§17 Character of historical poetry and romance

18 Mythical narrative; its characteristics

19 Accounts of a mythico-historical period; rules of evidence ap-

plicable to them

P. 247

251

255

293

295

298

20 A historian must select the facts which he narrates; rules for

guiding his choice

21 Distinction as to the selection of facts between a historian and

a purveyor to history

22 Enlargement of the sphere of history in modern times

23 Reason for the introduction of descriptions of social states into

history

301

24 National and universal history distinguished; history of man-

kind; history of civilization; philosophy of history defined 302

25 Difference between politics and physics, with respect to the

registration of observed facts.

26 Political history is a scientific art, which must be separated

from observation on the one hand, and from speculation

on the other

Notes.

308

312

317

CHAPTER VIII.

On Causation in Politics.

§ I General principles of causation as applicable to politics

Distinction between cause and conditions; positive and nega-

4 Elliptical language respecting causation

5 The different cases of the problem of political causation dis-

324

325

327

329

330

CHAPTER IX.

Upon the Determination of Positive Causes in Politics.

§ Difference between the problem of causation in politics and

Mode of solving the positive or historical problem in politics,

exemplified.

333

3 Methods of determining political causation partly inductive,

and partly deductive.

341

circumstantial evidence.

§ 4 Method of agreement as applied to politics

p. 342

5 The existence of a habit or custom is proved by the method of

agreement

6 Method of difference, as applied to politics

7 In reasoning upon special cases of causation, the general

adequacy of the assigned cause must be known

8 Immediate and remote causes distinguished.

9 Methods of agreement and difference compared

10 Method of residues, as applied to politics.

II

12

Method of concomitant variations, as applied to politics.
The exclusion of concurrent causes is necessary to the validity
of the method of difference

13 Use of this method illustrated by the mode of reasoning on

.

345

347

348

351

353

356

357

358

365

14 And by the mode of reasoning from signs or marks; nature of

fraud.

370

15 Difficulty of determining causation arising from the plurality
of possible causes.

16 And from the mutuality of cause and effect

17 Proportionate number of cases which serve as representatives

of a class.

18 Causation cannot be inferred from mere coincidence, without

19 Process of correction by negative instances, illustrated
20 Method of continuous comparison

21 Political causation can often be determined from the informa-
tion of the agent himself

22

Connexion between causation and moral responsibility

23 All narration implies connexion of cause and effect

24 Proneness to assume false causes in politics

384

389

391

391

393

396

2 Similar desire with respect to political causes, of a historical

character.

399

3 Frequency of the assumption of false causes for historical facts.

On the Determination of the Positive Effects of a

Political Cause.

I Methods by which the positive effects of a political cause are

determined.

2 Hypothetical isolation of effects

3 Problem as to probable effects of a hypothetical past cause, in

history.

4 Similar problem in practical politics.

5 Problems respecting the effects of a law, compared with its

intent. .

438

442

ib.

451

452

8 Secondary intended effects of a law.

465

9 Effects of a law contemplated but not desired

468

10 Unforeseen effects of a law. Rules of judicial interpretation

6 Meaning of the intent of a law. Modes of ascertaining it

7 Primary intended effects of a law.

with respect to a casus omissus. Ex post facto legislation. 469

ERRATA.

Page 41, notes, line 4, for lives read lines.

46, notes, line 15, for physiociates read physiocrates.

178, notes, line 12, for his acceptation read this acceptation.

191, for the rules of the modern French law respecting hearsay evidence, see Bonnier, Traité des Preuves en Droit Civil et en Droit Criminel, (Paris, 1852,) p. 208.

211, line 20, for 1688 read 1588.

259, notes, line 1, for 371 read 471.

377, line 17, for James the First read James the Second.

443, notes, line 2, for note 2, read note Q.