe in the "Old Tory principles" of the preceding century, chiefly distinguished themselves by their noisy opposition to the Whigs. They opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws, violently attacked Peel for his change of policy, and declined to join the Peelites. Among their most prominent members were Lord J. Manners, and the Hon. G. Smythe, member for Canterbury; and Mr. Disraeli lent them his support, and was looked upon in some sort as their leader.

Martineau, Hist. of the Peace, ii. 520.

Young Ireland Party. The group of men known under this name, among whom Gavan Duffy, Meagher, and Mitchell are the best known, were at first followers of O'Connell, and did much for the Irish cause by writing papers, historical romances, and national songs, and by publishing old ones. In 1843 they separated from O'Connell after his failure to repel force by force at Clontarf, and began to be known as the Physical Force Party. In 1848 Smith O'Brien became their leader, and as a consequence of his futile attempt at rebellion, many of them were sentenced to transportation, or at least had to leave Ireland. Some of them, like Gavan Duffy, attained high distinction in the colonies.