Fr. 6. Tertiis nundinis capite poenas dari.

On the third market day he is to be punished with death [natural or civil].

Gellius XX. 1. § 47-49. Tertiis autem nundinis capite poenas dabant aut trans Tiberim peregre venum ibant. Nam si plures forent quibus reus esset iudicatus, secare, si vellent, atque partiri corpus addicti sibi hominis permiserunt. "Tertiis, inquit, nundinis partis secanto. Si plus minusve sccuerunt, se fraude esto."

On the third market day he was put to death or sold into slavery beyond the Tiber... If there were several creditors to whom the debtor was delivered, they might make a partition of his body... On the third market day, says the law, they shall cut their portions. If they cut more or less than their portions, they shall incur no penalty.

Fr. 7. Adversus hostem aeterna auctoritas.

No length of possession shall give one not a Roman citizen. title against a Roman citizen.

[This, as relating to Acquisition, seems properly to belong to Table VI.]

TABULA IV.

PATRIA POTESTAS.

Fr. 1. Monstrosos partus caedere licere.

Dion. Halic. II. 15. (de lege Romuli loquitur qua concessum sit patri partum monstrosum necare adhibitis quinque vicinis proximis).

Monstrous offspring may be put to death [in the presence of five witnesses].

Fr. 2. De iure patriae potestatis.

Power of the father.

Dionysius Halicarn. II. 26. Ὁ δὲ τῶν Ρωμαίων νομοθέτης (ὁ 'Ρώμυλος) ἅπασαν, ὡς εἰπεῖν, ἔδωκεν ἐξουσίαν πατρὶ καθ' υἱοῦ, καὶ παρὰ πάντα τὸν τοῦ βίου χρόνον, ἐάν τε εἴργειν, ἐάν τε μαστιγοῦν, ἐάν τε δέσμιον ἐπὶ τῶν κατ ̓ ἀγρὸν ἔργων κατέχειν, ἐάν τε ἀποκτιννύναι προαιρῆται, κἂν τὰ πολιτικὰ πράττων ὁ παῖς ἤδη τυγχάνῃ, κἂν ἐν ἀρχαῖς ταῖς μεγίσταις έξετα ζόμενος, κἂν διὰ τὴν εἰς τὰ κοινὰ φιλοτιμίαν ἐπαινούμενος.

Idem II. 27. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἔστη τῆς ἐξουσίας ὁ τῶν Ρωμαίων νομοθέτης, ἀλλὰ καὶ πωλεῖν ἐφῆκε τὸν υἱὸν τῷ πατρί.—καὶ τοῦτο συνεχώς

ρησε τῷ πατρὶ μέχρι τῆς τρίτης πράσεως ἀφ' υἱοῦ χρηματίσασθαι, μείζονα δοὺς ἐξουσίαν πατρὶ κατὰ παιδὸς ἢ δεσπότῃ κατὰ δούλου. θεραπόντων μὲν γαρ ὁ πραθεὶς ἄπαξ, ἔπειτα τὴν ἐλευθερίαν εὑράμενος, αὑτοῦ τὸ λοιπὸν κύριός ἐστιν· υἱῶν δ' ὁ πραθεὶς ὑπὸ τοῦ πατρός, εἰ γένοιτο ἐλεύθερος, ὑπὸ τῷ πατρὶ πάλιν ἐγίνετο. κἂν τὸ δεύτερον ἀπεμπωληθείς τε καὶ ἐλευθερωθεὶς δοῦλος ὥσπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῦ πατρὸς ἦν. μετὰ δὲ τὴν τρίτην πρᾶσιν ἀπήλλακτο τοῦ πατρός. Τοῦτον τὸν νόμον ἐν ἀρχαῖς μὲν οἱ βασιλεῖς ἐφύλαττον εἴτε γεγραμμένον εἴτε ἄγραφον, οὐ γὰρ τὸ σαφὲς εἰπεῖν, ἁπάντων κράτιστον ἡγούμενοι νόμων. καταλυθείσης δὲ τῆς μοναρχίας δέκα ἄνδρες ἅμα τοῖς ἄλλοις ἀνέγραφον νόμοις. καὶ ἔστιν ἐν τῇ τετάρτῃ τῶν λεγομένων δώδεκα δέλτων, ἂς ἀνέθεσαν ἐν ἀγορᾷ.

Romulus gave absolute power to the father over the son, a power extending over all his life; power of imprisoning, of scourging, of holding in fetters to agricultural labour, of putting to death, even if the son were a statesman high in office and illustrious for public services..

And even this was not the limit of the power given by the Roman legislator: he empowered the father to sell the son. Nay, he empowered the father to sell the son thrice, giving a father greater power over his son than a master has over his slave. A slave sold once and then freed is his own master ever after. When a son was sold by his father, as soon as he was freed he relapsed into his father's power: and if a second time sold and freed he became a second time the slave of his father. After the third sale he was rid of his father. This was originally a law of the kings, written or unwritten, it is not clear which, and held in high esteem. After the fall of the monarchy the decemviri inscribed it among their other laws, and it is to be found on the fourth of the tables which they erected in the forum.

Fr. 3. Si pater filium ter venum duit, filius a patre liber esto.

If a father sell his son thrice, the son shall be free from his father.

Fr. 4. In decem mensibus proximis postumum natum iustum esse.
A posthumous child born within ten months shall be legitimate.

TABULA V.

SUCCESSION AND GUARDIANSHIP.

Fr. 1. Virgines Vestales a tutela liberas esse.

The Vestal Virgins are free from the authority of the guardian [and from the power of the father].

Fr. 2. Res mancipi mulieris quae in tutela agnatorum sit ne usucapiantur. Property in the mancipable things of a woman who from the intestacy of her father or husband is a ward of her agnates, cannot be transferred by usucapio, unless she deliver them with the authority of her guardians.

Fr. 3. Uti legassit super pecunia tutelave suae rei, ita ius esto.

Cicero de invent. II. 50. § 148. Paterfamilias uti super familia pecuniaque sua legaverit, ita ius esto.

A paterfamilias may dispose by will of his property and its guardianship.

Fr. 4. Si intestato moritur cui suus heres nec escit, adgnatus proximus familiam habeto.

If a paterfamilias die intestate, and leave no lineal descendant through males under his power to take the succession, his nearest agnate shall have the succession.

Fr. 5. Si agnatus nec escit, gentilis familiam nancitor.

Cicero de invent. II. 50. § 148. Si paterfamilias intestato moritur, familia pecuniaque eius agnatorum gentiliumque esto. In default of an agnate the gentiles shall have the succession.

Fr. 6. De legitima agnatorum tutela.

When no guardian is appointed by will, the male agnates shall be guardians by operation of law.

Fr. 7. Si furiosus est, adgnatorum gentiliumque in eo pecuniaque eius potestas esto... ast ei custos nec escit.

If a man be mad or prodigal his male agnates and gentiles shall be curators of his person and property . . . if he has no custos.

Fr. 8. De legitima patroni successione.

...

If a freedman die intestate and leave no lineal descendant through males under his power to take the succession, his patron shall be his successor.

Fr. 9. Nomina hereditaria ipso iure esse divisa.

Debts owed to or by a person deceased are divided among his co-successors, by operation of law without interposition of the court, in proportion to their shares in the succession.

[Each co-successor may sue for a part of a debt owed to the deceased, and may be sued for a part of a debt owed by the deceased, in proportion to his share of the succession.]

Fr. 10. Hereditatem actione familiae erciscundae esse dividendam.

The rest of the succession is to be divided among the co-successors by the action called familiæ erciscundæ.

TABULA VI.

ACQUISITION AND POSSESSION.

Fr. 1. Cum nexum faciet mancipiumque, uti lingua nuncupassit, ita ius

esto.

Every contract, and every transfer, or will (made with the money and scales), shall be explained by the accompanying verbal declaration.

Fr. 2. Adversus infitiantem eo nomine dupli poenam statui.

A vendor who expressly denies a defect shall be liable to pay double damages.

Cicero de officiis III. 16. § 65. Cum ex XII tabulis satis esset ea praestari quae essent lingua nuncupata, quae qui infitiatus esset dupli poenam subiret: a iureconsultis etiam reticentiae poena est constituta.

The jurisconsults attached a penalty to the non-disclosure of defects by a vendor.

Fr. 3. Usus auctoritas fundi biennium, ceterarum rerum annus esto.

The length of possession that gives title by usucapio to land shall be two years, that which gives title to other property shall be one year.

Cicero Topica cap. 4. § 23. Quod in re pari valet, valeat in hac quae par est, ut; Quoniam usus auctoritas fundi biennium est, sit etiam aedium: at in Lege aedes non appellantur, et sunt ceterarum rerum omnium, quarum annuus est usus.

Land was interpreted to include houses.

Fr. 4. De trinoctio usurpandi causa.

A woman not married by confarreatio or coemptio may avoid coming into the power (manus) of her husband by usucapio, if she absent herself from his house three nights in the year.

Gellius III. 9. § 12. 13. Q. quoque Mucium iureconsultum dicere solitum legi, non esse usurpatam mulierem, quae cum Kalendis Ianuariis apud virum matrimonii causa esse coepisset,

C

ante diem quartum Kalendas Ianuarias sequentes usurpatum isset: non enim posse impleri trinoctium, quod abesse a viro usurpandi causa ex XII tabulis deberet, quoniam tertiae noctis posterioris sex horae alterius anni essent qui inciperet ex Kalendis.

Mucius decided that she would not fulfil this condition if she deferred her absence till the last three nights of the year, as half the last night belonged to the following year.

Fr. 5. Si qui in iure manum conserunt.

When the litigants plead by laying their hands on the disputed property in the presence of the magistrate.

Fr. 6. Vindicias dari secundum libertatem.

Gothofredus restores the two fragments thus: si qui in iure manum conserunt, secundum eum qui possidet; ast si qui quem liberali causa manu adserat, secundum libertatem vindicias dato.

Until the cause is decided the actual possessor shall remain in possession, except in a case where it is disputed whether a man is a slave or free; then the man whose status is disputed shall remain in the possession of him who asserts his freedom.

Fr. 7. Tignum iunctum aedibus vineaeque et concapet [qui conceperit: compare furtum conceptum of Table V. fr. 15] ne solvito.

When timber belonging to one man has been used by another in building a house or trellising a vineyard, the owner who discovers it shall not remove it.

Fr. 8. In eum qui iunxit actionem dupli dari.

But shall have an action for twice its value against him who appropriated it.

Fr. 9. Quandoque sarpta donec dempta erunt.

In the interval between the first pruning of the vineyard and the vintage [the timber itself is not recoverable by vindicatio (?)].

TABULA VII.

RIGHTS RELATING TO LAND.

Fr. 1. Ambitus parietis sestertius pes esto.

Every house shall be surrounded by an open space of two feet and a half. i. e., There shall be an interval of five feet between adjoining houses.

Fr, 2. De finium ratione ad exemplum legis Soloniae instituta.

Gai. libro IV. ad L. XII tab. fr. 13. D. finium regund.