AN INDIAN TRAGEDY.

Michigan, Nov. 7. THE following Indian tragedy is related by Mr James Fowle. It occurred in this vicinity, the parties being his neighbours. In the spring of 1837 Nogisqua, an Indian of the Potawatamy tribe, residing in this vicinity, having pawned his gun and a part of his clothes to a man named John N-, for intoxicating drink, the trader proposed to the Indian that, if he would sell him a certain cream-coloured pony belonging to his squaw, and a present from her father (Bawbish, a chief of the tribe), he would give him up his gun and clothing, and let him have more strong drink, from time to time, until the price agreed upon was paid. To this Nogisqua agreed, and privately gave up the pony, which was sent farther west. It appeared that his squaw, having some suspicion of what was going on, employed her younger brother to watch the result.

Upon the return of the Indian to his camp, partly intoxicated, his squaw, highly enraged, accused him of selling her pony. She became more and more enraged about his indifference of the affair, and at length declared she would kill him. He handed her his scalping knife, and drawing aside his hunting shirt, and making his bosom bare, coolly exclaimed, "Kina poo!" (kill away). She instantly plunged it to its handle in his breast, which caused his death in a few minutes. Her father, the Indian chief, being then absent some twenty or thirty miles east, a runner was dispatched to acquaint him of what had happened. Soon after, Mr Fowle says, he saw him pass by his house, with a sad countenance, towards the place of the murder. A heartrending duty now devolved on the old chief. His word was to acquit or condemn his agonized daughter, according to Indian usage from time immemorial. His daughter was the handsomest squaw of her tribe, and a darling child, and the wails of her relatives, together with his own sympathies, rolled upon the mind of the chief, in the figurative language of his countrymen, like the rushings of the mighty deep upon the lonely rock in the sweeping storm. He must be the judge. No other tribunal was within the Indian code of criminal justice. The performance of this duty required more than Roman firmness. The Great Spirit and the blood of his murdered son-in-law seemed to say, Bawbish, according to the customs of your forefathers for ages past, now decide justly." The chief, like agonized Joseph, when he made himself known to his brethren, could contain himself no longer. His integrity as an Indian chief prevailed. He rolled his troubled eye for the last time upon his darling daughter, then upon his

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kindred, and upon a portion of his tribe that stood before him, and then invoked the Great Spirit to grant firmness. storm of agony in the mind of the chief had passed away, and in deep sorrow he decided that his daughter ought to die by the hand of the nearest of kin to the murdered Indian, according to their custom for ages past. The person of the father, chief, and judge, then withdrew, with nothing but his integrity to console him. It was ordered that Jonese, a brother of Nogisqua, then south, near Fort Wayne, should execute the sentence. Accordingly a runner was sent for him, and he came without delay. After hearing what was deemed his duty, the cry of a brother's blood from the ground on which he stood strung every nerve, and gave tone to every muscle for revenge. There were white persons present at the execution, who relate it as follows:-The brother proceeded to the fatal Indian camp, and, after sharpening his scalping-knife to his liking, and performing several ceremonies customary with their tribe since their acquaintance with the Catholic missionaries, he took the victim by her long flowing hair, and led her to the front of the camp, and then made an incision on her forehead in the form of a cross, bared her bosom, and plunged the knife to the handle in her body. A shriek, a rush of blood, a few dying groans and convulsions, followed, and the fair form of the handsome squaw lay stiff in death. From the time of the murder until the execution the female relatives of the murderess never left her tent, the time being spent in lamentations over the young squaw. After the execution both bodies were buried together in the sand-bank, where they now lie side by side. The Indians and squaws became reconciled, and all seemed satisfied that no other atonement could have been satisfactory. Thus perished, says my informant, the best Indian and handsomest squaw of their tribe-the victims of the whisky seller, who is far more guilty than either of the others of a moral wrong. My informant also says that, from first to last, there was manifested no desire to escape or evade the fate of the unfortunate young squaw.

[Surely some law should be made to prevent the unrestricted sale of intoxicating liquors to those people who, for want of education, are ready at all times to poison themselves for the benefit of gain to the traffickers in this murderous drink. No doubt it is made intoxicating enough by baneful drugs. There is no excise officer to test its strength or to notice its impurities; and the unfortunate creatures who take it are lulled into the insensibility produced by opium and other narcotics.— ED.]

GEORGE IV's STATUE AND NEL

SON'S PILLAR.

CHANTREY'S equestrian statue of George the Fourth, originally intended to stand on the marble and in front of Buckingham House, has been erected in Trafalgar square. It is a noble object; there is grace and animation in every part. Though arrayed in that flowing drapery which taste has pronounced to be most appropriate to sculpture, it accords so well with the robes George was in the habit of wearing on state occasions, that every one who saw him, must instantly recal the elegant and commanding figure of that luxurious monarch.

It is not easy to declare what is doing, or what is intended to be done, with the piece of stone lately elevated on the column as the statue of Nelson. The singularly unsightly aspect it presented, viewed in several directions, startled every

one. After its exaltation it was concealed for several days, or only the cocked hat was allowed to be visible; but, by degrees, bolder grown, it was further exhibited. The effect was not exactly that of a blushing beauty slowly unveiled to admiring eyes, but rather that of an unfortunate object in the street whose sores are offensively exposed. It had been supposed that the precaution used was wisely adopted, lest the too sudden display of such a noble work of art "should dazzle with a luxury of light." It has, however, again been concealed; and now a huge square box appears on the summit of the column. It is not particularly ornamental; but unless something better can be presented than has yet been seen, it may as well be permanently fixed there.

GARDENING HINTS.

HOTHOUSES, CONSERVATORIES,

&c.

THE temperature of the stoves should not exceed 60° now by fire heat, and a fall of 10° may be allowed at night in very cold weather. Although all plants now at rest should be kept comparatively dry, they will require to be looked over daily, to see that they do not suffer for want of water, particularly those nearest the pipes and flues. Orchidaces may be potted, tied up to logs, or fitted into wire baskets at any time when little can be done in the open air, but they need not be watered or enticed to grow for a long time.

Conservatory.-Of all plant houses this requires the smallest quantity of air in winter. Plants thrive very well that do not receive air by ventilators for weeks together. To keep down dust--so injurious to plants-the paths should not be swept quite dry. Very little watering will do, and that should be nine or ten degrees

warmer than the temperature of the house, which should be about 45°.

Greenhouse -The temperature of this. house should not be raised much above 40° now; the watering ought to be finished early in the day, and the plants should be constantly looked over to keep them free from dead leaves, insects, or soddened mould.

Cold Pits.-Half-hardy plants may be kept in these without artificial heating, but at the outset, notwithstanding all care, some of them may be lost; deaths, however, will occur in the best plant houses.

Forced Flowers.-Where forced flowers are in great request two divisions are necessary-one for such hardy plants as do not succeed in a high temperature, the other with means for bottom-heat, for Gardenias and other stove plants. Almost all plants, however, in forcing, are benefited by a mild bottom-heat.

FLOWER-GARDEN AND SHRUBBERIES.

Out-door Department.

After the late frost and snow but little can be done except in alterations and trenching of ground for planting; but it will be advisable to keep the frozen or snow-saturated surface soil at the top, as, if thrown into the bottom of the trenches, it will remain cold for a long time. Keep the walks and grass neat and clean, to compensate a little for the want of flowers.

Reserve Garden.-Beds containing autumn-sown annuals should have a few branches of evergreens stuck into them to shade the plants from sunshine after frost, and to protect them from drying winds. Plants generally in the open air are tender this season.

Pits and Frames.-Secure the young stock of plants against frost, and give them all the air and light possible on fine days; keep them free from decayed leaves and moisture. Where Hydrangeas are required to turn into the beds in the flowergarden in April and May they must be Get dung put into the forcing-house. prepared, to form a propagating bed next

month.

PINERIES, VINERIES, &C.

Pinery. If the fruiting-pit is kept at 60° by night it will be sufficient, raising it 5° or 10° by day, according to the clearness of the atmosphere. Take every favourable opportunity of admitting air; water sparingly with a fine rose pot; it is scarcely safe to use a coarse rose at this season. Keep a moist atmosphere, but be careful that steam is never of so great a density as to settle on the leaves, and run into the hearts of the plants. Maintain a steady heat of 80° in the tan, or soil if the pines are planted out. The young stock should not have more heat than is sufficient to keep them from going to rest;

57° by night is quite high enough during this month. The bottom-heat for the young succession plants may be kept about 76°. Keep a less moist atmosphere during this month, and admit fresh air on all favourable occasions.

Vinery. Where the vines are showing keep a heat of 55° to 60° by night, and raise the heat in the morning 5 or 10 degrees. Admit fresh air during sunshine, which can be more safely done by opening each ventilator at the top of the house a little, than by one or two. Where the vines are now being started 45° to 50° will do for the first ten days or a fortnight, and if fermenting material can be conveniently used it will be beneficial to the vines. In whatever way the heat is applied be sure to keep a moist atmosphere. Cover the outside borders, if the roots extend into them, with litter and leaves, and of a sufficient thickness to cause a gentle heat to enter the border.

Peach-house.-If the buds are swelling, 50° by night may be maintained; sprinkle the trees frequently, and protect the roots from the effects of frost. It is an excellent plan to have a stock of peach trees in pots or tubs for the first early crop. If these are in bloom it will be well to assist the setting of the fruit by means of a camelhair pencil. Trees in bloom require a temperature of 57° by night and a rise of 5° of 10° by day with fire-heat, according to the state of the atmosphere.

Strawberries. -Bring some pots of the strongest plants into a pit or frame, where there is the means of supplying a gentle heat of 45° to 50°, giving plenty of air whenever the air is mild. Stir the surface of the soil in the pots, and top dress with some well-decayed manure and fragments of charcoal.

HARDY FRUIT AND KITCHEN GARDEN

All unoccupied ground ought to have been turned up by rough digging, trenching, or ridging, regulating these operations according to the character of the soil and the nature of preceding and contemplated future crops. Look to cauliflower plants under hand-lights, and those fit for use, as well as lettuces, endive, and radishes, in cold frames or turf pits, protecting those in the latter with straw, or reed covers neatly made, or with hurdles thatched with straw, or spruce-branches. Protect

by throwing any loose litter over artichokes, asparagus, seakale, and rhubarb; not that the three latter will be injured by frost, but they will come in much earlier if the ground is not cooled to a low temperature. If not already done, seize the earliest opportunity of mild weather to sow the first crop of peas and beans, choosing for the main crop established early varieties. Defend celery from frost; it will keep good for a considerable time if

taken up with balls, placed upright in rows in a shed, and clean dry straw put between the rows, so as the heads do not touch each other. Examine and defend all stored roots and fruits.

Prune, nail, and plant. It is always advisable to get forward with these operations even before Christmas. Protect young newly-planted trees by mulching. The wood of peach trees will not be over well ripened this season in unfavourable situations. All the young shoots of peaches and apricots should have been unnailed some time ago. The free exposure of them would render them better hardened. In addition to this, the stems might be bound round, not over closely, with hard-twisted straw bands, and a little long litter thrown over the border to the width of four or five feet. Move soil, turn composts, and wheel manure. Do not forget to give a little manure as mulching or top-dressing to your strawberry-beds.

LORD MAYOR'S NEW YEAR
STORIES.

In the year 1633, Frederick Duke of Holstein sent ambassadors to the Great Duke of Muscovy and the Shah or King of Persia. Their travels were continued till 1639. Attached to the embassy was John Albert de Mandelslo, and when the mission ended he obtained permission to visit other parts of Asia by himself. From English merchants in the East Indies he received great attentions, and on his return he found his way to London. Such a traveller was of course one of the lions of the day; and on the 2nd of January, in the year 1640, he received an invitation from the Lord Mayor of London, Sir Edmund Wright, to visit him, which he and some of his friends accepted. "His lordship," says Mandelslo,

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was excellent for discourse;" and having heard what dangers his guests had encountered, he undertook to show them that, great as they were, they were not equal to some with which he was acquainted. What he told shall be given in Mandelslo's words, who writes:

"He gave us the story of a Dutch seaman, who being condemned for a crime, his punishment was changed, and he was ordered to be left in St Helen's island, a place we have spoken of before. This unhappy person representing to himself the horror of that solitude much beyond what it really was, since it came not near that we shall have occasion to speak of anon, fell into a despair, that made him attempt the strangest action that ever was heard of.

"There had that day been interr'd in the same island an officer of the ship: this seaman took up the body out of the coffin,

and having made a kind of rudder of the upper board, ventured himself to sea in it. It hapned fortunately to him, to be so great a calm that the ship lay as it were immoveable, within a league and a half of the island; but his companions seeing so strange a kind of boat floating on the water, imagined they saw a spectre, and were not a little startled at the resolution of the man, who durst hazard himself upon that element, in three boards slightly nail'd together, which a small wave might have overturned, though he had no confidence to be received by those who had so lately sentenc'd him to death. Accordingly it was put to the question whether he should be received or not, and some would have the sentence put in execution; but at last they concluded in mitiorem, and he was taken aboard, and came afterwards to Holland, where he lived in the town of Horn, and related to many how miraculously God had delivered him.

"Whereto the Lord Major added, that it was a great mistake in the said seaman to take so desperate a resolution, upon pure thoughts of the solitude of that place, since the Spaniards leave their sick there from year to year, to recover themselves of the inconveniences of their long voyages, and that he could give them an example which condemned the fortunate temerity of that man, whom fear caused to do what the most resolute courage would never have attempted.

"In the year 1616, a Fleming named Pickman, well known in England and Holland for the art he had in getting out of the sea the great guns of that Spanish fleet which was forced upon the coasts of Ireland and Scotland in the year 1588, coming from Dronthem in Norway with a vessel loaden with boards, was overtaken by a calm, during which the current of the sea carried him upon a rock or little island, towards the extremities of Scotland, where he was in some danger to be cast away. To avoid a wreck, he commanded some of his men to go into the shallop, and tow off the ship. These having done so, would needs go up into a certain rock to look for eggs; but as soon as they were got up into it, they at some distance perceived a man, whence they imagined there were others lay lurking thereabouts, and that he had made his escape thither to avoid some pirates which might surprise their ship; so that they made all the haste they could to their shallop, and returned to their ship. But the calm continuing, and the current of the sea driving the vessel against that island, they were forc'd to get into the long boat and tow her off again. The man they had seen before was in the meantime come to the brink of the island, and made signs to them with his hands, intreating them to come nearer, and falling on his knees,

and joyning his hands together, begg'd relief from them. At first there was some difficulty made; but coming nearer the island, they saw something which was more like a ghost than a living person, a body stark naked, black and hairy, a meagre and deformed countenance, and hollow and distorted eyes, which raised such compassion in them, that they proffered to take him into the boat; but the rock being so steepy thereabouts that it was impossible to land, they went about the island, and came at last to a flat shore, where they took the man aboard. They found nothing at all in the island, nor grass, nor tree, nor ought whence a man could derive any subsistence, nor any shelter but the ruins of a boat, wherewith he had made a kind of hut, under which he might lye down and shelter himself from the rain and the injuries of the weather.

"The sun was set ere they got to the ship, and immediately there rose a wind, which forc'd them off from the island: whence they imagined that what they had brought with them was not a man, since he had not the figure of one; whereupon they would know of him who he was, and how he came to that uninhabitable place. He made answer, He was an Englishman, and that about a year before, being to pass in the ordinary passage-boat from England to Dublin in Ireland, they were taken by a French pirate, who being forced by the tempest which immediately rose to let go the passage-boat, left us to the mercy of the waves, which carried us between Ireland and Scotland into the main sea, expecting to be cast away every minute, as at last we were. For the bark being split against the rock where you took me in, I escap'd with one of my comrades into the island, in a more wretched condition than if being swallowed up by the sea, we had been delivered out of the extremities we were in for want of meat and drink.

"Of some of the boards of our boat we made the hut you saw, and we took some sea-mews, which we set a drying in the wind and sun, and so eat them raw. We found also, in the crevices of the rock upon the seaside, some eggs, and thus had we wherewithal to subsist, as much as served to keep us from starving, but what we thought most insupportable, was thirst, in regard the place affording no fresh water but what fell from the sky and was left in certain pits which time had made in the rock; we could not have of it at all seasons, by reason the rock being small, and lying low, the waves came over the island and fill'd the pits with salt water. We lived in that condition six weeks, comforting one another, and finding some ease in our common misfortune, till that being left alone, it began to grow insupportable to me; for one day awaking in the morning, and miss

ing my comrade, I fell into such a despair that I had some thoughts of casting myself down headlong, and so putting a final period to that affliction whereof I had endured but the one half, while I had a friend divided it with me. I know not what became of him, whether despair forc'd him to that extremity, or whether getting up in the night, not fully awake, he fell into the sea; but I am of opinion he fell in through carelessness as he looked for eggs in the crevices of the rock, which, as you saw, was very steepy on that side; inasmuch as having observed no distraction in him, I cannot imagine he should of a sudden fall into that despair, against which he had fortified himself by continual and earnest prayers. I lost, with my comrade, the knife wherewith we killed the seadogs and the mews, upon which we lived, so that not able to kill any more, I was reduced to this extremity, to get out of one of the boards of my hut a great nail, which I made a shift to sharpen upon the rock, that it served me for a knife. The same necessity put me upon another invention, which kept me the last winter, during which I endured the greatest misery imaginable; for finding the rock and my hut so covered with snow that it was impossible for me to get anything abroad, I put out a little stick at the crevice of my hut, and baiting it with a little sea-dog's fat, I by that means got some sea-mews, which I took with my hand from under the snow, and so I made a shift to keep myself from starving.

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"I lived in this condition and solitude above eleven months, and was resolved to end my days in it, when God sent you hither to deliver me out of the greatest misery that ever man was in.'

"The seaman having ended his discourse, the master of the ship treated him so well that within a few dayes he was quite another creature. He set him ashore at Derry in Ireland, and saw him afterward at Dublin, where such as had heard what hapned to him gave him wherewithal to return into England.

"Thus the Lord Major made us acknowledge that in all we had suffered there was nothing extraordinary, and that long voyages are never without great dangers and inconveniences. He urged it to us, that as ships are now built, and considering the knowledge men have of the course taken for the Indies, there is no more danger in those long voyages than in such as are made in the sight of land, which seamen fear most.'"

THE MOTHER AND CHILD. See how she sits, like a sweet angel, watching Her babe, attentive to the slightest start, And ev'ry gentle undulation catching, Which thrills with rapture her maternal heart.

Oh! how she pictures future years with joy, When proving worthy of her highest pride, He rises from the noble-minded boy

To stem with manliness life's swelling tide. Ah! sanguine mother, may no fatal blast Wreck ev'ry fondly-cherish'd hope thou But may he be e'en more than thou dost paint, hast, Honouring thy life, and cheering its decline With tenderness and love, while thoughts divine

Present the embryo of a glorious saint. L.M. S.

Miscellaneous.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.-THE PHASMIDE.-An extract was read of a letter from Mr Fortnum, Adelaide, of in South Australia, to the Rev. F. W. Hope. He had obtained a Phasma, with one of its legs broken off, and he had fed it on the leaves of the gum-tree, and on shedding its skin, in the place of the leg which was broken off, a new one, but very small and imperfect, had made its appearance. At the second time of shedding the skin the leg was much larger, till at last, after four sheddings, it assumed a natural size. A remarkable fact in the habits of Phasmidæ is, that the moment they are out of their old skin they commence eating it. Mr Fortnum had captured at Adelaide three species of Mantispa, and also of Ascalaphus.

LATE HOURS OF BUSINESS.-To keep some thousands of young men in attendance every night when there is no business to be done, consuming gas-lights and fire, is obviously inflicting an irksome duty to worse than no purpose. The linendrapers continue their efforts to abate the injurious practice. Mr Owen and other employers, supported by many distinguished names, have generously come forward in the cause. We say generously-we might add wisely; as the health of the young men cannot be improved by such waste of time, and to remain unemployed is never beneficial to morals; for, according to Dr Watts,

"Satan always finds some work

For idle hands to do."

BROWNING OF GUN BARRELS.—Make a strong solution of sal ammoniac in water, and wash the barrels over with it. If to be one colour, when it is browned all over oil it, and rub it afterwards with a leather; if it is to imitate a twisted barrel, pass a feather round it that has been dipped in oil, when the barrel is half browned; and those parts which the oil touches will not brown any more, and that which escapes will go deeper. Oil the whole when complete.

CORRESPONDENCE OF SIR FRANCIS DRAKE.—Mr Barrow complains that he has been denied access to letters supposed to exist in the Burleigh family. He says: "As Sir Francis Drake was much in com