Lactea has been read. Cf. 'faite de cire à l'égard des bras,' Mém. de Grammont (Munro, Eng. J. Phil. 11. 336).

4. difficili: variously referred to the unpleasantness of the bile, or the moroseness of the bilious person. Perhaps the idea is that of Juvenal's difficili crescente cibo (Sat. 13. 213) and Shakspeare's 'digest the venom of your spleen.' — tumet iecur cf. on 4. 1. 12. In Homer, Il. 9. 646, oidávetaι крadín xóλw; Archil. fr. 131, assigns gall to liver; but in Sat. 2. 3. 213, Hor. writes vitio tumidum est

cor.

5. color: cf. Homer's τpéπetαι xpús; Eurip. Alcest. 174; Apoll. Rhod. 3. 297; Propert. 1. 15. 39, multos pallere colores.

6. manēt: cf. on 1. 3. 36. Some read manent after nec nec, citing Cic. Fin. 3. 21. 70. —in genas: cf. 4. 1. 34.

8. quam: with penitus. Cf. 2. 13. 21.-lentis: slow-consuming. Cf. 3. 19. 28; Tibull. 1. 4. 81.

9. uror resumes ignibus. candidos: cf. on 2. 5. 18.

10. immodicae: cf. modici, 1. 18. 7.

mero: abl. cause.

11. rixae: cf. on 1. 17. 25; Propert. 3. 7. 19.

12. dente: like Catull. 8. 18, Tibull. 1. 6. 14, and the heroes of Swinburne, Telephus, in Lowell's phrase 'finds refuge from an inadequate vocabulary in biting.'

13. satis: idiomatic. Cf. 3. 15. 7.

14. perpetuum: a constant lover. - dulcia barbare: cf. on 1. 6. 9.

15. oscula: kisses and lips need not be distinguished.

16. quinta parte: perhaps merely a goodly portion, as the Greeks said that honey was the ninth part of ambrosia; possibly an allusion to the quintessence or πéμятη ovσíα of the Pythagoreans, which, of course, has nothing to do with the essences that turn the live air sick' of the perfumer.

17. ter et amplius: cf. 1. 31. 13.

18. inrupta: unbroken = unbreakable for poetry. Cf. 1. 24. 7. copula: the yoke of love an åрpηктos deσμós. Cf. on 1. 33. 11. Hence solvet below.

20. citius . . . die: cf. on 1. 8. 9.

ODE XIV.

The Ship of State: navem pro re publica, fluctus et tempestates pro bellis civilibus, portum pro pace et concordia (Quintil. 8. 6. 44).

Sellar (p. 122) thinks the poem coincident with Epode 7. It might have been written at any time before the final establishment of the empire. It is idle to carry the allegory into every detail of the ode. As Professor Tyrrell wittily says: Horace no more had in his mind the Mithridatic wars when he wrote Pontica pinus than Tennyson thought of the Wars of the Roses when he wrote in the Talking Oak "She left the novel half uncut upon the rosewood shelf.""

For image of Ship of State, cf. Alcaeus, fr. 18; Theog. 671; Plato, Rep. 488 A; Aeschyl. Septem. 1; Jebb on Soph. Antig. 163; Longfellow's Ship of State; William Everett, Atlantic Monthly, 1895; Speech of Maecenas, Dio. 52. 16.

The ode has been prettily translated by Dobson as a 'Ballade,' 'Ship to the roadstead rolled'; by Calverly; Gilbert West, Dodsley's Poems, 2. 293; paraphrased by Swift, Johnson's Poets, 11. 451; cf. Ode sur la situation de la République, 1794, Marie Joseph Chénier.

1. in mare ancient sailors hugged the shore. Cf. 2. 10. 1–4. 2. occupa i.e. anticipate, poáver, the storm. Cf. Epist. 1. 6. 32, cave ne portus occupet alter. Cf. Milton's 'like a weatherbeaten vessel holds | gladly the port.'

3. vides ut: 1. 9. 1; 3. 10. 5-8. For one verb used of both sight and sound, cf. Verg. Aen. 4. 490; Aeschyl. Prom. 21-22.

4. nudum: we may understand' sit rather than strain gemant by zeugma. remigio: cf. remigioque carens (Ov. Met. 8. 228).

5. saucius cf. volnerata navis, Livy, 37. 24. 8; Herod. 8. 18; and Longfellow, Wreck of the Hesperus, 'But the cruel rocks, they gored her side | Like the horns of an angry bull.'

6. funibus: voÇάuaтa, undergirding (Acts 27. 17; Plato, Rep. 616. C).

7. durare: Verg. Aen. 8. 577, durare laborem. timbers.

carinae :

:

8. imperiosius: may this have suggested Shakspeare's 'In cradle of the rude imperious surge'?

10. di images of tutelary divinities at the stern. They have been washed away. Cf. Ov. Trist. 1. 4. 8, et pictos verberat unda deos; Lucan, 3. 512; Verg. Aen. 10. 171; Pers. 6. 30.

11. Pontica: the Pontus was famed for ship-timber (Catull. 4. 9-13).

12. filia: cf. Catull. 64. 1, Peliaco quondam prognatae vertice pinus; Martial, 14. 90. 1, silvae filia Maurae (of a table).

13. inutile: unavailing. Cf. on 3. 24. 48.

14. pictis: Ov. Met. 6. 511, at simul imposita est pictae Philomela carinae. Cf. Verg. Aen. 7. 431, 8. 93; Sen. Ep. 76. 10.navita: 1. 1. 14.

14-15. Unless thou art destined to be the sport of the winds, beware. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 75, rapidis ludibria ventis.

15. tu: cf. 1. 9. 16. n.

17. From sheer weariness and disgust at civil strife, Horace has passed to anxious solicitude for the prosperity of the new empire. 'Ship of the State before | A care and now to me | A hope in my heart's core' (Dobson).

6

19-20. A pretty picture at the close. Cf. 3. 28. 14, fulgentes Cycladas; Verg. Aen. 3. 126, sparsasque per aequor Cycladas; Browning, Cleon, the sprinkled isles, | Lily on lily, that o'erlace the sea'; Dyer, The Gods in Greece, p. 365. There is a faint contrast between their white beauty and the danger. Cf. Wreck of Hesperus, 'She struck where the white and fleecy waves | Looked soft as carded wool.'

ODE XV.

Nereus, the wise old man of the sea (Hes. Theog. 233; Pind. Pyth. 3. 92; Apoll. Rhod. 4. 771), becalms Paris, returning from Sparta with Helen, in order to predict the doom of Troy.

Cf. F. Q. 4. 11. 19, 'Thereto he was expert in prophecies, | And could the ledden (language) of the Gods unfold ; | Through which, when Paris brought his famous prize, | The fair Tindarid lass, he him foretold | That her all Greece with many a champion bold |

Should fetch again, and finally destroy | Proud Priam's town: so wise is Nereus old.'

In this, perhaps youthful, experiment, Horace attempts, as Quintilian says of Stesichorus, to support the weight of an epic theme on the lyre. We cannot verify Porphyrio's statement, Hac ode Bacchyliden imitatur, nam ut ille Cassandram facit vaticinari futura belli Troiani, ita hic Proteum (probably a slip for Nerea. Some eds. read Proteus in 1. 5). An extant fragment of Bacchylides warns the Trojans of the unfailing justice of Zeus who sitteth on high. Cf. further the imitation of Statius, Achill. 1. 20 sqq., and the Cassandras of Schiller and George Meredith. For the Voyage of Paris, cf. Hdt. 2. 117; Il. 6. 290, where he returns by way of Sidon; Andrew Lang, Helen of Troy, 3. 23 sqq. There is an imitation by Tickell in Dodsley's Poems, 1. 30. With 9 sqq., cf. Campbell, Lochiel's Warning.

1. pastor: Hápus • Boukóros (Eur. Iph. A. 180). Cf. Bion, 2. 10; Verg. Aen. 7. 363, Phrygius pastor; Spenser, Shep. Cal. July, 'But nothing such thilk shepherd was, | Whom Ida hill did bear, | That left his flock to fetch a lass | Whose love he bought too dear.' - traheret: sc. άρrážas (Il. 3. 443).

2. Idaeis: the poets picturesquely treat the pines of Ida of which the ships of Paris were built as the cause of all the woe. Cf. Eurip. Hec. 631; Tenn. Œnone, ‘They came, they cut away my tallest pines.' — perfidus hospitam: cf. 1. 6. 9. n. ; 3. 3. 26, famosus hospes; Propert. 3. 32. 7, hospes in hospitium Menelao venit adulter; Eurip. Tro. 866, §evañáтns; Aesch. Ag. 401; II. 13. 624.

3. ingrato: the winds favored the lovers; or as celeres (1. 12. 10) hate otium, 'Like us the Libyan wind delights to roam at large (Arnold); or the epithet suggests the feelings of Paris.

4. caneret: of prophecy. Cf. C. S. 25; Sat. 1. 9. 30; Epod. 13. 11.

5. avi: cf. 3. 3. 61; 4. 6. 24; Epod. 10. 1; Cat. 61. 20. So the Greeks, An ox or an ass that may happen to pass, | A cry or a word by chance overheard, | If you deem it an omen you call it a bird' (Aristophanes, Birds, 719 sqq. Frere).

6. repetet: 'fetch again.' In Ov. Her. 15. 369, Paris assures

Helen, aut igitur nullo belli repetere tumultu, | aut cedent Marti Dorica castra meo.

7. coniurata: at Aulis, Verg. Aen. 4. 425; Eurip. I. A. 50. Cf. Ov. Met. 12. 5, qui rapta longum cum coniuge bellum | attulit in patriam coniurataeque sequuntur | mille rates; Milton, 'The third part of heaven's sons | Conjur'd against the highest.' rumpere: a slight zeugma, dissolvere and evertere. Cf. Sen. Herc. Fur. 79, Titanas ausos rumpere imperium Iovis.

8. vetus: Priam was the sixth king. Cf. Aesch. Ag. 710, Пρiάμov τóλis уepaiά; Verg. Aen. 2. 363, urbs antiqua ruit.

10. sudor: cf. Il. 2. 390, idpwrei dé tev Iñños; Stat. Theb. 3. 210; Val. Flac. 5. 288. quanta: rhetorically stronger than quot. begin, cause. Dardanae =

moves: dost stir, Romulae, C. S. 47.

Dardaniae; cf.

11. aegida: the storm-cloud of Zeus (Il. 4. 167) and his shield, explained by popular etymology as the skin of the goat Amalthea (and now again by the whirligig of Science as the skin of the theanthropic goat), and worn with the Gorgon's head attached to it by Athene as shield or breastplate. Il. 5. 738; Eurip. Ion, 996; Verg. Aen. 8. 354, 435; Milt. Comus, What was that snakyheaded Gorgon shield, | That wise Minerva wore,' etc.

12. rabiem for wrath as a weapon, cf. Aristoph. Birds, 401402, Wasps, 243. For union of abstract and concrete, cf. Il. 4. 447; Ov. Met. 2. 146 and passim; Tac. Ger. 1, Germania . α Gallia mutuo metu aut montibus separatur, and passim.

...

13. Veneris praesidio: he awarded her the apple. Cf. Tenn. Enone; Il. 3. 54. 64 sqq. —ferox: trusting in.

14. caesariem: Il. 3. 55; Odes, 4. 5. 14, crines.

15. imbelli: 1. 6. 10.— divides: does this mean dividing the strain between the voice and the instrument? or is it simply the division into measured times that belongs to all music? Cf. Shaks. Hen. IV. 1. 3. 1, 'Sung by a fair queen in a summer bower, | with ravishing division to her lute'; Rom. and Jul. 3. 5, 'Some say the lark makes sweet division'; Carew, 'For in your sweet dividing throat | She [the nightingale] winters and keeps warm her note '; Milton, The Passion, My muse with angels did divide to sing'; F. Q. 3. 1. 40, And all the while sweet music did divide | Her looser notes with Lydian harmony.' Cf. μελίζειν.