rebus? Ut ex his propinquis ejus, hominibus honestissimis, audio, non tu in isto artificio accusatorio callidior es quam hic in suo. Verum, ut opinor, quoniam ita Chrysogono videtur, qui huic nullum praedium reliquit, et artificium obliviscatur et studium deponat licebit. Quod tametsi miserum et indignum est, feret tamen aequo animo, judices, si per vos vitam et famam potest obtinere: hoc vero est quod ferri non potest, si et in hanc calamitatem venit propter praediorum bonitatem et multitudinem, et, quod ea studiose coluit, id erit ei maxime fraudi; ut parum miseriae sit quod aliis coluit, non sibi, nisi etiam quod omnino coluit crimini fuerit. XVIII. Nae tu, Eruci, accusator esses ridiculus, si illis temporibus natus esses quum ab aratro arcessebantur qui consules fierent. Etenim qui praeesse agro colendo flagitium putes, profecto illum Attilium, quem sua manu spargentem semen qui missi erant convenerunt, hominem turpissimum atque inhonestissimum judicares. At hercule majores nostri longe aliter et de illo et de ceteris talibus viris existimabant. Itaque ex minima tenuissimaque re publica maximam et florentissimam nobis reliquerunt. Suos enim agros studiose colebant; non alienos cupide appetebant: quibus rebus et agris et urbibus et nationibus rem publicam atque hoc imperium et populi Romani nomen auxerunt. Neque ego haec eo profero quo conferenda sint cum hisce de quibus nunc quaerimus; sed ut illud intelligatur, quum apud majores nostros summi viri clarissimique homines, qui omni tempore ad gubernacula rei publicae sedere debebant, tamen in agris quoque colendis aliquantum operae temporisque consumpserint, ignosci oportere ei homini qui se fateatur esse rusticum, quum ruri assiduus semper vixerit; quum praesertim nihil esset quod aut patri gratius aut sibi jucundius aut re vera honestius facere posset. Odium igitur acerrimum patris in filium ex hoc, opinor, ostenditur, Eruci, quod hunc ruri esse patiebatur. 18. qui-putes,] Anybody may understand the Latin subjunctive, if he will read carefully; but a remark may now and then help him. No modern language, that I know, has any thing so flexible, and so nice in its use as the Roman subjunctive. 'Qui putas' here would be quite a different thing, or rather it would have no meaning at all. "For if you think it a disgrace to look after the cultivation of land, you would, of course, have considered the great Atilius a very mean and a very low kind of fellow." A like story of the illustrious old Roman, Cincinnatus, is told elsewhere (De Sen. c. 16).

The Romans taught western Europe two

things in which they were masters, agriculture and the art of war. Perhaps there is no part of Europe now in which we should find better cultivated farms than those of an old Roman, unless, it may be, in some parts of France and Belgium. The Romans have left us writings on agriculture, which are still valuable. Columella, in the beautiful introduction to his work on agriculture, laments the decay of the old Roman manners: 'cum tot alios Romani generis intuear memorabiles duces hoc semper duplici studio floruisse vel defendendi vel colendi patrios quaesitosve fines, intelligo luxuriae et deliciis nostris pristinum morem virilemque vitam displicuisse" (§ 14).

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Numquid est aliud? Immo vero, inquit, est; nam istum exheredare in animo habebat. Audio: nunc dicis aliquid quod ad rem pertineat; nam illa, opinor, tu quoque concedis levia esse atque inepta. Convivia cum patre non inibat. Quippe qui ne in oppidum quidem nisi perraro veniret. Domum suam istum non fere quisquam vocabat. Nec mirum qui neque in Urbe viveret neque revocaturus esset. XIX. Verum haec quoque tu intelligis esse nugatoria. Illud quod coepimus videamus, quo certius argumentum odii reperiri nullo modo potest. Exheredare pater filium cogitabat. Mitto quaerere qua de caussa: quaero qui scias: tametsi te dicere atque enumerare caussas omnes oportebat; et id erat certi accusatoris officium qui tanti sceleris argueret, explicare omnia vitia atque peccata filii, quibus incensus parens potuerit animum inducere ut naturam ipsam vinceret, ut amorem illum penitus insitum ejiceret ex animo, ut denique patrem esse sese oblivisceretur: quae sine magnis hujusce peccatis accidere potuisse non arbitror. Verum concedo tibi ut ea praetereas, quae quum taces nulla esse concedis. Illum quidem voluisse exheredare certe tu planum facere debes. Quid ergo affers quare id factum putemus? Vere nihil potes dicere. Finge aliquid saltem commode, ut ne plane videaris id facere quod aperte facis, hujus miseri fortunis et horum virorum talium dignitati illudere. Exheredare filium voluit. Quam ob caussam? Nescio. Exheredavitne? Non. Quis prohibuit? Cogitabat. Cogitabat: cui dixit? Nemini. Quid est aliud judicio

exheredare] A Roman had full testamentary power over his property, but if he wished not to give any of it to a child, he must declare his will; he must disinherit him, as we say, by name. "Item qui filium in potestate habet, curare debet ut eum vel heredem instituat vel nominatim exheredet: alioquin si eum silentio praeterierit, inutiliter testabitur." (Gaius ii. § 123.) If the father simply omitted to mention the child, intending to give him nothing, the will was void. This wise rule of law has not been adopted by us, though we have taken so much from the Roman law, and particularly from the law of Testaments. If a father in England gives all by his will to a stranger, and never mentions his children, there is nothing for them. -'audio:' see Verr. ii. 5. c. 27.

neque revocaturus] This reading is, perhaps, not quite certain. Gruter says that he rescued it 'ex Orci cancellis,' a strange place to find it in; and he adds that it is confirmed by all the Pall.' MSS. The

19. certi accusatoris] Hotmann supposes that this means an accusator, who is doctus et exercitatus.' But Graevius has explained it right. It is fide dignus, cui merito credas.' See Pro P. Quintio, c. 3, " certus paterfamilias." This word is also used for certain,' in the sense of definite;' but I am now inclined to think that it means trustworthy' in the passage of the Verrine orations. (Vol. I. Verr. ii. 2. c. 39.) Compare σaphs, Oed. Col. v. 622; and c. 22 of this oration, 'testis incertus.'

ac legibus ac majestate vestra abuti ad quaestum atque ad libidinem, nisi hoc modo accusare, atque id objicere quod planum facere non modo non possis, verum ne coneris quidem? Nemo nostrum est, Eruci, quin sciat tibi inimicitias cum Sex. Roscio nullas esse. Vident omnes qua de caussa huic inimicus venias. Sciunt hujusce pecunia te adductum esse. Quid ergo est? Ita tamen quaestus te cupidum esse oportebat ut horum existimationem et legem Remmiam putares aliquid valere oportere. XX. Accusatores multos esse in civitate utile est, ut metu contineatur audacia: verumtamen hoc ita est utile ut ne plane illudamur ab accusatoribus. Innocens est quispiam. Verumtamen, quamquam abest a culpa, suspicione. tamen non caret. Tametsi miserum est, tamen ei qui hunc accuset possim aliquo modo ignoscere. Quum enim aliquid habeat quod possit criminose ac suspiciose dicere, aperte ludificari et calumniari sciens non videatur. Quare facile omnes patimur esse quam plurimos accusatores; quod innocens, si accusatus sit, absolvi potest; nocens, nisi accusatus fuerit, condemnari non potest. Utilius est autem absolvi innocentem quam nocentem caussam non dicere. Anseribus cibaria publice locantur, et canes aluntur in

Remmiam] There is some uncertainty as to the reading, for this Lex is sometimes named Memmia (Val. Max. iii. 7. § 9). But it appears that the name is Remmia. It was a Lex for the punishment of 'calumniatores,' and this is the chief passage about it. Calumniari' is explained Vol. I. Verr. ii. 1. c. 10. Marcianus (Dig. 48. 16. 1) mentions the penalty on 'calumniatores' being fixed by the Lex Remmia. It is alluded to by Cicero (c. 20). The 'calumniator' might be branded with K, the initial letter of Kalumnia, when properly written.

20. Anseribus cibaria] The cackling of the geese which woke the Romans saved the Capitol from a surprise by the Galli. The dogs slept (Liv. v. 47). The geese were properly rewarded for their services. It was the business of the censors to make the contract for the maintenance of the geese: it was a duty which they particularly attended to, one of the first things that they did (Plin. N. H. x. 22). This is the meaning of cibaria publice locantur,' or, as Pliny has it, "cibaria anserum censores in primis locant." 'Cibaria' is a maintenance, an allowance.

Plutarch (De Fortuna Pop. Rom. c. 12) speaks of a Roman procession in memory of these things, even in his time. A dog was represented on a cross; but a goose ap

peared reclining in solemn state on a costly couch and a litter. Pliny (N. H. xxix. 4) says that dogs were annually executed between the temple of Juventas and Summanus, by being impaled alive.

canes aluntur crura suffringantur,] There is a curious note by Lambinus on this passage, which is good enough in the matter, but ridiculous in the form. It is the gravity of his defence of Cicero which is ridiculous. The story of the dogs in the Capitol, and their neglect of duty, led Hotmann to the belief that Cicero was lying when he said canes aluntur.' If no dogs were kept in the Capitol in Cicero's time, he must have lost his wits when he wrote this passage, which though not very effective, even if dogs were kept in the Capitol, would be the absurdest thing in the world, if they were not. This worthy commentator, whose knowledge was of the narrowest kind, hardly seems to know that dogs are better watchers than geese, for though a goose may be as easily roused as a dog, and make as much noise, he cannot be so conveniently kept in every place as a dog can; and besides, he does not bite. How came he to overlook a passage of the learned Varro (De R. R. iii. 10), that the goose is not satisfied with ' villa, or any land?'-it requires a pond too. He might have raised on this an argument against the story of the geese in the Capitol.

'any

Capitolio ut significent si fures venerint. At fures internoscere non possunt. Significant tamen si qui noctu in Capitolium venerint; et quia id est suspiciosum, tametsi bestiae sunt, tamen in eam partem potius peccant quae est cautior. Quod si luce quoque canes latrent, quum Deos salutatum aliqui venerint, opinor, iis crura suffringantur, quod acres sint etiam tum quum suspicio nulla sit. Simillima est accusatorum ratio. Alii vestrum anseres sunt, qui tantummodo clamant, nocere non possunt: alii canes, qui et latrare et mordere possunt. Cibaria vobis praeberi videmus : vos autem maxime debetis in eos impetum facere qui merentur. Hoc populo gratissimum est. Deinde si voletis etiam tum, quum verisimile erit aliquem commisisse, in suspicione latratote: id quoque concedi potest. Sin autem sic agetis ut arguatis aliquem patrem occidisse, neque dicere possitis aut quare aut quomodo, ac tantummodo sine suspicione latrabitis; crura quidem vobis nemo suffringet, sed si ego hos bene novi, litteram illam, cui vos usque eo inimici estis, ut etiam Kal. omnes oderitis, ita vehementer ad caput affigent ut postea neminem alium nisi fortunas vestras accusare possitis. XXI. Quid mihi ad defendendum dedisti, bone accusator? quid hisce autem ad suspicandum? Ne exheredaretur veritus est. Audio. Sed qua de caussa vereri debuerit nemo dicit. Habebat pater in animo. Planum fac. Nihil est ; non quicum deliberarit, quem certiorem fecerit, unde istud vobis. suspicari in mentem venerit. Quum hoc modo accusas, Eruci, nonne hoc palam dicis? ego quid acceperim scio, quid dicam nescio: unum illud spectavi, quod Chrysogonus aiebat, neminem isti patronum futurum; de bonorum emptione deque ea societate neminem esse qui verbum facere hoc tempore auderet. Haec te opinio falsa in istam fraudem impulit. Non mehercule verbum fecisses, si tibi

Lambinus maintains that there were dogs in the Capitol. Those dogs, he says, which did not do their duty there in the Gallic war, were certainly punished; and it is satisfacfactory to know this, for they deserved it: but nevertheless, dogs were kept in the capitol in Cicero's time, and better dogs, we will suppose; for the dog is an animal suited to be a watchman.

Lambinus defends 'crura frangantur' against a proposed emendation 'cruci suffigantur.' The Romans, it has been said, used to break the limbs of crucified men; and if this is true, 'crura suffringere' may imply crucifixion. Yet there is only one instance of breaking the legs on the cross (St. John xix. 31), and this does not prove the prac

tice, as Lipsius shows (De Cruce, ii. 14). The Romans used 'frangere crura,'' effringere crura,' and 'defringere,' to express killing à person in a cruel way, or maiming him at least. It was as common as our phrase to break a man's neck,' which is derived from the practice of hanging. Gruter defends 'suffringantur' against Lambinus, who thinks that frangantur' is the word; and also adds that we must not suppose that the dogs really had their legs broken; but leg-breaking (crurifragium) was the expression in a Roman's mouth when he threatened mischief.

21. Nihil est; non, &c] 'There is nothing,' he says nothing;' he does not say with whom he discussed the matter,' &c.

quemquam responsurum putasses. Operae pretium erat, si animadvertistis, judices, negligentiam ejus in accusando considerare. Credo, quum vidisset qui homines in hisce subselliis sederent, quaesisse, num ille aut ille defensurus esset: de me ne suspicatum quidem, quod antea caussam publicam nullam dixerim. Posteaquam invenit neminem eorum qui possunt et solent, ita negligens esse coepit ut, quum in mentem veniret ei, resideret, deinde spatiaretur, nonnumquam etiam puerum vocaret; credo, cui caenam imperaret; prorsus ut vestro consessu et hoc conventu pro summa solitudine abuteretur. XXII. Peroravit aliquando: assedit: surrexi ego. Respirare visus est quod non alius potius diceret. Coepi dicere. Usque eo animadverti, judices, eum jocari atque alias res agere ante quam Chrysogonum nominavi; quem simul atque attigi, statim homo se erexit. Mirari visus est. Intellexi quid eum pupugisset. Iterum ac tertio nominavi. Postea homines cursare ultro et citro non destiterunt; credo, qui Chrysogono nuntiarent esse aliquem in civitate qui contra voluntatem ejus dicere auderet; aliter caussam agi atque ille existimaret; aperiri bonorum emptionem; vexari pessime societatem; gratiam potentiamque ejus negligi; judices diligenter attendere; populo rem indignam videri. Quae quoniam te fefellerunt, Eruci, quoniamque vides versa esse omnia, caussam pro Sex. Roscio, si non commode, at libere dici; quem dedi putabas, defendi intelligis; quos tradituros sperabas, vides judicare; restitue nobis aliquando veterem tuam illam calliditatem atque prudentiam : confitere huc ea spe venisse quod putares hic latrocinium, non judicium futurum. De parricidio caussa dicitur: ratio ab accusatore reddita non est quam ob caussam patrem filius occiderit. Quod in minimis noxiis et in his levioribus peccatis, quae magis crebra et jam prope quotidiana sunt, maxime et primum quaeritur, quae caussa maleficii fuerit, id Erucius in parricidio quaeri non putat

caussam publicam] This was Cicero's first appearance in a caussa publica,' a Roman term, which is best explained by the opposition of 'caussa privata,' which is a suit between private persons in which their particular interests only are concerned.

resideret,] When he felt inclined, he would sit down; then he would walk about; sometimes even call his slave, to give orders about his supper, I suppose; and so he treated your body, judices, and all the assembled people just as if he were in a perfect desert."

Hotmann has a good note here. He quotes Quintilian to show that the orators