of the male line, on Margaret, empress of Germany, younger sister of Maria Theresa, or on Maria Theresa's issue by a second marriage; in no case to devolve on a French prince".

1667-1706. PEDRO II., brother of Alphonso, who was deposed for imbecility.

1667-8. Spanish War with France, on account of Louis claiming the Netherlands in right of his wife; ended by the Peace of Aix la Chapelle, and loss of Lille, Tournay, and other places in Flanders. 1668. Independence of Portugal acknowledged by Peace of Lisbon. 1673-8. Spanish war with France, for protection of Holland; ended by Peace of Nimeguen, and loss of Franche-comté, and many Belgian fortresses.

1684. Spain cedes Luxemburg to France.

1688-97. Spanish war with France, ended by Peace of Ryswick. 1697. Last meeting of the Cortes of Portugal.

1700. Death of Charles II. of Spain; under papal influence, he had nominated Philip of Anjou, second grandson of Louis XIV., his

successor.

1701-46. PHILIP V. is acknowledged in Spain, the Netherlands, and the colonies, but his right denied by the principal European powers. 1701-13. War of Spanish Succession, ended by Peace of Utrecht, by which Spain cedes Gibraltar and Minorca to England, and by the Peace of Rastadt, with the Emperor, in 1714, cedes Naples, Lombardy, and Sardinia.

1703. Methuen treaty of commerce between England and Portugal. 1705. Catherine, queen-dowager of England, regent of Portugal. 1706-50. JOHN V., son of Pedro, king of Portugal.

Germany.

1576-1612. RODOLPH, Emperor. "The imperial authority disregarded by the princes of the Empire, who wage war among themselves; the increasing discord between the Catholics and Protestants paves the way for the Thirty Years' War".

1608. Matthias wrests Hungary from his brother Rodolph, and in 1611, Bohemia. Protestant Union under Frederic, the Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James I. of England.

1609. An Edict called "Letters of Majesty", allowing the free exercise of the Protestant religion in Bohemia.

1610. The Catholic League, under the Duke of Bavaria, in opposition to the Protestant Union.

1612-19. MATTHIAS, brother of Rodolph.

1617. Matthias abdicates the throne of Bohemia: Ferdinand is crowned at Prague, and swears to the Letters of Majesty. 1618. Insurrection at Prague, on account of the demolition of a Protestant Church; Ferdinand deposed by the Diet, and the Elector Palatine declared king of Bohemia, 1619.

1618-48. The Thirty Years' War; divided into (1) Bohemian-Palatine period 1618-23; (2) Danish period 1625-29; (3) Swedish period 1630-35; (4) Swedish-French period 1634-1648. Ended by Peace of Westphalia.

1619-37. FERDINAND II., first cousin of Matthias.

1620. Victory of the White Mountain, near Prague, over the Bohemians; the Elector Palatine flees and is put to the ban, 1621. The Protestant religion suppressed, and 30,000 families banished. 1622. The Palatinate reduced by Tilly and Spinola, and the Electoral dignity transferred to Bavaria, 1623.

1626. Tilly defeats Christian IV. of Denmark, at Lutter.

1628. Wallenstein recovers all the shores of the Baltic, except Stralsund.

1629. Edict of Restitution reclaiming all church lands occupied by Protestants, since 1555.

1630. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden joins the Protestant confede racy and lands in Germany. Wallenstein dismissed and succeeded by Tilly.

1631. Sack of Madgeburg by Tilly; Gustavus victorious at Breitenfeld, takes Mayence.

1632. Defeat and death of Tilly at Lech; Gustavus takes Munich, Wallenstein again in command; Battle of Lutzen, victory and death of Gustavus.

1634. Murder of Wallenstein; Ferdinand of Hungary defeats the Swedes at Nordlingen.

1637-57. FERDINAND III., son of Ferdinand II.

1688. Bernhard defeats the Imperialists at Rheinfeld and takes Brisach.

1689. Banner, the Swedish general, gains the victories of Olnitz and Brandeiz.

1642. Torstensohn, the Swedish general, routs the Austrians at Leipsic. 1645. Negotiations for peace at Munster and Osnaburg. 1647. Swedes under Konigsmark take Prague.

1648. Wrangel defeats the Austrians and Bavarians at Zummerhausen. Peace of Westphalia signed at Munster. The system of the "balance of power" originating in Italy, may now be considered as fully established in European politics. By this celebrated treaty "The free exercise of all forms of Protestantism secured -the church lands fixed as in 1624, the Reservatum Ecclesiasti cum being ratified for the future. Alsace ceded to FrancePomerania, Wismar, &c. to Sweden, with rights as a state of the Empire. The Palatine made the eighth elector: Madgeburg, &c. ceded to Brandenburg. The Swiss and Dutch republics recog nised, and declared independent of the Empire-and the free right of trade, navigation, and colonisation, in the East and West Indies, secured to the Dutch by a separate treaty with Spain." 1653. Saxony at the head of the Protestant body, called Corpus Evangelicorum. The German

1657-1705. LEOPOLD I., son of Ferdinand III.

States increasing in civil and military power. 1663. The Diet permanent at Ratisbon till 1806. 1665. The Tyrol united to Austria.

1666. Leopold marries Maria Theresa of Spain, hence the subsequent claims of Austria on the Spanish Succession.

1670. Conspiracy in Hungary to throw off the Austrian yoke, on account of the persecution of the Protestants; is now treated as

a conquered province, and its fortifications garrisoned with Germans.

1673-8. War of Austria and France, in which the Empire joins 1674, ended by Peace of Nimeguen.

1673. Turenne overruns the Palatinate.

1680. Great part of Alsace seized, and Strasburg occupied in time of peace by a French army.

1683. The Empire joins in the Turkish War; 200,000 Turks invade Austria; siege of Vienna; Turks defeated by Charles of Lorraine and John Sobieski; ended by Peace of Carlowitz, 1699, by which the Turks cede Lower Hungary, Transylvania, Sclavonia, and Croatia beyond the Save.

1688-97. War with France. Devastation of the Palatinate; Worms and Spires burnt, and the tombs of the Emperors destroyed. 1692. A ninth Electorate (Hanover) conferred on the Duke of Brunswick-Lunenburg.

1697. Augustus, Elector of Saxony, elected king of Poland. 1701-14. War of the Spanish Succession, ended by Peace of Rastadt

and Baden, by which Austria obtains Belgium, Naples, Milan, and Sardinia. (The latter exchanged 1720, with Savoy, for Sicily.) 1705-11. JOSEPH I., son of Leopold.

1711. CHARLES VI., brother of Joseph. His accession changed the state of European politics, by calling to the Empire, the claimant of the Spanish throne.

1713. Pragmatic Sanction "vesting the undivided succession to the hereditary states of Austria in the daughters of Charles, according to seniority, in case of his dying without male issue".

A SELECTION OF QUESTIONS FROM PAPERS SET AT VARIOUS PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS.

1. Why did James surrender the "Cautionary Towns" to the Dutch? What were they, and for what reason had they been entrusted to the English?

2. What circumstances led to the overthrow of the monarchy under Charles I., and its subsequent restoration ?

3. Give an account of the circumstances which induced the Long Parliament to demand from Charles I. the command of the army.

4. What circumstances led to the wars with the Dutch in the time of Cromwell, and in the reign of Charles II.? Describe the chief events in the last of these wars?

5. What was the object of the Rye House Plot ? of the Meal Tub Plot? Can you suggest any justification for the readiness with which at first the populace listened to the falsehood of Titus Oates?

6. Explain the circumstances which led to the abdication of James II.

7. Give the more important provisions of the Act of Settlement of 1701, and mention any facts in the history of the previous twelve years that probably suggested some of its provisions.

8. Give some account of the foreign policy of William III.

9. What were the causes and results of the War of the Spanish Succession?

10. By what right did James I., reign in England? Could any objection have been urged to his title ?

11. What were the measures of Charles I. which were most offensive to the Commons? Give an account of the Petition of Right. 12. Give some account of the religious parties engaged in the troubles of the times of Charles I.

13. What were the chief acts of the Convention Parliament of 1660 ?

14. Give some account of the cause which led to the formation of a standing army in the United Kingdom, and of the reasons which have been alleged for and against such an institution.

15. Give an account of Argyle's invasion, defeat, and execution,

in 1685.

16. What were the leading provisions of the Toleration Act of William III., and by what subsequent measures the same principles were extended in operation.

17. Under what circumstances did Gibraltar come into the possession of the English ?

18. Give an account of the first settlement of America by England. 19. Sketch the career and character of Strafford.

20. Describe Cromwell's successive attempts to establish a settled
form of government and account for his failures.

21. What were the circumstances that led to the Triple Alliance?
What was the nature and effect of that Alliance?

22. By what methods did James II. attempt to subvert the Re-
formed Religion in England?

23. Describe the origin of the National Debt, and the establish-
ment of the Bank of England.

24. The War of the Spanish Succession. In what circumstances
did it originate-who were its leaders-what chief battles fought, and
how did it terminate ?

25. What differences would you notice in the power of crown
under Queen Elizabeth and under James I., and what reason could
you assign for such difference?

26. What part did the Scots take in the Great Rebellion?

27. Give full particulars of the impeachment of Buckingham by
Charles I.'s second parliament.

28. Give an account of the mode in which England was governed
internally from the execution of King Charles I. till the death of the
Protector.

29. Relate the proceedings of Monk after the death of the Protector.
30. Give an account of the Cabal ministry under Charles II.
31. What were the causes of the Revolution of 1688? How did
that Revolution affect the foreign policy of England?

32. By what Public Acts was the British Constitution established
or confirmed in the reigns of William and Mary, and Anne?

33. With what foreign princes was James I. connected? What
effects had those connections upon his policy?

34. Distinguish between the Petition of Right and the Bill of
Rights. Give an account of the first, with the causes which led to it.
35. What was the "Humble Petition and Advice"? Sketch the
arguments that may be supposed to have influenced the Protector in
regard to it.

36. Give some account of the transactions between Charles II.
and Louis XIV.

37. Give an account of Monmouth's Rebellion against James II.,
and the circumstances which attended its suppression.

38. Sum up briefly the constitutional principles that were practi-
cally established by the Revolution of 1688.

39. Under what circumstances and with what results was the
Union of the Crowns of England and Scotland effected?

40. Relate the "Piteous Life and Death" of Lady Arabella Stuart.
41. What great constitutional questions were brought under dis-
cussion in the reign of Charles I. ?

42. Sketch the events of the war with the Dutch, consequent upon
the "Navigation Laws". What were they? And how long did they
continue in force ?

43. Give an account of the material improvements in the condition
of the country which may be considered to begin in the reign of
Charles II.

44. Give a clear account of the resistance opposed by the Estab-
lished Church to James II.

45. Compare the Magna Charter, Petition of Right, Habeas Cor-
pus, and Bill of Rights, and show how they supplement one another.