Place barrels of pitch upon the fatal stake, Puc. Will nothing turn your unrelenting hearts? York. Now heaven forefend! the holy maid with child! War. The greatest miracle that e'er ye wrought; York. Alençon! that notorious Machiavel!' Puc. O, give me leave, I have deluded you; "Twas neither Charles, nor yet the duke I nam'd, But Reignier, king of Naples, that prevail'd. War. A married man! that's most intolerable. There were so many, whom she may accuse. is in vain. Puc. Then lead me hence; with whom I leave May never glorious sun reflex his beams Thou foul accursed minister of hell! Enter CARDINAL BEAUFORT, attended. York. Is all our travail turn'd to this effect? Char. Since, lords of England, it is thus agreed, The hollow 1 The character of Machiavel seems to have made BO very deep an impression on the dramatic writers of this age, that he is many times introduced without regard to anachronism. 2 Compassion, pity. Win. Charles, and the rest, it is enacted thus、 Alen. Must he be then as shadow of himself? Char. "Tis known, already, that I am possess'd York. Insulting Charles! hast thou by secre: means Used intercession to obtain a league; Alen. To say the truth, it is your policy, And therefore take this compact of a truce, War. How say'st thou, Charles? shall our con dition stand? Char. It shall: Only reserv'd, you claim no interest York. Then swear allegiance to his majesty; [CHARLES, and the rest, give tokens of fealty. K. Hen. Your wondrous rare description, noble Of beauteous Margaret hath astonish'd me: Suff. Tush! my good lord' this superficial tale ful. It is an epithet frequently bestowed on poisonous 4 Coronet is here used for crown. 5 Be content to live as the beneficiary of our king⚫ 8 Baleful had anciently the same meaning as bane- Benefit is here a term of law. So full replete with choice of all delights, K. Hen. And otherwise will Henry ne'er pre sume. Therefore, my lord protector, give consent, How shall we then dispense with that contrast, Suff. As doth a ruler with unlawful oaths; Glo. Why, what, I pray, is Margaret more than Her father is no better than an earl, Suff. Yes, my good lord, her father is a king, Glo. And so the earl of Armagnac may do, Exe. Beside, his wealth doth warrant liberal While Reignier sooner will receive than give. That he should be so abject, base, and poor, And not to seek a queen to make him rich: And therefore, lords, since he affects her most, report, My noble lord of Suffolk; or for that My tender youth was never yet attaint As did the youthful Paris once to Greece; [Exit. OF this play there is no copy earlier than that of the tant in two editions in quarto. That the second and folio in 1623, though the two succeeding parts are ex third parts were published without the first, may be admitted as no weak proof that the copies were surreptitiously obtained, and that the printers of that time gave the public those plays, not such as the author designed, but such as they could get them. That this play was written before the two others is indubitably collected from the series of events; that it was written and played before Henry the Fifth is apparent, because in the epilogue there is mention made of this play, and not of the other parts:— 'Henry the Sixth in swaddling bands crown'd king; That they lost France, and made his England bleed: France is lost in this play. The two following contain, The Second and Third Parts of Henry VI. were printed in 1600. When Henry V. was written, we know not, but it was printed likewise in 1600, and therefore before the publication of the first and second parts. The First Part of Henry VI. had been often shown on the stage, and would certainly have appeared in its place, had the anthor been the publisher. JOHNSON. THAT the second and third parts, as they are now 3 To censure is here simply to judge. If in judging SECOND PART OF KING HENRY THE SIXTH. RELIMINARY REMARKS. THIS and the Third Part of King Henry VI. contain | wrote new beginnings to the Acts; he new versified, he that troublesone period of this prince's reign, which new modelled, he transposed many of the parts; and took in the whole contention between the houses of York greatly amplified and improved the whole. Several and Lancaster: and under that title were these two lines, however, and whole speeches, which he thought plays first acted and published. The present play sufficiently polished, he accepted, and introduced, withopens with King Henry's marriage, which was in the out any, or very slight, alterations. twenty-third year of his reign [A. D. 1445], and closes with the first battle fought at St. Albans, and won by the York faction, in the thirty-third year of his reign [A. D. 1455]: so that it comprises the history and transactions of ten years. Malone adopted the following expedient to mark these alterations and adoptions, which has been followed in the present edition:-All those lines which the poet adopted without any alteration, are printed in the usual manner; those speeches which he altered or expanded The Contention of the Two Famous Houses of York are distinguished by inverted commas; and to all lines and Lancaster was published in quarto; the first part in entirely composed by himself asterisks are prefixed. 1594; the second, or True Tragedy of Richard Duke of The internal evidences upon which Malone relies to York, in 1595; and both were reprinted in 1600. In a establish his position are, 1. The variations between the dissertation annexed to these plays, Mr. Malone has old plays in quarto, and the corresponding pieces in the endeavoured to establish the fact that these two dramas folio edition of Shakspeare's dramatic works, which were not originally written by Shakspeare, but by some are of so peculiar a nature as to mark two distinct preceding author or authors before the year 1590; and hands. Some circumstances are mentioned in the old that upon them Shakspeare formed this and the follow-quarto plays, of which there is not the least trace in the ing drama, altering, retrenching, or amplifying as he folio; and many minute variations occur that prove the thought proper. I will endeavour to give a brief ab- pieces in the quarto to have been original and distinct stract of the principal arguments. 1. The entry on the compositions. No copyist or shorthand writer would Stationers' books, in 1594, does not mention the name invent circumstances totally different from those which of Shakspeare; nor are the plays printed with his name appear in Shakspeare's new-modelled draughts, as exin the early editions; but, after the poet's death, an edi-hibited in the first folio; or insert whole speeches, of tion was printed by one Pavier without date, but really, which scarcely a trace is found in that edition. In some in 1619, with the name of Shakspeare on the title-page. places a speech in one of these quartos consists of tenThis he has shown to be a common fraudulent prac- or twelve lines: in Shakspeare's folio the same speech tice of the booksellers of that period. When Pavier re- consists perhaps of only half the number. A copyist by published The Contention of the Two Houses, &c. in the ear, or an unskilful shorthand writer, might mutilate 1619, he omitted the words as it was acted by the earl and exhibit a poet's thoughts or expressions imperfectly; of Pembrooke his servantes,' which appeared on the but he would not dilate and amplify them, or introduce original title-page,-just as on the republication of the totally new matter. old play of King John, in two parts, in 1611, the words Malone then exhibits a sufficient number of instances 'as it was acted in the honourable city of London,' were to prove, beyond the possibility of doubt, his position: omitted; because the omitted words in both cases mark- so that (as he observes) we are compelled to admit, ed the respective pieces not to be the production of either that Shakspeare wrote two sets of plays on the Shakspeare. And, as in King John, the letters W. Sh. story which forms his Second and Third Parts of King were added, ir 1611, to deceive the purchaser; so in Henry VI., hasty sketches, and entirely distinct and the republication of The whole Contention, &c. Pavier, more finished performances; or else we must acknowhaving dismissed the words above-mentioned, inserted ledge that he formed his pieces on a foundation laid by these: Newly corrected and enlarged by William another writer or writers; that is upon the two parts of Shakspere: knowing that these pieces had been made The Contention of the Two Houses of York, &c. It is the groundwork of two other plays: that they had in a striking circumstance that almost all the passages in fact been corrected and enlarged, (though not in his co- the Second and Third Parts of King Henry VI, which py, which was a mere reprint from the edition of 1600,) resemble others in Shakspeare's undisputed plays, are and exhibited under the titles of the Second and Third not found in the original pieces in quarto, but in his riParts of King Henry VI.; and hoping that this new edi- faccimento in folio. As these resemblances to his other tion of the original plays would pass for those altered plays, and a peculiar Shakspearian phraseology, ascerand augmented by Shakspeare, which were then un-tain a considerable portion of these disputed dramas to published. be the production of that poet; so, on the other hand, other passages, discordant, in matters of fact, from his other plays, are proved by this discordancy not to have been composed by him: and these discordant passages, being found in the original quarto plays, prove that those pieces were composed by another writer. A passage from Greene's Groatsworth of Wit, adduced by Mr. Tyrwhitt, first suggested and strongly supports Malone's hypothesis. The writer, Robert Greene, is supposed to address himself to his poetical friend, George Peele, in these words:- Yes, trust them not [alluding to the players], for there is an upstart crowe beautified with our feathers, that with his tygre's heart wrapped in a player's hide, supposes hee is well able to bombaste out a blank verse as the best of you; and, being an absolute Joannes factotum, is, in his own conceit, the only Shakescene in a country. 'O tyger's heart wrapped in a woman's hide!' is a line in the old quarto play entitled The First Part of the Contention, &c. There seems to be no doubt that the allusion is to Shakspeare, that the old plays may have been the production of Greene, Peele, and Marlowe, or some of them; and that Greene could not conceal his mortification, at the fame of himself and his associates, old and established playwrights, being eclipsed by a new upstart writer, (for so he calls the poet,) who had then perhaps first attracted the notice of the public by exhibiting two plays formed upon old dramas written by them, considerably enlarged and improved. term that Greene uses, to bombaste out a blank verse,' exactly corresponds with what has been now suggested. This new poet, says he, knows as well as any man how to amplify and swell out a blank verse. The very Shakspeare did for the old plays, what Berni had before done to the Orlando Innamorato of Boiardo. He It is observable that several portions of English his. tory had been dramatised before the time of Shakspeare. Thus we have King John, in two parts, by an anony mous writer; Edward I. by George Peele; Edward II. by Christopher Marlowe; Edward III. anonymous; Henry IV. containing the deposition of Richard II. and the accession of Henry to the crown, anonymous; Henry V. and Richard III. both by anonymous authors. It is therefore highly probable that the whole of the story of Henry VI. had been brought on the scene, and that the first of the plays here printed, formerly called The Historical Play of King Henry VI. and now named The First Part of King Henry VI. as well as the Two Parts of the Contention of the Houses of York and Lancaster, were the compositions of some of the authors who had produced the historical dramas above enume. rated. Mr. Boswell, speaking of the originals of the second and third of these plays, says, "That Marlowe may have had some share in these compositions, I am not disposed to deny; but I cannot persuade myself that they entirely proceeded from his pen. Some passages are possessed of so much merit, that they can scarcely be ascribed to any one except the most distinguished of Shakspeare's predecessors; but the tameness of the ge-produced previous to 1592, but were not printed until neral style is very different from the peculiar characte- they appeared in the folio of 1623. ristics of that poet's mighty line, which are great energy To Johnson's high panegyric of that impressive scene both of thought and language, degenerating too fre- in this play, the death of Cardinal Beaufort, we may quently into tumour and extravagance. The versifica- add that Schlegel says, 'It is sublime beyond all praise. tion appears to me to be of a different colour.-That Can any other poet be named who has drawn aside the Marlowe, Peele, and Greene, may all of them have had curtain of eternity at the close of this life in such an a share in these dramas, is consonant to the frequent overpowering and awful manner? And yet it is not practice of the age; of which ample proofs may be mere horror with which we are filled, but solemn emofound in the extracts from Henslowe's MS. printed by tion; we have an exemplification of a blessing and a Mr. Malone." curse in close proximity; the pious king is an image of From the passage alluding to these plays, in Greene's the heavenly mercy, which, even in his last moments, Groatsworth of Wit, it seems probable that they were labours to enter into the soul of the sinner.' KING HENRY THE SIXTH. PERSONS REPRESENTED I have perform'd my task, and was espous'd; To your most gracious hands, that are the substance? garet; A Herald. VAUX. HUME and SOUTHWELL, two Priests. GEORGE, JOHN, DICK, SMITH the Weaver, Mi- MARGERY JOURDAIN, a Witch. Wife to Simpcox. SCENE, dispersedly in various parts of England. Lend me a heart replete with thankfulness! Q. Mar. Great king of England, and my gra cious lord; The mutual conference that my mind hath had3— K. Hen. Her sight did ravish: but her grace in Her words y-clad with wisdom's majesty, [Flourish. Q. Mar. We thank you all. Glo. [Reads.] Imprimis, It is agreed between the I can express no kinder sign of love, 1 'The marquesse of Suffolk, as procurator to King Henry, espoused the said ladie in the church of St. Martins. At the which marriage were present, the father and mother of the bride; the French king himself, that was uncle to the husband; and the French queen also, that was aunt to the wife. There were also the Dukes of Orleance, of Calabre, of Alanson, and of Britaine; seven earles, twelve barons, twenty bishops.'-Hall and Holinshed. 2 i. e. to the gracious hands of you, my sovereign, who are, &c. In the old play the line stands : 'Unto your gracious excellence, that are.' 3 I am the bolder to address you, having already familiarized you to my imagination. 4 i. e. most beloved of all: from alder, of all; formerly used in composition with adjectives of the super. lative degree and liefest, dearest, or most loved. 5 This weeping joy, of which there is no trace in the original play, Shakspeare frequently uses. It is introduced in Much Ado about Nothing, King Richard IL Macbeth, and King Lear. K. Hen. Uncle, how now? Glo. Pardon me, gracious lord; Some sudden qualm hath struck me at the heart, And dimm'd mine eyes, that I can read no further. K. Hen. Uncle of Winchester, I pray, read on. Win. Item,It is further agreed between them, that the duches of Anjou and Maine shall be released and delivered over to the king her father; and she sent over of the king of England's own proper cost and charges, without having dowry. * York. For Suffolk's duke-may he be suffocate, That dims the honour of this warlike isle! * France should have torn and rent my very heart, * Before I would have yielded to this league. 'I never read but England's kings have had Large sums of gold, and dowries, with their wives: And our King Henry gives away his own, To match with her that brings no vantages. *Glo. A proper jest, and never heard before *That Suffolk should demand a whole fifteenth, K. Hen. They please us well.-Lord marquess,For costs and charges in transporting her! kneel down; We here create thee the first duke of Suffolk, Cousin of York, we here discharge your grace Somerset, Salisbury, and Warwick; We thank you all for this great favour done, [Exeunt King, Queen, and SUFFOLK. In winter's cold, and summer's parching heat, To conquer France, his true inheritance? And did my brother Bedford toil his wits, To keep by policy what Henry got? Have you yourselves, Somerset, Buckingham, Brave York, Salisbury, and victorious Warwick, Receiv'd deep scars in France and Normandy? 'Or hath my uncle Beaufort, and myself, With all the learned council of the realm, Studied so long, sat in the council-house, Early and late, debating to and fro "How France and Frenchmen might be kept in awe? And hath his highness in his infancy Been crown'd in Paris, in despite of foes? And shall these labours, and these honours, die? 'Shall Henry's conquest, Bedford's vigilance, Your deeds of war, and all our counsel, die? O peers of England, shameful is this league! Fatal this marriage, cancelling your fame: Blotting your names from books of memory: Razing the characters of your renown: Defacing monuments of conquer'd France; Undoing all, as all had never been! *Car. Nephew, what means this passionate discourse? This peroration with such circumstance?1 *For France, 'tis ours; and we will keep it still. *Glo. Ay, uncle, we will keep it, if we can; But now it is impossible we should: Suffolk, the new-made duke that rules the roast, Hath given the duchies of Anjou and Maine *Unto the poor king Reignier, whose large style *Agrees not with the leanness of his purse.2 *Sal. Now, by the death of him that died for all, *These counties were the keys of Normandy: But wherefore weeps Warwick, my valiant son? War. For grief, that they are past recovery: For, were there hope to conquer them again, 6 My sword should shed hot blood, mine eyes no tears. 'Anjou and Maine! myself did win them both; Those provinces these arms of mine did conquer: And are the cities, that I got with wounds, Deliver'd up again with peaceful words ?3 • Mort Dieu! 1 This speech crowded with so many circumstances of aggravation. 2 King Reignier, her father, for all his long style, had too short a purse to send his daughter honourably to the king her spouse.-Holinshed. 3 The indignation of Warwick is natural, but might have been better expressed: there is a kind of jingle *She should have staid in France, and starv'd in France, *Before *Car. My lord of Gloster, now you grow too hot; *It was the pleasure of my lord the king. *Glo. My lord of Winchester, I know your mind⚫ "Tis not my speeches that you do mislike, But 'tis my presence that doth trouble you. Rancour will out: Proud prelate, in thy face 'I see thy fury: if I longer stay, I We shall begin our ancient bickerings. Lordings, farewell; and say, when I am gone, prophesied-France will be lost ere long. [Exit. Car. So, there goes our protector in a rage. 'Tis known to you he is mine enemy: *Nay, more, an enemy unto you all; *And no great friend, I fear me, to the king; * Consider, lords, he is the next of blood, *And heir apparent to the English crown; *Had Henry got an empire by his marriage, *And all the wealthy kingdoms of the west, *There's reason he should be displeas'd at it. *Look to it, lords; let not his smoothing word *Bewitch your hearts; be wise, and circumspect. What though the common people favour him, Calling him-Humphrey the good duke of Gloster; Clapping their hands, and crying with loud voice'Jesu maintain your royal excellence! "With-God preserve the good duke Humphrey ! *He being of age to govern of himself, And all together-with the duke of Suffolk, 'We'll quickly hoise Duke Humphrey from his seat. *Car. This weighty business will not brook delay; *I'll to the duke of Suffolk presently. [Exit. Som. Cousin of Buckingham, though Hum- And greatness of his place be grief to us, Than all the princes in the land beside; [Exeunt BUCKINGHAM and SOMERSET. Sal. Pride went before, ambition follows him. While these do labour for their own preferment, 'Behooves it us to labour for the realm. 'I never saw but Humphrey duke of Gloster Did bear him like a noble gentleman. Oft have I seen the haughty cardinalMore like a soldier, than a man o' the church, As stout, and proud, as he were lord of all,'Swear like a ruffian, and demean himself Unlike the ruler of a common-weal.Warwick, my son, the confort of my age! Thy deeds, thy plainness, and thy house-keeping, Hath won the greatest favour of the commons, Excepting none but good duke Humphrey.. And, brother York,4 thy acts in Ireland, intended in wounds and words. In the old play the jn gle is different. And must that then which we won with our swords, be given away with words?' 4 Richard Plantagenet, duke of York, married Cicely, the daughter of Ralf Neville, earl of Westmoreland, by Joan, daughter to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by his third wife, dame Catharine Swinford. Richard Ne ville, earl of Salisbury, was son to the earl of Westmore. |