as well as several others, was more accurate in the outlines of both peninsulas and the adjacent lakes.

Morse, in the introduction to his first edition, expresses his obligations to Capt. Thomas Hutchins, Geographer-General of the United States, but so far as this region is concerned he fails to avail himself of the assistance he might have had. Capt. Hutchins, born in New Jersey in 1730, became an officer in a Colonial regiment and later in the British regular army, giving much attention to engineering. Prior to 1770 he made many reconnoitering trips into what is now Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Lower Michigan, and in 1778 published his Topographical Description of Virginia, Pennsylvania, Maryland and North Carolina, which was intended to accompany and explain his map issued at the same time, and including the country lying between 34 and 44 north latitude and 79 to 93 west longitude. In 1779 he resigned his position as officer and in 1781 was appointed Geographer to the United States of America, and held that position until his death in 1789.

His map was 3514 x 4234 inches and is a very interesting and important one for the lower part of the State, comprehending that part south of a line drawn west from a point about thirty miles north of Port Huron. On the eastern side, below Detroit, appear several rivers. Lake St. Clair is pretty well delineated, and the several channels at the head of the lake shown; Clinton River is shown but not named. In St. Clair River both Fawn and Stag Islands appear, not named, and the three rivers, now Belle, Pine and Black, in their proper locations, the first not being named, the second having the name River a Chines, and the last River au Sapine (Pine or Fir) with a sawmill indicated a short distance above the mouth. This last river appears in Morse's geography as Saw Pine River, and at a considerable distance from its actual location.

Upon the western side of the peninsula appear St. Joseph River with the legend "full of islands and very rapid," Riviere Noire (Black River), Riviere Marame (Kalamazoo), with a large branch near the head called Riviere a la Matache, Riviere a la Barbue (Black River), Riviere a Raisin (Pigeon River), La Grande Riviere (Grand River) and Maticon (Muskegon) River. There is a road marked from Detroit to Fort St. Joseph, and these two legends are on the western and eastern sides of the peninsula. "From St. Joseph River along the eastern side of Lake Michigan the land bordering upon it consists chiefly of sandy ridges scarcely producing anything but pines, small oaks and cedars, but a few miles from the lake the soil and timber are extraordinarily good." "The land bordering on the western shore of Lake Huron is greatly inferior in quality to that on Lake Erie; it is mixed with sand and small stones and is principally covered with pines, birch and some

small oaks, but at a little distance from the lake the soil is very luxuriant."

The "father of American geography" might well have given some heed also to Joseph Scott, who published the first United States Gazetteer in 1795, illustrated with nineteen maps. In his map of the United States the Lower Peninsula is more correctly delineated, and practically all the rivers emptying into Lake Michigan shown and named follow the French maps in this respect. Kalamazoo River appears as Marame. Between this and Grand River are two streams named, respectively, Barbe and Raisin Rivers, representing the present Black and Pigeon Rivers. Muskegon appears as Mastigon. White is unchanged. Beauvais probably represents the Au Sable River; St. Nicholas, the Pent Water, and Margurite, the Pere Marquette.

The Territory of Michigan was created by act of Congress, January 11, 1805, and comprised all that part of Indiana Territory, lying north of a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan, until it should intersect Lake Erie and east of a line drawn from the said southerly bend through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States.

It is not certain upon what information or map Congress acted in fixing these boundaries, but certain it is that no two maps of that period agreed with respect to the location of the lower end of Lake Michigan, compared with Lake Erie. It would seem quite probable that the Hutchins' map was used, although that did not purport to show more than the lower end of Lake Michigan and of the Lower Peninsula. There were in existence at that time a number of maps prepared by English geographers, several based upon the reports and observations of Governor Pownal and several maps by Arrowsmith, a very painstaking and accurate geographer. These map makers differed quite largely in the shape of Lake Michigan, and in its description. In several of the maps the trend of the lake was either due north or extended somewhat westerly from the southern extremity. Others represented the northern extremity much more toward the east than it is in fact. Owing to this difference in maps the geographic description given in the act of Congress proved difficult to locate and gave rise to many troubles.

Governor Hull was appointed Governor of the new Territory, and among his first official acts on July 3, 1805, was the division of the Territory into four districts for administrative purposes: Erie, Detroit, Huron and Michilimackinac. For some reason he seems to have been averse to creating counties. The District of Michilimackinac was described as beginning: "At the most western and southern points of the Bay of Saguina and running thence westerly to the nearest part

of the River Margurite; thence along the south bank thereof to Lake Michigan; thence due west to the middle thereof; thence with the lines of the Territory of Michigan to the center of Lake Huron; thence a straight line to the beginning."

The "River Margurite" indicates the use of some map, perhaps Scott's, whose maker had mistakenly read the French Marquette as Margurite, and perpetuated the mistake in his map.

Judge Woodward, in a letter to the Secretary of the Treasury, January 4, 1806, refers to the fact that the southern boundary of the Territory was uncertain, and also that it was uncertain whether the northern extremity of Lake Michigan was at Green Bay or midway between Green Bay and the Straits of Mackinac. This uncertainty is reflected in the maps appearing for some years subsequently.

After the surrender of Detroit by General Hull to the British, in 1812, Judge Woodward, who had been one of the leading officials of the Territory under American rule, remained in Detroit to protect the interests of American subjects, and on the 20th of August of that year received from Colonel Henry Procter, who was in charge of the British forces in possession, a letter desiring information as to the geographical limits of the territory. In his reply, bearing the same date, the Judge

says:

"The geographical limits of the Territory of Michigan are designated by an act of Congress.

"The boundary commences at the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, and is drawn east from that point until it shall intersect Lake Erie. This line has never been actually run. It is therefore uncertain where it would intersect Lake Erie. I have a minute of an observation taken by a British gentleman which makes the latitude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan a degree and a half south of Detroit. This would carry the line entirely south of Lake Erie."

"I am in possession of some maps which so represent the country. On the contrary, I have seen other maps and have received many oral communications which represent the southern extremity of Lake Michigan as nearly west of Detroit. The American Government has been taking measures to remove this ambiguity.

"From the southern extremity of Lake Michigan the line was required to run through the middle of said lake to its northern extremity. It is uncertain whether the northern extremity of Lake Michigan is in Green Bay, or at an intermediate point between Green Bay and the Straits of Michilimackinac.

"From the mouth of the River Miami to the head of the River Sinclair, at the embouchure, or outlet of Lake Huron, the country is settled, although in a very sparse manner, on a continued line without any settle

ments in the rear, every house forming, as it were, a double frontier. There were formerly some families at the River St. Joseph, near the southern extremity of Lake Michigan, and the Island of Michilimackinac also had a few settlements."

The Miami River referred to in this letter is what is now called the Maumee, and the River Sinclair, the River St. Clair. This uncertainty about the western boundary of the Territory is indicated upon a map issued in 1814 entitled, "The upper territories of the United States," contained in Carey's General Atlas, issued by M. Carey, of Philadelphia, and shows a straight line as the south boundary of the Territory, extending from the southerly extremity of Lake Michigan, and striking the upper end of Lake Erie about twenty miles north of where Toledo is located. Lake Michigan appears to extend almost due north and south, and a line drawn in accordance with the boundaries fixed by the act of Congress strikes the Upper Peninsula just north of the entrance of Green Bay.

Among the most prominent map publishers of the decade following were Carey & Lea, of Philadelphia, and they issued a series of atlases, the first one appearing in 1817. The map of Michigan is entitled, "Carey's Geographical, Statistical and Historical Map of Michigan Territory." French and German editions of this map were also current. The map does not indicate county lines but has upon the southeastern part of the Territory the names of Monroe, Wayne, Macomb and Oakland counties. The map contained in the edition of 1822 shows the conditions as they existed in 1819. It indicates the westerly line of the Indian treaty made in that year, by which the Indians ceded land north of Grand River and east of a line running northeasterly to Thunder Bay River. This map indicates the west boundary of the Territory as including all of Green Bay, and a portion of what is now Wisconsin north of Milwaukee River, and striking Lake Superior a short distance west of Chocolate River. This is due to the fact that Lake Michigan is so shaped that a line drawn from its most southern point northwardly would intersect the shore of Wisconsin just above Milwaukee.

In 1831 appeared a map of Michigan drawn and published by David H. Burr, who issued many maps and was for some years draughtsman of the House of Representatives, and in that connection made several maps bearing upon the boundary line controversy between Ohio and Michigan. This map of 1831 indicates all of the counties in Michigan, which at that time had been laid out; Michilimackinac county including all of the upper part of the Southern Peninsula and the southern part of the Upper Peninsula, the south line of the county being a line drawn diagonally from the corner of Gladwin and Isabella counties through Lake Michigan and Sturgeon Bay, then turning northward until it

reaches the upper end of Green Bay, and then west, indicating the belief of the map maker that this was the southwesterly line of the Territory. In 1833 the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge issued a map of Michigan by which only the Lower Peninsula is indicated as being within the Territory, while the entire Northern Peninsula is shown as being in the Northwest Territory.

In 1836 appeared the Tourist Pocket Map of Michigan, made by J. H. Young and published by S. Augustus Mitchell, of Philadelphia, who published several maps and tourists' guides to Michigan and other Western States. This map closely resembles the Burr map, the county line of Michilimackinac having the same location and direction, and the map being colored in a way to indicate the portion of Wisconsin included within this diagonal line to be within the Territory of Michigan.

There has been some controversy over the oldest map of the Territory or State based upon actual surveys. In volume one of the Pioneer and Historical Collections it is stated that the oldest map was that made by Orange Risdon, a pioneer of Washtenaw county, and one who was a prominent surveyor of the early days. Farmer, in his History of Detroit, claims the credit for the first map as actually having been made by John Farmer, but it is stated in volume twenty-two of the Collections that it was a matter of common rumor that Farmer used information obtained while employed by Risdon to secure his map as the first published surveyed map. According to Farmer's own account, he came to Detroit in the spring of 1825, and by June of that year had his manuscript map in the hands of the engravers. It seems, however that neither of these claimants is entitled to the credit, but that Philu E. Judd has the honor.

The first Legislative Council of Michigan met in June, 1824. On the 15th of that month a committee was appointed to procure a map of the Territory of Michigan for the use of the members of the Legislative Council.

The following day the Committee reported certain proposals from P. E. Judd for making said map, which were laid on the table.

On June 17 the Committee was empowered and instructed to contract with Mr. Judd for said map agreeably to the first proposition contained in his proposals, which motion was agreed to. The records do not indicate what this proposal was.

July 23 Mr. Lawrence presented the account of P. E. Judd for making a map of the Territory, which was referred to the Committee on Claims, and on August 5 the claim fixed at $35 was included in the appropriation bill as passed. A copy of this map, drawn by Judd and engraved by J. O. Lewis, is now in the State Library, having been received from the State Land Office. It bears no date, but bears internal