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But Herod was appointed the year before the reconciliation between Sextus and the Triumvirs, which was two years before the capture, and early in the consulship of L. Marcus Censorinus and C. Calvisius Sabinus, (Norbanus, Caspari.) J. P. 4674, U. C. 713-714, B. C. 40, (Jar., 353, Plut., 593.) The city was taken by Herod and Sossius during the consulship of Marcus V. Agrippa and Caninius Gallus, J. P. 4676, B. C. 38, U. C. 716, and at the close of the second year of the 185th Olympiad as seen below:

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This succession of consuls agrees with Caspari; but he dif fers in the year U. C., in making the consulates at the time of the appointment of Herod and the capture of the city in the same Olympiad, while they were evidently in two successive Olympiads. The capture of the city by Herod was in the twenty-seventh consulship after that of Pompey, not twentyseven full years. J. P. 4650+27=J. P. 4677; U. C. 690+27= U. C. 717; B. C. 64-27-B. C. 37. These dates give us the twenty-seventh consulship after that of M. Tullius Cicero and Antonius, which was that of Gellius Poplicolia, and M. Coccejus Nerva, and immediately followed that of M. V. Agrippa and L. Caninius Gallus; hence, twenty-six full years, counting the first and last, and falls in J. P. 4676, B. C. 38, U. C. 716.

3. Third Month.-The civil year beginning in Tisri, the third month would be Kisleu, (November, December,) hence in winter. Pompey had agreed to hear the controversies of the people in the beginning of the spring, and brought his army out of winter-quarters, (“Antiq.,” xiv, 3, 2.) Marching to Damascus he heard Aristobulus and Hyrcanus, who followed him. Aristobulus, violating his word, began war upon Pompey, who

retraced his steps and conquered the city in the first third month after a passover, because the mentioned events occurred at the time of a passover, (Nisan-March and April,) (“Antiq.," xiv, 2, 1, 2; xiv, 3, 2, 4; and xiv, 4, 3,) hence in Sivan. Herod moved his army after the rigor of winter, ("Antiq.,” xiv, 2, 1, 2;) hence his capture must have been the first third month thereafter, Sivan. The work of the siege was during the early summer weather, and cannot be placed later than this month. If the five months' siege began (" Wars," i, 18, 2) at the close of the rigor of winter, it ended June 20, (Sivan;) or if March 1, full spring, then it ended August 1, and could not be Tisri, the ninth month, nor Kisleu, the third civil month. If it ended in either of these months it was in the fourth, and not the third, year after the appointment, and Usher and Caspari will both place it beyond the limits of the time given in history.

Third Month of the Siege.-Caspari argues that, because Pompey's capture of the temple was the third month of the But the fact siege, Herod's must, also, be the same time.

of the fast is all that is necessary to make the parallel complete. The reference to Pompey's capture was that of the temple; but Herod's capture refers to the city. (Jarvis, 184; "Wars," i, 18, 2.) Josephus says, "This destruction befell the city," ("Antiq.," xiv, 16, 4;) and "he made an assault upon the city and took it by storm," and "fell into the city," ("Wars," i, 18, 2;) and then details the slaughter within the narrow streets, and the flight of the people to the temple for safety. It could hardly have been the third month of the siege, for that was five months. ("Wars," i, 18, 2.) Caspari reconciles this by stating that the third month referred to the time after Herod united his army with that of Sossius. Five months, undoubtedly, refers to the time after the movement of Herod's army from winter-quarters, (“Antiq.,' xiv, 15, 14;) and Josephus seems to be perfectly consistent with himself in this matter, and gives details as follows: (1) Herod moves from winter-quarters to the city; (2) starts the work of the siege; (3) leaves it in hands of others, and goes to his wedding in Samaria; (4) after the wedding unites his forces with SosThese sius, and assumes cominand again; (5) final assault. will fill up the measure of time without a necessity of subdivision to make the three months. The investment makes a siege as perfect during the preparation as during actual conflict; and

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many times a siege is perfect without a conflict. Generally the military consider the city invested when the army settles down before it. The rigor of winter being over about January 20, (Harmer, i, 127, 8,) there was no necessity of holding the army later, and hence, doubtless, Herod moved at that time.

After the walls and the outer court of the temple had been taken, and the Jews had fled into the inner court and the upper city, the people asked to bring in sacrifices; and after Herod found that they did not intend to surrender he took the "city by storm." This, then, refers to the conquest of the city.

The "first month," "second month," "third month," etc., are expressions peculiar to the ecclesiastical months. Pompey's capture was the first third month after a passover, and Herod's the first third month after moving from winter-quarters; they both coincide in being the third ecclesiastical month.

4. The Fast.-Caspari (p. 23) argues that it was upon the fast of the atonement, the 10th of Tisri; (1.) because the siege began in summer; (2.) because Herod waited until after the passover in order not to arouse the Jews, who were gathered to the feast, against him.

(1.) If it was upon a certain fast, then it must be in the same month. The siege begins in the winter or early spring. Josephus' remark, ("Antiq.," xiv, 16, 2,) that "it was summer-time, and there was nothing to hinder their works, neither from the air, nor from the workmen," undoubtedly refers to the advanced stage of their work just before the final assault. The reference to the purity of the air distinguishes it from the excessive heat of the sultry season, and must, therefore, place it before that time; and this is made to follow the "rigor of winter," for he states again, (" Wars," i, 17, 3,) "as the winter was going off;" hence refers to the weather rather than the months, for in the sultry season the air would have hindered their work. (Smith's "Dict.," i, 40, table.)

(2.) There was no need for Herod to have feared an unarmed multitude when he was at the head of an army of sixty thousand well-armed and disciplined soldiers. The facts heretofore adduced as to its being winter when the siege began must now, as elsewhere, show that the third month refers to the first third month thereafter. Even if the army moved on the first of March, it was yet one month before the passover; and even

if he was idle, Herod had really invested the city. If, then, he prolongs it to Tisri, it is six months, not five, and brings it into his fourth year. Then Josephus again states that "the whole nation was gathered together." What would have brought the whole nation together so soon after the "going off" of winter but the passover? The feasts of the fourth and the seventh month were too far removed. The time when the nation was gathered together, and the events intervening between that and the final conflict, are too great for the one feast. It must, therefore, lapse from feast to feast, or feast to a fast. The lapse of time to Tisri is too great. There is no history to show that Herod waited until the passover was ended, but, to the contrary, he was in the siege at that time. This passover was the 15th to 21st Nisan-March to April, (Jahn, 354.) Forty-nine days thereafter the Pentecost, 6th Sivan, and followed the winter. The fast of the atonement being too far removed to meet the case, it must have been the fast that would have brought it within the limits of his third year. It could not have been July, because that allows no time for taking Antigonus to Antioch; but the capture being in Sivan, answers all the requirements of history. Petavius argues that it was the fast for Jeroboam's sin in not allowing the ten tribes to worship at Jerusalem, (1 Kings xii, 28; Jarvis, 184; Strong, in "Quar. Rev.," Oct., 1856,) which occurred about the 23d or 25th of Sivan, (June,) and this certainly was as important a fast as that of Kisleu. The words "solemnity of the fast" do not at all distinguish a special fast, but may apply to one as well as the other.

Caspari is compelled to his argument for Tisri; for, placing the Olympiads in August, he could not place the capture earlier, because then to have fallen on a fast, it would have been in the one hundred and eighty-fourth Olympiad.

We therefore conclude that Pompey took the city the first third month after a passover, the 23d of Sivan-19th or 20th of June, J. P. 4650, B. C. 64, U. C. 690. Herod, in the twentyseventh consulship thereafter, began the siege after the rigor of winter, passing through the passover, and took the city in the third ecclesiastical month, the 23d of Sivan-1st to 5th of June, J. P. 4676, B. C. 38, U. C. 716, and within the third year after his appointment, and began his reign de facto.

ART. IX. - SYNOPSIS OF THE QUARTERLIES AND OTHERS OF THE HIGHER PERIODICALS.

American Quarterly Reviews.

AMERICAN CATHOLIC QUARTERLY REVIEW, April, 1879. (Philadelphia.)—1. The Outlook, Political and Social, in Europe; by A. de G. 2. Catholic Societies; by Rt. Rev. Francis S. Chatard, D.D. 3. The Relation of the Popes to Literature, Prior to the Eleventh Century; by Rev. H. A. Brann, D.D. 4. The Rapid Increase of the Dangerous Classes in the United States; by John Gilmary Shea, LL.D. 5. Admissions of our Adversaries; by Rt. Rev. Thomas A. Becker, D.D. 6. The Fall and Rise of Education in Ireland; by Rev. Thomas Quigley. 7. Steps to Atheism; by Rev. Joseph Shea, S. J. 8. The Pursuit of "Joseph; " by General John Gibbon. 9. Vernacular Versions of the Bible, Old and New; by Very Rev. James A. Corcoran, D.D.

BAPTIST REVIEW, January, February, March, 1879. (Cincinnati.)-1. Our Knowledge of Infinites; by Alvah Hovey, D.D., LL.D. 2. Missionary Career of Jesus Christ; by E. T. Winkler, D.D. 3. Augustus Tholuck; by Rev. H. S. Burrage. 4. Religious Liberty under Roman, Gothic, and Russian Law; by G. W. Samson, D.D. 5. Swedenborg and his Teachings; by H. M. King, D.D. 6. Inspiration; by G. W. Lasher, D.D. 7. John Wycliffe; by Rev. C. E. Barrows. 8. Progress of Biblical Scholarship; by Rev. J. O'B. Lowry. 9. Dale's Theory of Baptism; by H. Harvey, D.D. 10. Editorial. BIBLIOTHECA SACRA, April, 1879. (Andover.) 1. The Unchangeableness of God, Part III., Dr. Dorner's Essay; translated by Dr. D. W. Simon. 2. The Cherubim; by Rev. John Crawford, D.D. 3. Early New England Psalmody; by Rev. Increase N. Tarbox, D.D. 4. A Defense of the Catholic Faith Concerning the Satisfaction of Christ against Faustus Socinius of Sienna, written by Hugo Grotius; translated, with Notes, by Rev. Frank H. Foster. 5. Eschatology of the Old 'Testament Apocrypha; by Rev. Edwin Cone Bissell, D.D. 6. The Last Days of Christ: Exegetical Notes on the Basis of Mark xiv, 17-xvi, 20; by the late Rev. Horatio B. Hackett, D.D., LL.D. 7. Theological Education, No. II. 8. Lange's Christian Ethics; by Prof. J. P. Lacroix.

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LUTHERAN QUARTERLY, April, 1879. (Gettysburg.)-1. Art in Its Relation to Worship in the Lutheran Church; by Rev. W. Strobel, D.D. 2. Evolution: Shall it be Atheistic; by Rev. W. E. Parson, A. M. 3. Preachers' Sons; by Rev. Prof. J. B. Focht. 4. Origin and History of Premillenarianism; by C. A. Briggs, D.D. 5. The Lutheran Church between the Potomac and the Rio Grande; by Rev. Wm. E. Hubbert. 6. Historical Sketch of Our India Mission; by Rev. A. D. Rowe, A. M. 7. The Doctrine of the Lord's Supper, Translated from the German of the Rev. Prof. J. J. Herzog, D.D., of Erlangen; by Rev. G. F. Behringer.

NEW ENGLAND HISTORICAL AND GENEALOGICAL REGISTER, April, 1879. (Bos ton.)-1. Memoir of Evert Augustus Duyckinck, A.M; by the Rev. Samuel Osgood, D.D., LL.D. 2. Annual Address of the Hon. Marshall P. Wilder before the N. E. Historic Genealogical Society. 3. Taxes under Gov. Andros; by Walter Lloyd Jeffries, A.B. 4. Ezekiel Cheever and some of his Descendants; by John T. Hassam, A.M. 5. Longmeadow Families; by Willard S. Allen, Esq. 6. Record Book of the First Church in Charlestown, Mass.; by James F. Hunnewell, Esq. 7. Groton's Petition; by Samuel A. Green, M.D. 8. Genealogical Studies in New England; by Elias S. Hawley, Esq. 9. Notes on English Marshalls connected with America; by George W. Marshall, LL.D., F. S. A. 10. Ludwell Genealogy; by Cassius F. Lee, Jun., Esq. 11. Jonathan Alden's Estate; by Hon. R. A. Wheeler. 12. Family Circle of Mrs. Ursula (Wolcott) Griswold; by Mrs. Evelyn M'C. Salisbury. 13. Review of Clarke's Genealogical Statement; by Isaac J. Greenwood, Esq. 14. The Hazen Family; by Henry Allen Hazen, A.M. 15. Rev. John Eliot's Records of the First Church in Roxbury; by William B. Trask, Esq.

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