North Carolina,

Absurd scheme of government abandoned.

Indian war.

7. Philip Ludwell now came as the representative of the proprietors, but the people had resolved not to submit to the absurd Fundamental Constitutions. After a brief and turbulent administration, Ludwell withdrew to Virginia, and in 1693, at the end of a contest with the people of more than twenty years, the scheme of Shaftesbury and Locke was abandoned by the proprietors. The good Quaker, Archdale, was sent in 1695, to administer a more simple and republican form of government for both the Carolinas. His administration was short, but very advantageous. From its close the progress of the two colonies should be considered as separate and distinct, although their political partition did not occur until 1729.'

NORTH CAROLINA.

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4

8. Under the guidance of the good Archdale, the people of North Carolina turned their attention to the development of the interior of the country, where the soil was more productive and the beaver and otter abounded. Immigration flowed in with an everincreasing stream; Quakers and Huguenots came; and in 1709 a hundred German families, driven from their homes on the Rhine by persecution, came to North Carolina, and, led by Count Graffenried, made settlements on the head waters of the Neuse river and on the Roanoke river.

9. In 1711 an Indian war broke out. The Tuscaroras were the leaders. They fell upon the German settlements with such fury, that during one night (October 2, 1711), one hundred and thirty of the immigrants perished. Along Pamlico and Albemarle sounds the savages swept, murdering the inhabitants and burning property. They ceased only when disabled by fatigue and drunk

enness.

10. The North Carolinians called upon their brethren of the Southern colony for help. Colonel Barnwell, with a party of white men

1. Verse 1, page 85.

3. Verse 7, page 45.

2. Verse 17, page 91.
4. Verse 7, page 17.

QUESTIONS.-7. Who succeeded Sothel? What can you tell about the form of government attempted to be imposed upon the people? What can you tell of Archdale and his administration, and the separation of the two colonies? 8. What was done in North Carolina, under Archdale's rule? What new immigrants came? 9. What great calamity did North Carolina suffer in 1711? Describe the Indian depredations?

End of the Indian War.

Troubles with the Spaniards.

and friendly savages from beyond the Savannah river, marched to their relief. The Indians were speedily subdued. A treaty with the Tuscaroras was made, but was soon violated by the white people, when the war was renewed by the savages. South Carolinians, with friendly Indians, again hastened (December, 1712) to the aid of their brethren. Eight hundred of the Tuscaroras were captured, and the remainder were driven from the country. They joined their kindred (the Five Nations) in New York.'

SOUTH CAROLINA.

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11. The Spaniards in Florida were troublesome neighbors, and in 1702 the authorities of South Carolina sent twelve hundred men (one-half Indians), by sea and land, to attack them at St. Augustine." They took and plundered the town, but having no cannon, they could not make an impression on the fortress, into which the Spaniards fled for refuge. The commander of the little South Carolina squadron went to the West Indies for battery cannon, and barely escaped capture by Spanish vessels. The enterprise was abandoned; and the colony was burdened with a debt of more than twenty-six thousand dollars.*

12. Another expedition, the following year, was more successful. It was against the Apalachian Indians in Georgia, who were in league with the Spaniards. Their villages were desolated. Eight hundred of their warriors were taken prisoners, and their beautiful land was made tributary to the English.

13. Tranquillity had just been established after the war with the Indians, when domestic trouble appeared. Some of the proprietors, failing to learn wisdom from the defeat of their efforts to

2. Verse 1, page 48.

3. Verse 9, page 18.

1. Note 1, page 66. 4. The province issued bills of credit, for the first time, to the amount of $40,000, to defray the expenses of the war. North Carolina adopted a similar measure on a like occasion.

QUESTIONS.-10. What did the North Carolinians do? Who aided them, and how? What caused another war? Tell how it was put down and ended. 11. What can you tell about the troubles of South Carolina with the Spaniards. Describe the war with them, and how it was ended. 12. What can you tell about an expedition against Indians in Georgia ?

Attempted invasion of South Carolina.

Spirit of the Carolinians.

A Revolution.

impose a distasteful form of government upon the colonists,' determined to make the Church of England' the established religion in South Carolina. A pliant Assembly, with the governor (Johnston), disfranchised the Dissenters; but this violation of chartered rights was disapproved by Parliament, and the act was repealed in November, 1706. The church had gained a foot-hold, and held its exalted position until the Revolution in 1775.

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14. In May, 1706, a squadron of French and Spanish vessels appeared before Charleston, to avenge the insult offered to the Spaniards at St. Augustine. Troops were landed, but were speedily repulsed by the people, with a loss of about three hundred men. This storm soon passed away, but a more formidable peril brooded over the colony a few years later, when all the Indians, from the Neuse region in North Carolina to Florida, seven thousand strong, confederated for the purpose of exterminating the white people in the Carolinas.

15. Craven, governor of South Carolina, was a man of great energy. He declared martial law, took possession of the arms and ammunition in the province, and at the head of twelve hundred men, white and black, he marched against the approaching-Indians. After several bloody encounters, he drove them across the Savannah river in dismay, and they did not halt in their rapid flight until they found refuge under Spanish cannon at St. Augustine.

16. An important step was now taken in the direction of the independence of South Carolina. The people had become heartily wearied of the exactions of the proprietors, who afforded them no benefits of any kind in return. Late in 1719 they met in convention, cast off their allegiance to the proprietary government, and proclaimed Colonel Moore (December 21, 1719) governor of the colony. The English Government sanctioned the action of the colonists, and South Carolina became a royal province.

1. Verse 2, page 86.

2. Note 1, page 35.

3. Verse 11, page 89.

QUESTIONS.-13. What new trouble appeared in South Carolina? What did the proprietors attempt to do? What was the result? 14. What can you tell about an attempted invasion of South Carolina by the Spaniards? What can you tell about an Indian confederacy? 15. What can you tell about a war with the Indians? 16. What did the people of South Carolina do toward gaining their independence? How did South Carolina become a royal province ?

A change in North Carolina.

Georgia colonists,

17. The people of North Carolina resolved upon a similar change at the same time. After a continual controversy for ten years (1719 to 1729), the proprietors sold all their interests in both provinces to the king. This was in 1729. North and South Carolina' were then separated, and from that time until the Revolution the general history of the CAROLINAS presents but few features of great interest, excepting the continual disputes between the people and the royal governors. These were important as demonstrating the growth of democratic principles.

SECTION X.

GEORGIA.

1. Oglethorpe's colony, on the Savannah river,' increased rapidly in numbers, but not in wealth. A large proportion of the settlers who arrived previous to 1740 were not accustomed to labor with their own hands, and as slavery was prohibited by the charter, tillage of the land was neglected. They were not allowed to own any land as private property, nor were they allowed to traffic with the Indians; therefore, incentives to effort beyond the providing for daily wants were lacking.

2. The colonists were early called upon to perform military duty, for the Spaniards, who claimed jurisdiction over all Georgia and South Carolina to the latitude of Port Royal,' showed a disposition to assert their claim by arms. The vigilant Oglethrope built fortifications as low as the present boundary of Florida and on St. Simon's island, which irritated his Spanish neighbors, and

1. The Clarendon county settlers (verse 2, page 46) had nearly all emigrated to the Southern colony, and there being only two colonies remaining, one was called NORTH CAROLINA, and the other SOUTH CAROLINA. 3. Verse 8, page 18.

2. Verse 3, page 48.

4. He went to England and returned in 1736 with one hundred and fifty Highlanders, well trained as soldiers. He built a fort on the site of Augusta, as a defense against the Indians, and he erected fortifications at Darien on Cumberland island, at Frederica on St. Simon's island, and on the north bank of the St. John river, the southern boundary of the English claim.

QUESTIONS.-17. What occurred in North Carolina? What can you tell about the separation of the two colonies? What marked the course of the Carolinas afterward?-1. What can you tell of Oglethorpe's colony in Georgia? What hindered prosperity? 2. How were the colonists called from peaceful pursuits, and why? What did the Spaniards claim? Tell what Oglethorpe did.

War between Georgians and Spaniards.

Change of labor system in Georgia,

they threatened him with war.' He did not wait for them to begin it, but with two thousand men besieged St. Augustine in the summer of 1740.2

3. Want of cannon and the approach of the sickly season caused Oglethorpe to withdraw and return to Savannah. In the summer of 1742 the Spaniards retaliated. They attacked Oglethorpe's strong places in Lower Georgia and on St. Simon's island; but many disasters compelled them to abandon the enterprise. They intended, in the event of their success against the fortifications, to subjugate or desolate all Georgia and the lower part of North Carolina. Oglethorpe's sagacity saved both colonies.

4. Oglethorpe left Georgia forever in 1743, when his mild military rule was succeeded by civil government, administered by a president and council. In 1752 it became a royal province, and remained such until the Revolution in 1775.

5. For the reasons already mentioned in verse 1, page 91, the Georgia colony did not flourish. With a change of government appeared new incentives to industry and thrift. The restraints concerning slavery were relaxed,' and Georgia became, through the instrumentality of a great wrong, a flourishing planting state.

1. We have now considered the principal events which occurred within the domain of our Republic from the time of first discoveries (1492) to the commencement of the French and Indian

1. They sent commissioners to protest against these hostile preparations, and to demand the evacuation of the whole of Georgia and of South Carolina to the latitude of Port Royal. 2. Oglethorpe had again visited England, and in the autumn of 1737 brought over six hundred troops. Four hundred of them, volunteers, and a large body of friendly Creek Indians, composed the army that invaded Florida.

3. The law was evaded. Slaves were brought from the Carolinas and hired out to the Georgia planters for one hundred years. This was a practical sale and purchase; and slaveships were soon seen at Savannah, which had sailed directly from Africa with negroes.

QUESTIONS.-3. Why did Oglethorpe abandon his expedition against St. Augustine? What did the Spaniards do? What did they intend to do? 4. What change in government took place in Georgia? 5. What benefits did Georgia derive from the cha: ge?