are ready to emerge from the old pupal skins as adult insects. The adults feed constantly throughout their existence of some thirty days.

Distribution. This species occurs in greenhouses in almost every part of the State. Due to the mild climate it also occurs in the open in nearly every section, especially in the central and southern parts.

Food Plants.-Tomatoes and cucumbers seem to suffer most from the attacks of this pest, though a large number of other plants are infested, including the bean, eggplant, melon, lettuce, grape leaves, aster, chrysanthemum, salvia, lantana, fuchsia, rose, coleus, geranium, primrose, ageratum, etc.

Control. The same as for the citrus white fly (Aleyrodes citri).

HETEROPTERA (Suborder).

TRUE BUGS.

The members of this suborder comprise those commonly known. as bugs. Most of them have wings which are thickened at the base and folded so as to make a distinct "X" upon the back. The young differ from the adults by lacking wings or by their small size.

Though most of them are destructive to vegetation, many are carnivorous and wage continual warfare upon injurious insects and animals.

In habits there is also a great variance, there being aquatic as well as land forms.

Many of them are known as "stink bugs," because of the peculiar and offensive odor which is secreted for protective purposes.

There are too many families comprising this suborder to admit of a description of each, so the families of the insects treated will be designated at the beginning of each description.

THE HARLEQUIN CABBAGE BUG.

Murgantia histrionica Hahn. (Family Pentatomidae).

(Fig. 128.)

General Appearance. The adult bugs are black with bright red markings, as shown in Fig. 128. They are one half inch long and two thirds as wide. The eggs are almost imitations of miniature white barrels with black hoops and black spots in the proper places for bungholes. They are arranged in clusters side by side. The young greatly resemble the adults, but lack wings and yellow predominates. This color gradually changes to orange and red as the nymphs reach maturity.

Life History. The adults hibernate in various sheltered places over winter and appear with the first warm weather in the spring to feed. The first plants to furnish food are wild mustard, radish and other

members of the cruciferous weeds. Upon these also the eggs are laid and the young soon appear in great numbers in time to migrate to the cabbage plants and work upon them throughout the summer. Successive broods may appear in the cabbage fields and the numbers so increase as to cause much damage. In the southern part of the State the adults continue active throughout the winter.

Distribution. Throughout the entire State, but more often met with in the central and southern sections.

FIG. 128. The cabbage bug, Murgantia histrionica (Hahn.). a and b,

young; c, d and e, eggs; adults at right.

(After Riley.)

Food Plants. This bug is especially fond of all cruciferous plants, including mustard, radish, cabbage, cauliflower, turnips, rape, horseradish, etc. Other food plants are potatoes, eggplant, okra, beans, beets, roses, sunflowers, chrysanthemums, squash, ragweed, pigweed, wild lettuce, lambsquarters and most of the plants belonging to the caper family. Occasionally nursery trees, citrus, locust, cherry, and plum are injured, and the fruit of the grape and corn ears also suffer.

Control. Methods recommended for the squash bug are also applicable to the control of the cabbage bug. Planting an early crop of cabbage, rape, mustard or radish is especially recommended. The eggs are laid in great numbers upon these plants and together with the adults may be destroyed. This practice greatly lessens subsequent attacks.

Natural Enemies. Great numbers of the eggs are destroyed by two small internal parasites, Trissolcus murgantia Ashm. and Oœncyrtus johnsoni How. The wheel bug, Arilus cristatus Linn., feeds upon the young nymphs in the Eastern States.

THE COMMON SQUASH BUG.

Anasa tristis DeGeer. (Family Coreida).
(Fig. 129.)

General Appearance. The small, somewhat three-sided eggs are dark metallic brown in color and laid in groups of from fifteen to forty. The freshly hatched bug is light green with pinkish appendages. As it ages the thorax becames black and the abdomen gray. The adults are dark grayish-brown above, mottled yellowish beneath, and about three fourths of an inch long. They secrete a very offensive liquid, the odor of which has led to their being called "stink bugs.' They hibernate in winter in any dry protected place; under boards, rubbish, etc., or in barns or outhouses.

Life History. The eggs are laid in the spring and early summer upon the under or upper surface of the leaves, or upon the stems of the vines. They hatch in about two weeks and the young bugs begin work upon the small plant, and continue throughout the larval and adult stages, often causing great damage. The period from egg to adult occupies from one to two months. The latter hibernate over the winter and are ready to begin egg-laying as soon as the vines are suitable. There is only one generation each year.

FIG. 129. The common squash bug (Anasa tristis DeGeer). various stages in the development of the young; F, adult. (U. S. Dept. Agrcl.)

Distribution. Throughout the State, but especially abundant in the central and southern parts.

Food Plants.-Most of the members of the squash family (Cucurbita), including the pumpkin, squash and gourd are attacked.

Control. Hand picking is recommended early in the spring, as soon as the adults appear and begin egg-laying. The vines are so tender that spraying is impracticable. The bugs may be trapped by placing through the garden, boards, pieces of bark or similar material under which they may find shelter. They may then be collected in the early mornings and destroyed. Young plants may be covered to afford protection until they are able to resist the attacks. Repellants, such as gypsum saturated with kerosene or turpentine, scattered on the land help to drive them away. Clean culture is also an important aidcare being taken to burn all vines and rubbish in the fall. Thoroughly fertilizing the land may so stimulate plant growth as to make the attacks of the bug of little avail.

Natural Enemies. In the eastern states the egg parasites, Hadronotus anasa and Ocencyrtus anasa, aid in controlling the pest. Parasites also work upon the growing and adult insects.

THE TARNISHED PLANT-BUG.

Lygus pratensis Linn. (Family Capsida).

(Fig. 130.)

General Appearance. The mature bug varies from pale green to grayish brown, marked with yellow, black and red. The legs are pale brown or yellow with dark rings. The young bugs are lighter in color than the adults, without pronounced markings. All forms are exceedingly common and very active.

Life History.-Hibernation is usually passed in the adult stage, under any convenient shelter. In the early spring the females deposit their eggs directly upon the food plants. The young begin to feed as

葡萄

a

FIG. 130.-The tarnished

plant-bug,

soon as hatched, and continue throughout their life history. This species is exceedingly prolific and its ability to travel rapidly and the large variety of food plants make it a constant menace.

Food Plants.-This bug feeds on almost every kind of plant. It is especially abundant in grain or

Lygus pratensis Linn. a, adult, b, nymph. hay fields. All vegetable gardens

(After Chittenden.)

afford a ready supply of food. It

is often destructive to apple, pear and other fruit trees.

Control. Because of its omnivorous habits and wide spread it seldom becomes a serious pest of any one crop. For the same reasons, control measures are most difficult. The presence of the insect need cause no alarm unless it is concentrating its attacks to a damaging degree upon cultivated crops. In such cases contact insecticides, such as emulsions, soap washes, tobacco sprays, resin washes, etc., may be used with deadly effect. These insecticides should be applied early in the morning and great care taken that they are not strong enough to injure the foliage of tender plants.

Clean culture serves to rid them from the fields before planting and to lessen the attacks the coming year.

THE CHINCH BUG.

Blissus leucopterus Say (Family Lygaida).

(Fig. 131.)

General Appearance. The chinch bug is a very small black and white insect about 3 mm. long. The eggs are about one third as long as the adults, oval, and amber in color. The young vary from yellow and red to the color of the adults, depending upon the age.

Life History.-The winter is passed in hibernation by the adult insects. The eggs are laid into the grass sheaths or upon the stems above or below the ground in the early spring, several hundred being laid by each female. They hatch in a very short

time and the young begin work immediately, collecting in dense colonies and doing great damage. They moult four times before full grown, there being two generations each year. The insects migrate very quickly when food becomes scarce in any locality.

Distribution. The writer has been informed by Mr. John Isaacs, former secretary of the Commission of Horticulture, that the chinch bug has been present in the central part of the State for over twenty years, but during all that time it has not become a serious pest in a single locality.

FIG. 131.-Adult female of the chinch bug, Blissus leucopterus Say. (After Riley.)

Food Plants. This insect feeds upon grains, grasses and corn. The destruction by it has been exceedingly great in the Middle States.

Natural Enemies.-A fungous disease works upon the chinch bug during wet weather and while it does great execution, it is not an important controlling factor.

THE FALSE CHINCH BUG.

Nysius angustatus Uhl. (Family Lygæidæ).

(Fig. 132.)

General Appearance. The adults are very small grayish-brown bugs, about one eighth of an inch long. The young are somewhat lighter in color, having reddish-brown abdomens and lacking wings. The legs and antennæ appear very long and are dark.

Life History.-The eggs are deposited in the spring and early sum

the entire State. One of the commonest destructive insects.

Food Plants. Many plants are seriously attacked, particular damage being done to grapevines, lettuce, potatoes, strawberries, grasses,