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mysticism of Alcuin, and has also a fine enthusiasm for the cross, which, if he did not get it from Alcuin, he had probably caught in his own country or in England.

The latter, Otfrid, made a rimed paraphrase of the Gospel narrative in the German tongue. In the fifth book of his work, the first three chapters have to do with the cross. These are full of the mystical interpretations of Alcuin, the meaning of the 'heighth and depth,' etc., and the significance of the parts of the cross embracing all the regions of the world. To trace the connection still more clearly to Alcuin, Otfrid was a pupil of Rabanus.

In Chapter 20 of the Evangelienbuch, Otfrid describes the Day of Judgment. It would be most interesting if we could discover in this any trace of the Christ. The speech of Christ in Otfrid reminds one of the speech of Christ in Cynewulf, but it must be admitted that they are no more similar than would be expected from the fact that both writers used the Gospel narrative. Further, Otfrid omits wholly the most striking feature of the description in the Christ, namely, the Apparition of the Rood, a fact that makes it seem clear that the Christ was not one of his sources.

We must conclude, then, that the ninth century crosspoetry of England and Germany was inspired largely by the reverence for the cross in Anglo-Saxon England, through the medium, not of the Old English poetry, but of the Latin scholasticism of Alcuin.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. GENERAL REFERENCES

Anglo-Saxon Review, a Quarterly Miscellany. London and New York, 1899-1901.

Archæological Societies' Publications:

British Archæological Institute Association Journal. London, 1845.

Cambridge Camden Society. Ecclesiologist, The. London,
1841-68.

Royal Archæological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
Archæological Journal. London, 1845.

Society of Antiquaries of London. Archæologia. London,
1770. Also, Vetusta Monumenta, 1747-1895.

Yorkshire Archæological and Topographical Association Journal. London, 1870. Called since 1893 the Yorkshire Archæological Society Journal.

Ashton, John. The Legendary History of the Cross. New York,

1887.

Birch, W. De Gray. Early Drawings and Illuminations. London,

1879.

Bugge, Sophus. Studien über die Entstehung der Nordischen Götterund Heldensagen. A trans. into German by Oscar Brenner. Munich, 1889.

Calverley, W. S. Early Sculptured Crosses, Shrines, and Monuments in the Diocese of Carlisle. Kendall, 1899.

Cook, Albert S. 'Notes on the Ruthwell Cross.' Publications of the Modern Language Association, Vol. 17, No. 3.

Cutts, E. L. Parish Priests and their People in the Middle Ages in England. London, 1898.

Didron, A. N. Manuel d'Iconographie Chrétienne. Paris, 1845. Translated into English as Christian Iconography, or the History of Christian Art in the Middle Ages. London, Vol. I, 1856; Vol. II, 1886.

Ebert, Adolf. Ueber das Angelsächsische Gedicht Der Traum vom Heiligen Kreuz. Leipzig, 1884.

Facsimiles of Ancient Charters in the British Museum, 3 parts.

London, 1873-7.

Ferguson, J. Rude Stone Monuments. London, 1872.

Fosbroke, T. D. British Monachism. London, 1817.

Encyclopedia of Antiquities and Elements of Achæology. 2 vols. London, 1825.

Fulda, Hermann. Das Kreuz und die Kreuzigung. Breslau, 1878. Grimm, J. L. C. Deutsche Mythologie. Translated into English by J. S. Stallybrass as Teutonic Mythology. 4 vols. London, 1882-88.

Kent, C. W. Teutonic Antiquities in ‘Andreas' and 'Elene.' Halle 1887. Kirchenlexikon oder Encyklopädie der Katholischen Theologie und ihrer Hülfswissenschaften. Ed. J. C. Hergenröther and Franz Kaulen. Freiburg, 1886-99.

Lingard, John. The History and Antiquities of the Anglo-Saxon Church, etc. 2 vols. London, 1845.

Logeman, H. L'Inscription Anglo-Saxone au Reliquaire de La Vraie Croix, etc. Leipzig, etc., 1891.

Martigny, J. A. Dictionaire des Antiquités Chrétiennes. Paris, 1877.

Milman, H. H. History of Latin Christianity. 9 vols. 1883. Palæographical Society. Facsimiles of Manuscripts and Inscriptions.

1st Series: 3 vols. Ed. E. A. Bond and E. M. Thompson. London, 1873-83. 2nd Series: 2 vols. Ed. E. A. Bond, E. M. Thompson, and G. F. Warner. London, 1889-94.

Pauly, Real Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft. ed. Georg Wissowa. Stuttgart, 1898-1901.

Ramsay, J. H. The Foundations of England, or Twelve Centuries of British History. B. C. 55 A. D. 1154. 2 vols. London, 1898. Realencyklopädie für Protestantische Theologie und Kirche. Ed. Albert Hauck. Leipzig. 1877-88.

Rimmer, Alfred. Ancient Stone Crosses of England. London, 1875. Rock, Daniel. The Church of Our Fathers, etc., 3 vols. in 4 parts. London, 1849-53.

Seymour, W. W. The Cross in Tradition, History, and Art. New York and London, 1898.

Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church. 7 vols. New York, 1882-92.

Schaff-Herzog. Encyclopædia of Religious Knowledge. Toronto, New York, and London, 1894.

Stephens, George. The Old Northern Runic Monuments of Scandinavia and England, etc. 3 vols. London, 1866-84.

Professor S. Bugge's Studies on Northern Mythology Shortly Examined. London, 1883.

Turner, Sharon. The History of the Anglo-Saxons, etc. 2 vols.

Philadelphia, 1841.

Westwood, J. O. Facsimiles of the Miniatures and Ornaments of Anglo-Saxon and Irish MSS. London, 1868.

Wilson, Thos. The Swastika. London and Washington, 1898.

Vietor, Wilhelm. Die Northumbrischen Runensteine, etc. Marburg,

1895.

Zöckler, Otto. Das Kreuz Christi. Gütersloh, 1875.

II. LATIN TEXTS

Alcuin. Alcuini Opera in Migne's Patrologia, 100, 101. Paris, 1851. Monumenta Germania Historica, Vol. 1. Poetæ Latini Ævi Carolini, ed. Louis Traube. Berlin, 1886.

Aldhelm. Sancti Aldhelmi Opera, in Migne's Patrologia, 89. Paris

1850.

Bede. Complete Works of Bede, etc. Ed. J. A. Giles.

London, 1843-4

12 vols.

Venerabilis Beda Opera, in Migne's Patrologia, 90-95. Paris 1850-51.

Benedictionale S. Ethelwoldi Episcopi Wintoniensis. Archeologia

24.

Birch, W. de Gray. Cartularium Saxonicum, etc. 3 vols. London,

1885-93

Boniface. Sancti Bonifacii Opera Omnia, ed. J. A. Giles.

London, 1844.

2 vols. Columba. Life of St. Columba, Written by Adamnan, etc., ed. Wm. Reeves, in Historians of Scotland, 7. Edinburgh, 1874. Dugdale, William. Monasticon Anglicanum, ed. John Caley, Henry Ellis, and Buekley Bandinel. 8 vols. London, 1817-30. Dunstan. Memorials of St. Dunstan, ed. Wm. Stubbs. Rolls Series. London, 1874.

Earle, John. A Handbook to the Land-Charters and Other Saxonic Documents. Oxford, 1888.

Edmund. Memorials of St. Edmund's Abbey, ed. Thos. Arnold. Rolls Series. 3 vols. London, 1890-96.

Edward. Lives of Edward the Confessor, ed. H. R. Luard. Rolls Series. London, 1838.

Egbert. The Pontifical of Egbert, Archbishop of York, a. D. 732766, ed. Wm. Greenwell. Surtees Soc. Durham, 1853.

Ethelwold. Vita S. Æthelwaldi Episcopi Wintoniensis Auctore Elfrico, ed. Joseph Stevenson, in Chronicon Monasterii de Abingdon. 2. 253-66. Rolls Series. London, 1858.

Fortunatus. Venantii Fortunati, etc., Opera Omnia, in Migne's Patrologia 88. Paris, 1850.

Historia Monasterii S. Augustini Canstuariensis, etc., ed. Charles Hardwick. Rolls Series. London, 1858.

Historians of the Church of York, ed. James Raine. Rolls Series. 3 vols. London, 1879-94.

Kemble, J. M.

Codex Diplomaticus Evi Saxonici. Eng. Hist.

Soc. 6 vols. London, 1839-48.

Latin Hymns of the Anglo-Saxon Church. Surtees Soc. Vol. 23. Durham, 1851.

Le Livere de Reis de Brittanie e Le Livre de Reis de Engelterre, ed. John Glover. Rolls Series. London, 1865.

Liber Monasterii de Hyda, ed. Edward Edwards. Rolls Series. London, 1866.

Library of the Fathers, translated from the original into English. 39 vols. Oxford, 1845-57.

Oswald. Vita Oswaldi Archiepiscopi Eboracensis Auctore Anonymo., ed. J. Raine. Historians of Church of York 1. 399475. Rolls Series. London, 1879.

Patrick.

The Tripartite Life of Patrick, ed., with translations, by Whitley Stokes. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1887. Rabanus. R. Rabani Mauri, etc., Opera Omnia, in Migne's Patrologia 107-117. Paris, 1851-2.

Rituale Ecclesiæ Dunelmensis (Durham Ritual). Surtees Soc. Vol. 10. London, 1840.

Schmid, Reinhold. Die Gesetze der Angelsachen. Leipzig, 1838.
Scotus, Erigena. Joannis Scoti Opera, in Migne's Patrologia 122.
Scotus, Josephus. Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Vol. 1. Poeta
Evi Carolini.

Simeon of Durham. Symeonis Monachi Opera Omnia, ed. Thos.
Arnold. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1882.
Thorpe, Benjamin. Ancient Laws and Institutes of England. Lon-
don, 1840.

Vetus Registrum Sarisberiense (The Register of S. Osmund),

ed.

W. H. R. Jones. Rolls Series. 2 vols. London, 1883. William of Malmesbury. Wilhelmi Malmesbirienses De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum, etc., ed. N. E. S. Hamilton. Rolls Series. London, 1870.

Regum Anglorum, ed. Wm. Stubbs. Rolls Series. 2 vols.

London, 1889.

Wilfrid. Vita Wilfridi Episcopi Eboracensis.

Stephano, in Historians of Church of York.

III. OLD ENGLISH TEXTS

Auctore Eddio

Alfred. Blooms of King Alfred, from the Flores Soliliquorum of S. Augustinus. Text of W. H. Hulme. Eng. Stud. 18.

331-356.

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