his twelve sons. (See Genesis, chapter xlix.) To those who are unacquainted with the Hebrew, we give the following translation of the names, and by turning to the chapter alluded to, they will see how nearly the artist has portrayed the text. Standards.

The Tribes.

Running Water.

WONDERFUL RELIC OF THE PAST.
MR. BUCKINGHAM gives the following view of
the wonderful ruins of Thebes, in a lecture on
Egypt :-

The ruins of Thebes existed in nearly the same proportions, on each bank of the Nile. On ascending the river, a number of vast temples were seen on the left hand, while on the right were the catacombs or tombs of the kings-and nearly in the centre was the celebrated statue of Memnon The principal Temple, which had astonished all travellers by its magnitude and beauty, was on the right bank of the Nile. It was dedicated to Jupiter Ammon-was remarkable for the harmony of its proportions and was placed in the best Censer and Frankincense. possible place to be seen, an advantage of which

Reuben,

Simeon,

Sword.

Manasseh,

Palm.

Judah,

Lion.

Zebulon,

Ship.

Issachar,

Ass.

Dan,

Gad,

Serpent,
Flag.

Asher,

The Jewish Rabbins, who profess to be very particular in their descriptions of everything relating to their ancient customs, have given minute details of the standards of the tribes, but unfortunately they themselves differ materially. They agree, however, that these ensigns were flags, having figures upon them emblematical of the pursuits or character of the several tribes. Some commentators suppose they were distinguished by difference in colors; others, that each bore sign of the zodiac; and others again believe that they were simply flags, with the name of a tribe on each. DE LOUTHERBOURG has followed the text of Jacob's blessing, and has probably given us as correct a representation as can be obtained at this remote day.

the agents never lost sight, but which seems to be
disregarded in modern days. It was situated at
two miles distance from the bank of the Nile, that
it might be seen by the voyager at a proper point
from the river to the bank, which, when the trav-
of view. A flight of massive granite steps led
eller had ascended, he found himself at the en-
and which was lined on both sides for one and
trance of the wide avenue reaching to the Temple
three quarters of a mile with Sphynxes, carved
out of the solid rock, being each twenty feet in
height, and standing sixty feet apart. The re-
mainder of the avenue, the other quarter of a mile,
was ornamented with statues sixty feet in height,
and near the gateway were two obelisks each
one hundred and twenty feet in height.
tico, the scene was truly magnificent, creating as-
sing the doorway, and arriving beneath the por-
tonishment and inspiring a feeling of veneration
and awe, not only in the educated traveller, but
even in the minds of the Arab guides, who fre-
quently visited the spot. Belgoni and Denon had
both described in powerful language, the effect
produced upon their feelings, by the extent and
sublimity of the prospect around them.

On pas

Mr. Buckingham described the magnitude of the portico, and compared it to the portico of the Capitol at Washington-which was in due proportion to the body of the beautiful building itself. The portico of the Capitol was supported by twenty four columns, being double the number ordinarily used on these occasions: they were each five feet in diameter, and presented a most imposing appearance. But in the portico of the temple of Jupiter Ammon, the number of columns was one hundred and forty-four-each was twelve feet in diameter, and stood at least twenty five feet apart! In the centre of this portico there was a space sufficiently large to contain the whole of the Capitol at Washington, with the adjoining green.

But this vast portico was in proper architectural proportion with the immense building to which it was the entrance, the Temple of Jupiter Ammon being two miles in length having been frequently measured, once by the French Cavalry under Dessaix, who rode round it at a brisk trot, and calculated its extent by the time it required to perform the act; again by the foot soldiers, who marched around it, and finally by the French savans, in Napoleon's army, who measured it with

a chain, and ascertained it to be two English miles in length.

From the middle of this vault they proceeded to cut or excavate a rotunda eleven feet in diamThe vastness of its size struck the beholder eter, through the middle to the top, a distance of with awe, but the decorations in sculpture and sixty-three feet. After proceeding about half painting, on the columns and the walls, doubtless way, they struck another vault, eight feet by required more labor than even the erection of the eighteen east and west. In this vault were found Temple itself. The whole interior of the walls one skeleton and its trinkets, consisting of one was covered with mythological figures, which thousand seven hundred ivory beads, five hundred could not be understood at this day, and great and sea shells, one hundred and fifty pieces of isingsmall hieroglyphics, probably many millions in glass, and five copper bands, worn round the number. These pictorial writings were painted in wrist-weighing seventeen ounces; also, a small the most vivid colors, the brilliancy of which con- stone about two inches in length and one half in tinue even to the present time. The outer sur-width, with marks resembling letters and figures, face of the wall of the temple was covered with supposed to be the name, &c., with several other paintings, and sculpture of much excellence, rep- small trinkets. resenting battle scenes, landscapes, &c., of every variety, showing that the artists of that period must have possessed much genius and skill. This renowned Temple, from its collossal size, and the great number and variety of its decorations, could hardly have been begun and completed during the lifetime of one of their kings. It was probably the work of several reigns, and no one could view it without being forcibly struck with the grandeur and sublimity of its appearance, and filled with admiration at the vastness of the Egyptian archi

tecture.

ANCIENT RELICKS.

These discoveries, so interesting to the antiquarian, may tend to throw some light on the original inhabitants of this continent, for that it was inhabited, in years long past, by a warlike, thrifty, and probably intelligent people, there is no room for doubt.-Who are they? Whence did they come? are questions which will for ever attract the attention of those who feel an interest in the probable existence of a great and warlike race, of whom history has left no record.

THE MASTODON.

THE following statement is so interesting and important that we give it a place, although it is deficient in responsibility. We request the unknown author to communicate with us directly; and having made a similar experiment successfully, in a very similar case, that of an anonymous correspondent, in relation to Big Bone Lick, Kentucky, we are encouraged to try a similar expedient again. We have copied the article from the Philadelphia Presbyterian of the twelfth of January, 1839.

"It is with the greatest pleasure, the writer of this article can state, from personal knowledge, that one of the largest of these animals has actually been stoned and buried by Indians, as appears from implements found among the ashes, cinders, and half burned wood and bones of the animal. The circumstances are as follows:

THE Marshall County Sentinel published at Elizabethtown, Virginia, about twelve miles below Wheeling, contains an account of the opening of a mound in that vicinity, which, from its great size had obtained the name of the mammoth mound. It had for a long time been an object of curiosity to visiters, and the proprietors of the land where it was situated, at last determined to open it, in order to ascertain its contents; to explore it effectually, and possibly make it an object of greater attraction. Accordingly, on the nineteenth of March, 1838, they commenced excavating on the north wing, cutting an arched tunnel or entrance, ten feet high, seven feet wide, and one hundred and eleven feet in length before they struck the mouth of the lower vault. This vault was found "A farmer in Gasconade county, Missouri, latito be seven feet high, and in the length eight by tude thirty-eight degrees twenty minutes north, twelve feet, north and south. After commencing longitude, ninety two degrees west, wished to imthe tunnel the first thing of any note that was prove his spring and in doing so discovered, about discovered was the appearance of charcoal, with five feet beneath the surface, a part of the back fragments of burnt bones, continuing to the en- and hip bone. Of this I was informed by Mr. trance of the vault. Within fourteen feet of the Wash, and not doubting but the whole, or nearmouth of the vault they struck the original en-ly the whole skeleton might be discovered, I went trance or passage, descending like the entrance there and found as had been stated, also a knife of a cellar, supported apparently, by timber. made of stone. I immediately commenced openWithin this vault were found two skeletons-the ing a much larger space; the first layer of earth first nearly perfect, not one tooth missing, suppo- was a vegetable mould, then a blue clay, then sed to have been placed erect, but had fallen near sand and blue clay. I found a large quantity of the wall, with the head south, and thereby pre-pieces of rocks, weighing from two to twenty-five served by the crumbling sand over it. With this skeleton there were no beads or trinkets. On the opposite side lay the other skeleton, bones much broken to pieces. With this skeleton, many trinkets were found, to wit, six hundred and fifty ivory beads; an ivory ornament of peculiar construction found near the breast, about six inches in length, &c.

VOL. IV.-64

pounds each, evidently thrown there with the intention of hitting some object. It is necessary to remark, that not the least sign of rocks or gravel is to be found nearer than from four to five hundred yards; and that those pieces were broken from larger rocks, and consequently carried here for some express purpose. After passing through these rocks, I came to a layer of vegetable mould;

knowledge. In our desire to extend our acquaintance with science in all its departments, we are said to leave them all incomplete, thoroughly mastering none: as the stream of knowledge is dif fused, it is maintained that it loses its depth.

In considering this subject, we think it desirable to keep in view the principle, that there are two objects to be pursued in relation to the cultivation of knowledge:-the diffusion, as widely as possible, of the stores of information already amassed; and the acquisition of still further stores, by the diligent working of the veins already opened, and the ardent search after the yet hidden treasures of science. Each of these objects is good and great: the one concerns all men, of whatever station or capacity; for general information is now expected from all: the other more directly interests the few whose talents and leisure seem to point them out for the honored instrument of the advancement of science, though, as will be shown, the many may lend an humble but effectual aid to the great work. Is there then any natural or necessary incompatibility between these two objects?

on the surface of this was found the first blue | ation, appears to us to be the supposed superficial bone, with this a spear and axe; the spear cor- character of modern, as contrasted with ancient responds precisely with our common Indian spear; the axe is different from any one I have seen. Also on this earth was ashes, nearly from six inches to one foot in depth, intermixed with burnt wood, and burnt bones, broken spears, axes, &c. The fire appeared to have been the largest on the head and neck of the animal, as the ashes and coals were much deeper here than in the rest of the body; the scull was quite perfect, but so much burnt, that it crumbled to dust on the least touch; two feet from this, was found two teeth broken off from the jaw, but mashed entirely to pieces. By putting them together, they showed the animal to have been much larger than any heretofore discovered. It appeared by the situation of the skeleton, that the animal had been sunk with its hind feet in the mud and water and unable to extricate itself, had fallen on its right side, and in that situation was found and killed as above described, consequently the hind and fore foot on the right side, were sunk deeper in the mud and thereby saved from the effects of the fire; therefore I was able to preserve the whole of the hind foot to the very last joint, and The diffusion of knowledge requires the popu the fore foot all but some few small bones, that larizing of previously established principles; the were too much decayed to be worth saving.-Al- exhibition of information in easy and attractive so between the rocks that had sunk through the forms. This process demands a peculiar kind of ashes, was found large pieces of skin that appear- talent, very distinct from that of the original dised like fresh tanned sole leather, strongly impreg-coverer of truth; and this popularizing ability the nated with the ley from the ashes, and a great present times have supplied to an unprecedented many of the sinews and arteries were plain to be extent. The great mass of modern literature conseen on the earth and rocks, but in such a state sists of the exhibition, in a popular form, of preas not to be moved, excepting in small pieces, the viously established facts and principles. The size of a hand, which are now preserved in wide diffusion of these stores evidently does not spirits. diminish their amount: how does it effect their probable increase? It seems natural to suppose that the wide cultivation of intellectual tastes, and the encouragement of scientific pursuits, will excite in numberless minds those faculties of observation and reflection from which we must look for new discoveries, and the carrying forward of the imperfect theories of former students. Thus the diffusion of knowledge tends to deepen the stream, not to make it shallow,

"Should any doubts arise in the mind of the reader, of the correctness of the above statement, he can be referred to more than twenty witnesses, who were present at the time of digging." Silliman's Journal.

CHARACTER OF MODERN KNOWLEDGE, WITH
HINTS FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT.

We would not however close our eyes to a danTHE present times are, without doubt, distin-ger which besets the uninformed, particularly the guished for the diffusion of knowledge among young, in the swarms of attractive introductions all ranks of the people. Whatever may be the to literature, science, and art, and the numerous advantages which we are already reaping from pleasing miscellanies which teem from the press the progress of enlightenment, it is not to be ex- for their particular benefit. From the frequent pected that so great a change should be altogether use of these, the child of quick parts and inquiring free from the inconveniences and evils which disposition very early acquires a store of superfiseem necessarily to attend all changes. The con- cial information which dazzles the ignorant, and sistent upholder of things as they are, to the ex- by the consequent praises of the injudicious, puffs clusion of all alteration, is wont to enumerate up the young philosopher with a very unphilosoevils arising from the increasing spread of knowl-phic conceit. We have frequently been highly edge, sufficient in his estimation far to overbal-amused with children of the present generation ance all its advantages. It is the part of the pru- whose tongues have been so early accustomed to dent and judicious advocate of improvement seri- the hard words of science, that the -ologies, -aloously to consider such inconveniences as may gies, and -atics, have been as familiar as the names arise, and carefully to provide for their mitigation at least, if they do not admit of prevention. Of the numerous evils alleged as consequences of modern attempts to spread abroad those stores of information hitherto appropriated by the few, one of the most serious, and best worthy of consider

of their toys or their play-fellows, and who have astonished their grandmothers with expositions of scientific principles which, in their generation, were the puzzles of the learned. The little people naturally fancy they have mastered sciences which their eldest never thought of acquiring. Never,

perhaps, was it easier to find the verification off subject thus brought before the reader. It is the Young's sarcastic lines

"When young indeed,

In full content we sometimes robly rest,
Unanxious for ourselves; and only wish,

As duteous sons, our fathers were more wise."

use of them by themselves, the resting in the picture-alphabet instead of advancing to the intellectual stores which lie beyond, which forms the superficial character whence vanity springs up as from its native soil.

By the judicious use of these elementary books, In young children, however, we are inclined to look upon this conceit as a very venial fault. It the fault may be corrected. We would most may be regarded as the symptom, though in an earnestly impress on the attention of all readers unhealthy degree, of a love of distinction, which the necessity of prosecuting further some one by judicious treatment may render him who ex-branch of knowledge to which they are introduced hibits it useful and eminent in the pursuit of by their general reading. They will soon discovknowledge. Nor is there any fault more easily, er for what particular branch they are best fitted, more naturally, and necessarily cured by the ad. by observing which it is that interests them most, vance of time. It is engendered in the narrow and makes the deepest impression on their minds. sphere of early life: as the circle enlarges the This then, whatever it may be, let them set up as young aspirant is brought into contact with others the main object of their study. This let them of his own age, his equals or superiors in knowl- follow out in books of a deeper character than edge, and he is speedily taught his proper stand- those elementary treatises which first discovered ing, and learns to correct his false estimate of his to them their leading taste. Let them not neglect own ability by the less favorable view of his to increase their general knowledge: but let them neighbors. sedulously cultivate this particular branch. The In the case of the uninformed of riper years, that it will be the more likely to lead to eminence first and most striking advantage of this course is, the vanity arising from the sudden acquisition of superficial knowledge, is perhaps a more serious in intellectual pursuits. The path to distinction evil, and far more difficult to counteract. Yet, is through the cultivation, in concentrated force, in persons of all ages, there can be no doubt which of some single branch of knowledge. But there character to prefer,-that of the inquirer with his is a more important advantage of the course we mind awakened to the charms of knowledge, recommend. The thorough investigation of one though his attainments be superficial, and his chosen topic of inquiry is as favorable to humilheart elated with vanity-or that of the hopeless-ity as the superficial attention to all is to vanity. ly ignorant, walking blindfold through creation, heedless of the wonders by which he is surrounded. If in the attempt to substitute knowledge for ignorance throughout the mass of mankind we encounter such evils, creating here and there faults akin to virtues, this is no solid ground of discouragement, especially when we remember that in their very nature such evils are but temporary. The vanity of the superficially informed man, for instance, arises solely from his comparison of himself with his uninformed neighbours: spread throughout them all the same amount of Knowledge produces in him its proper moral knowledge, and his elevation ceases. The effects: it makes him not only wiser but betwho had picked up a hat on the seashore, and ter. As an individual, he will continue diligently was elated by his European dignity above his to follow up the science of which he has acquired neighbours, was reduced to the condition of one a portion: his acquisitions will give him selfremember of a hatted aristocracy by the arrival of spect, yet stimulate his desire for further advance. a ship which supplied to a limited extent the de- As a member of society, he will possess the inesmand for the new head-dress. Continue the intimable qualities of a good learner, as well as a tercourse, and the hat ceases to be even an aris- good teacher: he will be full of information on tocratic distinction: all are covered, and none his favorite subject: yet ever ready in return to are proud of their covering. learn from others whose particular studies have fitted them likewise to instruct in their own dewill be cheerfully paid, for it rests on the same partment. The respect which he owes to them foundation as that which he claims for himself; with mutual good-will. and intellectual activity will be gracefully united

savage

Thus it appears that the evil is but temporary in both cases: the vanity arising from superficial knowledge in the young dies out as they grow older-in the uninformed of riper years, by the advance of their neighbours to their own standing In the meantime, however, it may not be amiss to suggest one or two considerations which may tend to accelerate the process.

After long and diligent study, the inquirer begins to feel in some degree master of his subject; yet whom his own experience teaches him how highly even here he sees before him in the race others to respect. His supposed acquaintance with general knowledge, suffices at any rate to show him how wide is the field of science of which he has been cultivating but a corner. His general knowledge then unites with his especial scientific attainand surest accompaniment of real knowledge. ments to produce humility, that truest ornament

THERE are numberless reasons to support the It is the abuse of the amusing and attractive in- maxim, that administration becomes more diffitroductions to knowledge, so abundantly supplied cult in proportion as the place where it is exerin modern times, which creates the vanity which cised is removed from the centre of government, we lament. They were intended as introductions just as a weight acquires more preponderance the merely, to excite a curiosity which should seek nearer it is to the extremity of a great lever. 'ts gratification in a thorough investigation of the

Rousseau.

[For the Family Magazine.]

ROMANCE OF HISTORY.-No. II.

THE FIRST CRUSADE-CHAPTER ONE.

BY B. J. LOSSING.

"There the wild Crusaders form,

There assembled Europe stands,

Heaven, they deem, awakes the storm,

Hell the Paynim's blood demands."

lightening the east, Alfred and Charlemagne shed an illuminating ray over western Europe. So much did these great rulers appreciate each other's worth, that Haroun Al Raschid sent to Charlemagne, as a complimentary present to a Christian prince, the keys of the holy city of Jerusalem, where the sepulchre of his Redeemer was. But, as the comet, wandering in its erratic

THERE is a chapter in the history of man, stand-orbit, appears suddenly in the arch of heaven, fills ing out pre-eminently in bold relief amid the rec- the nations with astonishment and awe, and then ords of the buried past, which, narrated in the as suddenly disappears, so did each of these great tamest manner and greatest simplicity of language, men, after having settled and established their presents a more gorgeous array of startling inci- respective empires, and astonished the benighted dents, and erratic movements, than any of the nations with the splendor of their achievements wildest tales of legendary romance. We allude in the fields of battle and of learning, descend to the crusades of the Christians of Europe into the tomb, and left the world in darkness. against the Turks or Turcomans of Palestine, to The splendid empire which Charlemagne estabredeem the sepulchre of Jesus Christ from the lished scarcely survived the active monarch, and, sacrilegious possession of infidels and idolaters. when his palsied hand dropped the sceptre, his That mighty commotion which agitated nations kingdom crumbled into ruins, by dismemberment. and drained Europe of its life and treasure, was Petty sovereignties sprang up, and in imitation, conceived in the heat of zeal, mistaken for the the dukes played the monarch over their retaingenerous impulses of fervent piety, and executed ers, and the accursed feudal system came into with a spirit and a result, little creditable alike being. The weak monarchs still retaining the to the character of Christian morality, or the title of kings, waged incessant war with each boasted strength of human judgment. Right mo- other for the different portions of the divided emtives moved the mass, but wrong and outrage pire, or against the Northmen or Normans, who marked their track, and the whitened bones of constantly invaded their domains. These matters nearly six millions of Europeans was the dread- continued till the war of Paris, when the power ful trophy which Carnage and Desolation gather- of the dukes and barons was concentrated in exed upon the arid plains of Palestine. pelling from places of power the legitimate deFrom the period when Alaric the Goth thun-scendants of Charlemagne. Hugh Capet was placed dered successfully at the gates of Rome, and trode upon the throne, and yet his kingdom was almost in triumph the streets of the imperial city, where a nominal one, for his power extended but a few for seven hundred years the foot of a public ene-leagues around Paris. The feudal lords yet claimmy was never seen, a dark cloud gradually gath-ed and held all their privileges, and instead of ered and thickened over the whole of Europe, uniting their strength in defence of the sovereignand shrouded in its dusky folds of ignorance and ty they had created, they were constantly engasuperstition the bright ray of human intellect, and ged in contests for the extension of their respecveiled the resplendent orb of Christianity with tive domains. Bands of plunderers roamed free a mist of moral darkness. For several centuries throughout France and Germany, power and the gloom deepened, and from Torneo's rock to property were held by the tenure of the sword, the crest of the Balkin, the Goth, the Vandal, and and massacre, rapine, and misery were the prethe Hun swayed the sceptre of barbarian empire. dominant features of the age. But amid all this But suddenly three bright lights in various points moral desolation, virtue, true courage and philanburst forth with a meteor glare, and by their be- thropy found some votaries; and a few poor nonignant radiance, learning, science, religion and bles, themselves oppressed by more powerful morality roused from their slumber, commenced neighbors, leagued together for the purpose of their progressive march. These lights were Al- defending the weak and punishing wrong. Their fred of Englan', Charlemagne of Gaul, and Ha- oath was of the most solemn nature, and the roun Al Raschid, calif of Persia. They appear-church gave its efficient approval of their noble ed almost simultaneously upon the theatre of po- brotherhood in the cause of right. The oppresslitical life, and the influence of their efforts in the ed mass saw in them their friends, their champi. great cause of human advancement, politically, ons, their deliverers, and they almost deified these socially and morally, is felt even now with potent asserters of human rights. Every human virtue force. Between them a reciprocity of feeling and moral excellence were deemed necessary for seemed to exist, and while Haroun spread the those who entered into the solemn league, and the light of intelligence and the beams of science fire of ardent religious enthusiasm was kindled over western Asia, and coöperated with the em- upon their altar. In every respect they were reperor who filled the throne of Constantine, in en-quired to set the most brilliant example of moral