f * Siquidem eandem pro v. græco retinet: Certè alium quam i, omni in loco reddere debebat sonum. B Nobis cum Latinis communis. Smith. Vocalis at intùs locus exitum ministrat. Terent. B, Labris per spiritus impetum reclusis edicimus. Mart. cap. C Litera Androgyne, naturâ nec mas, nec fœmina, et utrumque est neutrum. Monstrum literæ, non litera; Ignorantiæ specimen, non artis. Smithus. Quomodo nunc utimur vulgò, aut nullas, aut ni- · mias habet vires: Nam modò k sonat, modò s. At si litera sit à k et s diversa, suum debet habere sonum. Sed nescio quod monstrum, aut Empusa sit, quæ modò mas, modò fæmina, modò serpens, modò cornix, appareat; et per ejusmodi imposturas, pro suo arbitrio, tàm s quàm k exigat ædibus, et fundis But that we choose y, for distinction sake; as we usually difference to lye or feign, from to lie along, &c. In the diphthong it sounds always i; as in may, say, way, joy, toy, they. And in the ends of words; as in deny, reply, defy, cry. Which sometimes are written by i, but qualified by c. But where two ii are sounded, the first will be ever a y; as in derivatives: f denying, replying, defying. Only in the words received by us from the Greek, as syllabe, tyran, and the like, it keeps the sound of the thin and sharp u, in some proportion. And this we had to say of the vowels. CHAP. IV. OF THE CONSONANTS. B HATH the same sound with us as it hath with the Latin, always one, aud is uttered with closing of the lips. C Is a letter which our forefathers might very well have spared in our tongue; but since it hath obtained place both in our writing and language, we are not now to quarrel with orthography or custom, but to note the powers. Before a, u, and o, it plainly sounds k, chi, or kappa; as in cable, cobble, cudgel. Or before the liquids, I and r; as in clod, crust. suis: Ut jure possint hæ duæ literæ contendere cum c per edictum, unde vi: Neque dubito quin, ubi sit prætor æquus facilè c cadet caussa. Apud Latinos c eandem habuit formam, et charactérem, quem Σiyua apud Græcos veteres. An hæc fuit occasio, quòd ignorantia, confusioque eundem, apud imperitos, dederit sonum C, quem S, nolo affirmare. * Vetustæ illius Anglo-Saxonicæ linguæ et scriptionis peritiores condendunt, apud illos atavos nostros Anglo-Saxones, C literam, maximè, ante e et i eum habuisse sonum, quem, et pro tenui T8 Chi, sono agnoscimus: et Itali, maximè Hetrusci, ante e et hodie usurpant. Idem ibidem. 1 C molaribus super linguæ extrema appulsis exprimitur. Mart. Cap. C pressiùs urget: sed et hinc, hincque remittit, Quo vocis adhærens sonus explicetur ore. Terent. D D appulsu linguæ circa dentes superiores innascit ur "At portio dentes quotiens suprema linguæ Pulsaverit imos, modiceque curva summas, Tunc D sonitum perficit, explicatque vocem. F Terent. "Litera à græca o recedit lenis, et hebes sonus. Idem. • Vau consona, Varrone et Dydimo testibus, nominata est . figura à Claudio Cæsare facta etiam est. Vis ejus, et potestas est eadem, quæ Digamma Acolici, ut ostendit Terentianus in v consona. Or when it ends a former syllabe before a consonant; as in ac-quaintance, ac-knowledgment, ac-tion. In all which it sounds strong. Before e and i it hath a weak sound, and hisseth like s; as in certain, center, civil, citizen, whence. Or before diphthongs, whose first vowel is e ori; as in cease, deceive, ceiling. Among the English Saxons it obtained the weaker force of chi, or the Italian c; as in capel, canc, cild, cyrce. Which were pronounced chapel, chance, child, church. It is sounded with the top of the tongue, striking the upper teeth, and rebounding against the palate. D Hath the same sound, both before and after a wowel with us, as it hath with the Latins; and is pronounced softly," the tongue a little affecting the teeth, but the nether teeth most. F Is a letter of two forces with us; and in them both sounded with the nether lip rounded, and a kind of blowing out; but gentler in the one than the other. The more general sound is the softest," and expresseth the Greek ; as in faith, field, fight, force. Where it sounds ef. • The other is iv, or vau, the digamma of Claudius; as in VOL. IX. cleft, of cleave; left, of leave. T V, vade, veni, refer; teneto vultum : G Spiritus cum palato. Mart. Cap. De sono quidem hujus litera satis constat : Sed distinctionis caussa Charactérem illi dederunt aliqui hunc 3, ut secernatur à G. Nam ut Græci in secundâ conjugatione tres habent literas, %, Y, X, tenuem, mediam, densam; Angli quatuor habent, ratá proportione sibi respondentes, ka, ga, ce,3 ε. Illæ simplices, et aperta; hæ stridulæ, et compressæ; illa media lingua officio sonantur; hæ summâ linguá ad interiores illisa, superiorum dentium gingivas efflantur. Quodque est ka ad ga: Idem est ce ad 3. Smithus ibid. Voces tamen pleræque, quas Meridionales Angli per hunc sonum r 3 pronunciamus in fine: Boreales per G proferunt: ut in voce Pons, nos briz: Illi brig. In rupturâ, brec: illi brek. Maturam avem ad volandum, nos fliz: Illi flig. Ibid. Apud Latinos proximum ipsi C est G. Itaque Cneum et Gneum, dicebant: Sic Curculionem, et Gurculionem: Appulsá enim ad palatum linguâ, modicello relicto intervallo, spiritu tota pronunciatur. Scal. de causs. L. L. Et Terentianus. Sic amurca, quæ vetustè sæpè per c scribitur, Apud Germanos semper profertur y, |