queen, desiring she would preserve a good lord mayor, by Mr. Hoadly, now bishop of correspondence among all the confederates. Winchester. Burnet of Sarum said, the They likewise concurred in repealing the bishop of London was the last man who act by which the Scots had been alienated, ought to complain of that sermon; for if the and all the northern counties alarmed with doctrine it contained was not good, he did the apprehension of a rupture between the not know what defence his lordship could two nations. The lord Shannon and briga- make for his appearing in arms at Nottingdier Stanhope arriving with an account of ham. He affirmed the church would be the expedition to Catalonia, the queen com- always subject to profaneness and irreligion, municated the good news in a speech to but that they were not now so flagrant as both houses, expressing her hope that they they usually had been: he said the society would enable her to prosecute the advan- set up for reformation in London, and other tages which her arms had acquired. The cities, had contributed considerably to the commons were so well pleased with the suppression of vice: he was sure the cortidings, that they forthwith granted two poration for propagating the gospel had done hundred and fifty thousand pounds for her a great deal towards instructing men in remajesty's proportion in the expense of pros- ligion, by giving great numbers of books in ecuting the successes already gained by practical divinity; by erecting libraries in king Charles III. for the recovery of the country parishes; by sending many able monarchy of Spain to the house of Austria. divines to the foreign plantations, and foundOn the fifteenth day of November, the queen ing schools to breed up children in the gave the royal assent to an act for exhibit- Christian knowledge; though to this exing a bill to naturalize the princess Sophia, pense very little had been contributed by and the issue of her body. those who appeared so wonderfully zealous These measures being taken, the sixth for the church. The archbishop of York day of December was appointed for inquiring expressed his apprehension of danger from into those dangers to which the tories af- the increase of dissenters; particularly from firmed the church was exposed; and the the many academies they had instituted: queen attended in person, to hear the de- he moved, that the judges might be conbates on this interesting subject. The earl sulted with respect to the laws that were in of Rochester compared the expressions in force against such seminaries, and by what the queen's speech at the beginning of the means they might be suppressed. Lord session to the law enacted in the reign of Wharton moved, that the judges might also Charles II. denouncing the penalties of be consulted about means of suppressing treason against those who should call the schools and seminaries held by non-jurors; king a papist for which reason, he said, he in one of which the sons of a noble lord in always thought him of that persuasion. He that house had been educated. To this saraffirmed that the church's danger arose from casm the archbishop replied, that his sons the act of security in Scotland, the absence were indeed taught by Mr. Ellis, a sober, of the successor to the crown, and the prac- virtuous man; but that when he refused the tice of occasional conformity. He was an- oath of abjuration, they were immediately swered by lord Halifax, who, by way of re- withdrawn from his instructions. Lord crimination, observed that king Charles II. Wharton proceeded to declare, that he had was a Roman Catholic, at least his brother carefully perused a pamphlet entitled "The declared him a papist after his death: that Memorial," which was said to contain a dehis brother and successor was a known Ro-monstration that the church was in danger; man Catholic, yet the church thought her- but all he could learn was, that the duke of self secure and those patriots who stood Buckingham, the earls of Rochester and up in its defence were discountenanced and Nottingham, were out of place: that he punished: nay, when the successor as-remembered some of these noblemen sat in cended the throne, and the church was ap- the high commission court, and then made parently in the most imminent danger, by no complaint of the church's being in danthe high commission court and otherwise, ger. Patrick, bishop of Ely, complained of the nation was then indeed generally the heat and passion manifested by the genalarmed; and every body knew who sat in tlemen belonging to the universities, and of that court, and entered deeply into the mea- the undutiful behavior of the clergy towards sures which were then pursued. Compton, their bishops. He was seconded by Hough bishop of London, declared that the church of Litchfield and Coventry, who added, that was in danger, from profaneness, irreligion, the inferior clergy calumniated their bishops, and the licentiousness of the press. He as if they were in a plot to destroy the complained, that sermons were preached church, and had compounded to be the last wherein rebellion was countenanced and of their order. Hooper of Bath and Wells resistance to the higher powers encouraged. expatiated on the invidious distinction imHe alluded to a sermon preached before the plied in the terms "High Church," and

"Low Church." The duke of Leeds as- funds being established, one in particular serted, that the church could not be safe, for two millions and a half by way of annuiwithout an act against occasional conformity. ties for ninety-nine years, at six and a half Lord Somers recapitulated all the argu- per cent. and all the bills having received ments which had been used on both sides the royal assent, the queen went to the of the question: he declared his own opin- house of peers on the nineteenth day of ion was, that the nation was happy under a March, where, having thanked both houses wise and just administration: that for men for the repeated instances of their affection to raise groundless jealousies at that junc- which she had received, she prorogued the ture, could mean no less than an intention parliament to the twenty-first day of May to embroil the people at home, and defeat following (4). The new convocation, inthe glorious designs of the allies abroad. stead of imitating the union and harmony The debate being finished, the question was of the parliament, revived the divisions by put, Whether the church of England was which the former had been distracted, and in danger? and carried in the negative by a the two houses seemed to act with more great majority then the house resolved, determined rancor against each other. The that the church of England as by law es- upper house having drawn up a warm adtablished, which was rescued from the ex- dress of thanks to the queen, for her affectremest danger by king William III. of tionate care of the church, the lower house glorious memory, is now, by God's blessings, refused to concur; nor would they give any under the happy reign of her majesty, in a reason for their dissent. They prepared most safe and flourishing condition; and another in a different strain, which was rethat whoever goes about to suggest or in- jected by the archbishop (5). Then they sinuate that the church is in danger, under agreed to divers resolutions, asserting their her majesty's administration, is an enemy right of having what they offered to the to the queen, the church, and the kingdom. upper house received by his grace and their Next day the commons concurred in this lordships. In consequence of this dissension determination, and joined the lords in an the address was dropped, and a stop put to address to the queen, communicating this all further communication between the two resolution, beseeching her to take effectual houses. The dean of Peterborough promeasures for making it public; and also for tested against the irregularities of the lower punishing the authors and spreaders of the house (6). The queen, in a letter to the seditious and scandalous reports of the archbishop, signified her resolution to mainchurch's being in danger. She accordingly tain her supremacy, and the due subordinaissued a proclamation, containing the reso- tion of presbyters to bishops. She expressed lution of the two houses, and offering a re- her hope that he and his suffragans would ward for discovering the author of the me- act conformably to her resolution, in which morial of the church of England, and for case they might be assured of the continu apprehending David Edwards, a professed ance of her favor and protection; she repapist, charged upon oath to be the printer quired him to impart this declaration to the and publisher of that libel.

bishops and clergy, and to prorogue the THE PARLIAMENT PROROGUED. convocation to such time as should appear AFTER a short adjournment, a committee most convenient. When he communicated of the lower house presented the thanks of this letter to the lower house, the members the commons to the duke of Marlborough, were not a little confounded: nevertheless, for his great services performed to her ma- they would not comply with the prorogajesty and the nation in the last campaign, tion, but continued to sit, in defiance of her and for his prudent negotiations with her majesty's pleasure. allies. This nobleman was in such credit CONFERENCES OPENED FOR A TREATY with the people, that when he proposed a OF UNION WITH SCOTLAND. loan of five hundred thousand pounds to the THE eyes of great Britain were now emperor, upon a branch of his revenue in turned upon a transaction of the utmost Silesia, the money was advanced immedi- consequence to the whole island; namely, diately by the merchants of London. The the treaty for a union of the two kingdoms kingdom was blessed with plenty: the queen of England and Scotland. The queen having was universally beloved: the people in gen- appointed the commissioners [See Note BB, eral were zealous for the prosecution of the at the end of this Vol.] on both sides, they war: the forces were well paid: the treasu- met on the sixteenth day of April, in the ry was punctual; and, though a great quan- council-chamber of the Cockpit near Whitetity of corn was exported for the mainte- hall, which was the place appointed for the nance of the war, the paper currency sup- conferences. Their commissions being openplied the deficiency so well, that no mur-ed and read by the respective secretaries, and murs were heard, and the public credit introductory speeches being pronounced by flourished both at home and abroad. All the the lord-keeper of England, and the lord

SUBSTANCE OF THE TREATY.

chancellor of Scotland, they agreed to cer- twenty-second of July, and next day pretain preliminary articles, importing, that all sented to her majesty, at the palace of St. the proposals should be made in writing; James's, by the lord-keeper, in the name of and every point, when agreed, reduced to the English commissioners: at the same writing: that no points should be obligato- time a sealed copy of the instrument was ry, till all matters should be adjusted in likewise delivered by the lord chancellor of such a manner as would be proper to be Scotland; and each made a short oration on laid before the queen and the two parlia- the subject, to which the queen returned a ments for their approbation: that a commit- very gracious reply. That same day she tee should be appointed from each commis- dictated an order of council, that whoever sion, to revise the minutes of what might should be concerned in any discourse or pass, before they should be inserted in the libel, or in laying wagers relating to the books by the respective secretaries; and union, should be prosecuted with the utthat all the proceedings during the treaty most rigor of the law. should be kept secret. The Scots were inclined to a federal union, like that of the In this famous treaty it was stipulated, United Provinces; but the English were that the succession to the united kingdom bent upon an incorporation, so that no of Great Britain should be vested in the Scottish parliament should ever have power princess Sophia, and her heirs, according to repeal the articles of the treaty. The to the acts already passed in the parliament lord-keeper proposed that the two kingdoms of England: that the united kingdoms of England and Scotland should be for ever should be represented by one and the same united into one realm, by the name of parliament: that all the subjects of Great Great Britain: that it should be represented Britain should enjoy a communication of by one and the same parliament; and, that privileges and advantages: that they should the succession of this monarchy, failing of have the same allowances, encouragements, heirs of her majesty's body, should be ac- and drawbacks; and be under the same cording to the limitations mentioned in the prohibitions, restrictions, and regulations, act of parliament passed in the reign of king with respect to commerce and customs: William, intituled, an act for the further that Scotland should not be charged with limitation of the crown, and the better se- the temporary duties on some certain comcuring the rights and liberties of the sub-modities: that the sum of three hundred ject. The Scottish commissioners, in order and ninety eight thousand and eighty five to comply in some measure with the popu- pounds ten shillings, should be granted to lar clamor of their nation, presented a pro- the Scots, as an equivalent for such parts posal, implying, that the succession to the of the customs and excise charged upon crown of Scotland should be established that kingdom, in consequence of the union, upon the same persons mentioned in the as would be applicable to the payment of act of king William's reign; that the sub- the debts of England, according to the projects of Scotland should for ever enjoy all portion which the customs and excise of the rights and privileges of the natives in Scotland bore to those of England: that, as England, and the dominions thereunto be- the revenues of Scotland might increase, a longing; and, that the subjects of England further equivalent should be allowed for should enjoy the like rights and privileges such proportion of the said increase, as in Scotland: that there should be a free should be applicable to the payment of the communication and intercourse of trade and debts of England; that the sum to be paid navigation between the two kingdoms, and at present, as well as the moneys arising plantations thereunto belonging; and that from the future equivalents, should be emall laws and statutes in either kingdom, ployed in reducing the coin of Scotland to contrary to the terms of this union, should the standard and value of the English coin; be repealed. The English commissioners in paying off the capital stock and interest declined entering into any considerations due to the proprietors of the African comupon these proposals, declaring themselves pany, which should be immediately disfully convinced that nothing but an entire solved; in discharging all the public debts union could settle a perfect and lasting of the kingdom of Scotland; in promoting friendship between the two kingdoms. The and encouraging manufactures and fishScots acquiesced in this reply, and both eries, under the direction of commissioners sides proceeded in the treaty, without any to be appointed by her majesty, and acother intervening dispute. They were countable to the parliament of Great Brittwice visited by the queen, who exhorted ain: that the laws concerning public right, them to accelerate the articles of a treaty policy, and civil government, should be the that would prove so advantageous to both same throughout the whole united kingkingdoms. At length they were finished, dom; but that no alteration should be made arranged, and mutually signed, on the in laws which concerned private right, ex

cept for evident utility of the subjects with- the like orders and degrees at the time of in Scotland; that the court of session and the union; and before all peers of Great all other courts of judicature in Scotland, Britain of the like orders and degrees who should remain as then constituted by the might be created after the union: that they laws of that kingdom, with the same au- should be tried as peers of Great Britain, thority and privileges as before the union; and enjoy all privileges of peers, as fully as subject, nevertheless, to such regulations enjoyed by the peers of England, except as should be made by the parliament of the right and privilege of sitting in the Great Britain: that all heritable offices, su- house of lords, and the privileges dependperiorities, heritable jurisdictions, offices ing thereon, and particularly the right of for life, and jurisdictions for life, should be sitting upon the trials of peers: that the reserved to the owners, as rights and prop-crown, sceptre, and sword of state, the erty, in the same manner as then enjoyed records of parliament, and all other records, by the laws of Scotland: that the rights and rolls, and registers whatsoever, should still privileges of the royal boroughs in Scotland remain as they were, within that part of should remain entire after the union: that the united kingdom called Scotland: that Scotland should be represented in the par- all laws and statutes in either kingdom, so liament of Great Britain by sixteen peers far as they might be consistent with the and forty-five commoners, to be elected in terms of these articles, should cease and be such a manner as should be settled by the declared void by the respective parliaments present parliament of Scotland: that all of the two kingdoms. Such is the subpeers of Scotland, and the successors to stance of that treaty of union which was so their honors and dignities, should, from and eagerly courted by the English ministry, after the union, be peers of Great Britain, and proved so unpalatable to the generality and should have rank and precedency next of the Scottish nation. and immediately after the English peers of

NOTES TO CHAPTER VIII.

1 Burnet's Hist. of Q. Anne.] Feuquieres. Lockhart. Burchet. Tindall. Lives of the Admirals. Voltaire. Hist. of Eu. rope. Hist. of the D. of Marlborough.

2 Burnet. Hist. of Europe. Tindall. Hist. of the D. of M. Lockhart. Burchet. Lives of the Admirals. Quincy. Feuquieres. Voltaire.

3 The duke of Marlborough find-
ing himself obliged to retreat,
sent a note with a trumpeter to
Villars, containing an apology
for decamping:-Do me the jus-
tice (said he) to believe that my
retreat is entirely owing to the
failure of the prince of Baden;
but that my esteem for you is
still greater than my resentment
of his conduct."

4 Burnet. Boyer. Lockhart. Quincy. Hist of Europe. Feuquie. res. Tindall. Hist. of the D. of Marlborough.

5 Among other bills passed du

ring this session, was an act for abridging and reforming some proceedings in the common law and in chancery.

6 Burchet Lives of the Admirals. Voltaire.

20*

CHAPTER IX.

Battle of Ramillies, in which the French are defeated-The Siege of Barcelona raised by the English Fleet-Prince Eugene obtains a complete Victory over the French at Turin-Sir Cloudesley Shovel sails with a reinforcement to Charles King of Spain-The King of Sweden marches into Saxony-The French King demands Conferences for a Peace-Meeting of the Scottish Parliament-Violent Opposition to the Union-The Scots in general averse to the Treaty, which is nevertheless confirmed in their Parliament-Proceedings in the English Parliament-The Commons approve of the Articles of the Union-The Lords pass a Bill for the Security of the Church of England—Arguments used against the articles of the Union, which, however, are confirmed by Act of Parliament-The Parliament revived by Proclamation-The Queen gives Audience to a Muscovite Ambassador-Proceedings in Convocation-France threatened with total RuinThe Allies are defeated at Almanza-Unsuccessful Attempt upon Toulon-Sir Cloudesley Shovel wrecked on the Rocks of Scilly-Weakness of the Emperor on the Upper Rhine-Interview between the King of Sweden and the Duke of Marlborough-Inactive Campaign in the Netherlands-Harley begins to form a Party against the Duke of Marlborough-The Nation discontented with the Whig Ministry-Meeting of the first British Parliament-Inquiry into the State of the War in Spain-Gregg, a Clerk in the Secretary's Office, detected in a Correspondence with the French Ministry-Harley resigns his EmploymentsThe Pretender embarks at Dunkirk for Scotland-His Design is defeated-State of the Nation at that Period-Parliament dissolved-The French surprise Ghent and Bruges-They are routed at Oudenarde-The Allies invest Lisle-They defeat a large Body of French Forces at Wynendale-The Elector of Bavaria attacks Brussels-Lisle surrendered—Ghent taken, and Bruges abandoned-Conquest of Minorca by General Stanhope-Rupture between the Pope and the Emperor-Death of Prince George of Denmark—The New Parliament assembled— Naturalization Bill-Act of Grace-Dispute about the Muscovite Ambassador compromised.

TLE OF RAMILLIES.

THE FRENCH DEFEATED AT THE BAT. | joined the confederates, ordered the elector of Bavaria and the mareschal de Villeroy WHILE this treaty was on the carpet at to attack them before the junction could home, the allied arms prospered surprisingly be effected. In pursuance of this order they in the Netherlands, in Spain, and in Pied- passed the Deule on the nineteenth day of mont. The French king had resolved to May, and posted themselves at Tirlemont, make very considerable efforts in these being superior in number to the allied army. countries; and, indeed, at the beginning of There they were joined by the horse of the the campaign his armies were very formi- army, commanded by mareschal Marsin, dable. He hoped that, by the reduction of and encamped between Tirlemont and JuTurin and Barcelona, the war would be ex- doigne. On Whitsunday, early in the tinguished in Italy and Catalonia. He morning, the duke of Marlborough advanced knew that he could out-number any body with his army in eight columns towards the of forces that prince Louis of Baden should village of Ramillies, being by this time assemble on the Rhine; and he resolved to joined by the Danes; and he learned that reinforce his army in Flanders, so as to be the enemy were in march to give him batin a condition to act offensively against the tle. Next day the French generals perceivduke of Marlborough. This nobleman re- ing the confederates so near them, took paired to Holland in the latter end of April; possession of a strong camp, the right exand conferred with the States-general. | tending to the tomb of Hautemont, on the Then he assembled the army between side of the Mehaigne; their left to AnderBorschloen and Groes-Waren, and found it kirk; and the village of Ramillies being amounted to seventy-four battalions of foot, near the centre. The confederate army and one hundred and twenty-three squad- was drawn up in order of battle, with the rons of horse and dragoons, well furnished right wing near Foltz on the brook of Yause, with artillery and pontoons. The court of and the left by the village of Franquenies, France having received intelligence that which the enemy had occupied. The duke the Danish and Prussian troops had not yet ordered lieutenant-general Schultz, with