Chalais, count of, 136.

Chalons, the battle of, between the Franks and
Huns, in which the latter are defeated, 29.
Chalotais, M. de la, 233
Chamillard, 163, 166, 174.
Champagne, Philip of, 188.
Champlain, Samuel de, 221, 222.

Chandernugger, French colony, 219; restored
to the French, 223.

Charlemagne, sole king of the Gallo-Franco-
Germanic monarchy, A.D. 771, 31; sum-
mary of the wars of, 33; invades Lombardy,
34; enters Rome, A.D. 800, 45; invades
Spain, 34; death of, on Jan. 28, 814, 35.
Charles III. of Austria, 165.

of Blois, 63.

the Bald, son of Louis the Debon-

the Dauphin re-enters Paris, 62.
the Fat, 36, 37.

son of Pepin the Short, 33.
the Rash. See Burgundy.
the Simple, A.D. 898, 36.

II. of Spain and the claimants to his
kingdom, 163.

III. of Spain and Louis XV., treaty
between, 1761, 231.

IV., called the Handsome, 58.
V. of France, 62; the Fifth's brothers
and sisters, 63; death of, 1380, 64; character
of, 170, 64.

V., emperor of Germany, and Francis
I., 92; and the commencement of the war
with France, 92; and Charles II. of Bourbon,
92; and his prisoner Francis I., 95; demands
the duchy of Burgundy of Francis I., 96; and
the Holy League, 98; and the treaty of Cam-
brai, 97; enters Provence with fifty thousand
men in 1536, 97; and Francis I., treaty and
meeting between, 1538,97; and Henry VIII. of
England, treaty between, 1543, 97; and Francis
I., renewal of war between, 1542-1544, 97;
invades France, and forces terms on Francis
I., 97; and the Protestant princes of Germany,
97; at the siege of Metz, 103; captures
Thérouanne, 103; abdication of, 103; and
the capture of Saint Quentin, 104.

CINQ-MARS.

of France invades Flanders; enters Paris; and
the Princess Isabel of Bavaria, 64; and the
civil war between the Armagnacs and Bur-
gundians, 66; and Odette, 65; by the treaty
of Troyes, leaves the crown of France to Hen-
ry V. of England; death of, 67.

Charles VII., 67; and Joan of Arc, 68; coro-
nation of, at Reims, 69; remorse for the
death of Joan of Arc, 71; renders tardy hom-
age to the memory and fame of Joan of Arc,
71; and Jacques Coeur, character of, 72;
troubles with his son, 71; death of, 73.

Emperor, 169; death of, 208.

VIII., 78; and the States-General of
1484, 80; and duke Louis of Orleans, 81;
marriage of, which Anne of Brittany, 81;
prepares to win back the kingdom of Naples,
81; enters Italy, 81; and Pope Alexander VI.,
81; enters Rome 1495, and Naples, 81; league
of the Italian princes against, 81; starts to
return to France; wins the battle of Fornovo
and returns to France, 82; government of,
death of, 83.

IX. and the religious wars, 1560-
1574, accession of, 109; and the St. Barthol-
omew, 114; and the battle of Dreux, 10;
and the Huguenots, 112; and the marriage
of Marguerite de Valois and the prince of
Navarre, 113; and Coligny, 113; the Guises
and Coligny, 114; and the murder of Coligny,
114; and Michel de l'Hospital, 115; and the
fourth religious war, 115; and the peace of
La Rochelle, 116; death of, 1574, 116.
Charolais, Count Charles of, and Louis XI.,
74.

Chastel, John, attempts to murder Henry IV.,
128.

Châtelet, Madame du, and Voltaire, 211.
Chatham, Lord (see also Pitt), 230.
Chevert, 210.

Chevreuse, the duke of, 180.
Childéric, king of the Franks, 31.
Chiverny, Chancellor de, 127.
Choiseul, the duke of, ministry of, 229; attempt
to invade England defeated, 229; and the
Family Pact, 230; dismissed by Louis XV.,
232.
Christian zeal superior to pagan persecution,

28.

Christianity, establishment of, in Gaul, 27; rise
of, 28; influence of, on the order of knight-
hood, and, through it, on civilization in gen-
eral, 40.

Christians, persecution of, by Marcus Aurelius,
A.D. 177, 28, 29; the, expected the end of
the world A.D. 1000, 39.

Church and State in the time of Louis XIII.,
and Richelieu, 140.

Cimbrians, or Kymrians, the, and the Teutons
driven from their homes on the shores of the
Baltic; invade Gaul by the way of Belgica,
110 B.C., 25

Cinq-Mars, M. de, favorite of Louis XIII., 137.

CITEAUX.

Citeaux, twelve abbots and twenty monks of
Citeaux disperse themselves in all directions,
preaching the crusade against the Albigen-
sians, 50.

Claude, the princess, of France, daughter of
Louis XII., and Charles of Austria, 85.
Clément, James, stabs King Henry III., 121.
V., Pope, and Philip IV. abolish the
order of the Templars; death of, 57.

VII., Pope, 97.

VIII., Pope, absolves Henry IV., 129;
annuls the marriage of Henry IV. with Mar-
guerite of Valois, 131.

Clermont, Count, beaten at Crevelt, 228.
Clive, "a heaven-born general," 217; his early
successes against the French and their Indian
allies; returns to India and conquers Bengal,
218.
Closter-Severn, the convention of 1757, 227.
Clotaire I. of Soissons, 31.

II. of Soissons, 31.
Clovis, king of the Salian Franks, and Clotilde,
marriage of; at the battle of Tolbiac; baptism
of, 30; makes Paris the center of his domin-
ions, 31; death of, in A.D. 511, 31.
Clovis III., 31.

Code Michau, 140.

Cœur de Lion, Richard, in the Holy Land, 41, 43.
Jacques, a great merchant and states-

man, 72.

Cognac, Francis I. at, in 1527, 96.
Colbert, M., 155; and Louis XIV., able adminis-
tration of, 171, 172; literary taste and work
of, 187.

Coligny, Admiral de, and the Reformation,
102; influence with Charles IX., 111; at-
tempted murder of, 113, 114.
Collège Royal, the, 99.

Collona, Sciarra, and Pope Boniface VIII., 56.
Common weal, war of the, against Louis XI., 73.
Communes, and the third estate, rise of the,
58, 59.

Commynes, Philip de, quoted, 72; and Louis
XI., 75.

Compagnie des Indes, Law's, 197.

Concini, Concino, 132; see Marshal d'Ancre.
Concordat, the, between Pope Leo X. and
Francis I., 91.

Condé, Prince Louis de, 105, 108; trial of, sen-
tenced to death, 108; taken prisoner at Dreux,
110; death of, at Jarnac, 112.

the duke of Enghien, prince of, at
the, 157; and the Frondeurs, 152, 153; ar-
rested; taken back to favor by Louis XIV.,
and to all his honors, 154; placed by Louis
XIV. in command of the army to be employ-
ed in the reduction of the Netherlands, com-
mands the French army in Holland; gains
the bloody battle of Seneffe over the prince
of Orange, 1674, 158; and Bossuet, 182.
Conflans, Lord de, assassinated, 61.

the marquis of, defeated by Admiral
Hawke, 229.

DENIS.

Conflans, treaty of, between Louis XI. and the
count of Charolais, 74.

Conquest of England by the Normans, 40.
Conrad III., emperor of Germany, arrives at
the Holy City almost alone, 42.
Constantine, the emperor, 27, 29.
Constantinople, in danger from the Crusaders,

41.

Contades, the marquis of, 229.

Cook, Captain, and the generous attitude of the
French toward his mission, 262.
Coote, Colonel, captures Bussy, 219; captures
Pondicherry, 220.

Corneille, Peter, 186; and Richelieu, 149; his
Cid, 149; works of, 185
Corsica, and Pascal Paoli, 235.
Cossé, Marshal de, 199.

Courtrai, battle of, in which the French are de-
feated by the Flemings, 55.
Coysevox, 188.

Créqui, Marshal de, subdues Lorraine, 160.
Crevelt, battle of, 228.

Cromwell, Oliver, and Mazarin, treaty between,
and English aid to France, 153.
Crusade, the, of Godfrey de Bouillon, 40; of
Richard Cœur de Lion, Philip Augustus of
France, and Frederic Barbarossa of Ger-
many, 43; end of the third great, 43; the
sixth, the personal achievement of St. Louis,
44; of St. Louis, end of, 46.
Crusaders and Saladin, 43.
Culloden, battle of, 213.

DAGOBERT I., 31.

D'Aguesseau, character of; appointed chancel-
lor, 196.

D'Aiguillon, the duke of, 229, 233.
D'Alembert, 243.

Damiens attempts to assassinate Louis XV.,
226.

Damietta captured by St. Louis, 44.
Dampierre, Guy de, count of Flanders, 54.
Dantzick, siege of, 206.
D'Argenson, M., 197.

D'Asfeldt, Count, and the campaign of 1734,

206.

D'Aubigné, Theodore Agrippa; character of,
131.

Daun, General, defeats the Prussians at Hoch-
kirch, 228.

Dauphin, the, and Edward III., and the Eng-
lish, 61.

the, son of Charles VI., assumes the
title of regent, 61.

the, son of Louis XV., character and
death of, 235.
Dauphiny, the parliament of, 266.
D'Emery, 151.

Deffand, Madame du, 244.

De Luynes, Constable, 135, 136.
Denain, captured by Villars and the French;
effects of the battle of, 169.
Denis, Saint, 127.

society and Louis XI., 73.
Feudalism in France, 38.

Flanders submits to Philip IV., 54; and Charles
IX. of France, 113.

Fleet, the French, and Colbert, 128; under
Louis XV., 225.

Fleix, the peace of, in 1580, 118.
Fleurus, battle of, 1690, 162.

Fleury's, Cardinal, ministry, 1723-1748, 205;
commencement of his fostering administra-
tion, 206; concludes the peace of Vienna,
1735, 207; and the parliament of Paris, 207;
death and character of, 210.

Fleury, M. Joly de, 246.

Florence, the republic of, and Charles VIII., 81.
Floridas, the, confirmed to Spain, 223.
Foix, Gaston de, duke of Nemours, takes
command of the French army in Italy, 1512,
86; death of, at the victory of Ravenna, 87.
Fontaine, La (see also La Fontaine), 186.
Fontaine Française, encounter at, 129.
Fontainebleau, peace of, 1762, 231.
Fontenelles, battle of, 37.

Fontenelle, character and works of, 238.
Fontenoy, the battle of, 212.
Fontrailes, Viscount de, 137.

Fornovo, the battle of, 1495, in which Charles
VIII. of France defeats the army of the Ital-
ian league, 82.

Fouquet, Superintendent, and Louis XIV., 155,

170.

France, kingdom and history of, really com-
menced with Clovis, A.D., 481, 30; and Eng-
land, origin of the "rivalry" between, 60;
the kingship in, 47-56; and England, orig-
in of the Hundred Years' War between, 58;
and England, end of the Hundred Years'
War between, 71; under Charles VII., 72;
and Austria, commencement of the rivalry
between, 85; invaded, 88; and England,
renewal of the war between, 1512, 87; the
situation of, in 1513, 88; and the Renais-
sance, 90-99; and the nascent reformation,
99; and the treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 104;
state of, at the commencement of the reign of
Henry III., 107; condition of, after Henry
IV.'s abjuration, 127; and England, treaty
between, in 1697, 162; and sufferings of, dur-
ing the reign of Louis XIV., 172; and England
declare war with Spain, 1719, 201; and the
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 1748, 215; inability
of, to turn her discoveries in foreign lands to
her own profit, 222; leaves Canada to her
fate, 223; position of, at the end of the Seven
Years' War, 235; and the partition of Poland,
1772, 236; the effects of Voltaire's writings on,
242; and the American War of Independ-

FREDERICK.

ence, 253; and England and the American
War of Independence, 254; recognizes the in-
dependence of the United States, 1778, and
declares war with England, 255; and the peace
between England and America, 1783, 259; on
the eve of the Revolution, 264.

Francis I., 89; and Charles V., 90; the era of
modern France commences with his govern-
ment and times, 89; made king, 89; prepares to
invade Italy, 90; and his army cross the Alps,
and the battle of Melegnano, 90; regains pos-
session of Milaness, 91; Pope Leo X., the
Pragmatic Sanction, 91, 92; and the Con-
cordat, and the parliament of Paris' refusal,
to acknowledge the Concordat, 92; and the
vacant throne of the Emperor Maximilian,
92; and Charles of Austria, commencement
of the struggle between, 92; meets Henry
VIII. of England at The Field of the Cloth
of Gold, 92; commences war with Charles V.
92; and Charles II. of Bourbon, 93; and the
conspiracy of Charles II. of Bourbon, 93;
entrusts the conduct of the war in Italy to
Admiral Bonnivet, 93; loses Milaness for the
third time, 94; advances to the relief of
Marseilles, 94; enters Italy, 1524, 95; brav-
ery and capture at the battle of Pavia, 95;
his letters to his mother after his defeat and
capture at Pavia, 95; carried prisoner to
Spain, 95; refuses to accede to the terms of
Charles V. of Germany, 96; set at liberty,
enters into the Holy League, 96; and Henry
VIII. of England renew their alliance, 96;
makes peace with Charles V. at Cambria, 97;
and Duprat, 97; and Henry VIII., meeting
and treaty between, 1532, 97; and Soliman,
II., treaty between, 98; and Charles V., war
renewed between, from 1542 to 1544, 98;
forced to terms by Charles V. of Germany,
98; and the Renaissance, 98; and the Col-
lége Royal, or Collège de France, 99; and
the Reformation, 99; and the reformers, 100;
and the Protestants of Germany, 101; and the
massacre of the Vaudians, 101; and Calvin,
101; death of, 1547, 101; and the salt-tax at
Rochelle, 102.

Francis I., emperor of Germany 212.

II. and Mary Stuart, marriage of, 104;
ascends the throne, 106; and the reformers,
107, 108; and the Guises, 107; and the king
of Navarre, 108; death of, and the Guises
109.

Franks, the, first mention of in history 29.
Frederick Barbarossa (Redbeard), joins in a
new crusade, 43; drowned in the Selefon
his way to the Holy Land, 43.

the Great, 208; commences the Silesian
campaign, 1740, 208; signs a new treaty with
France, 1744, 208; and the battle of Fon-
tenoy, 212; and Louis XV., 212; and the
treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, 215; England, and
the Franco-Austrian alliance, 225; victori-
ous at Prague, and defeated at Kolin 226;

FRENCH..

reverses of, 227; gains the battle of Rosbach
228; defeats the Austrians at Lissa, 228;
gains the battle of Zorndorf, and loses that
of Hochkirch, 228; reverses of, in 1760, 230;
finds an ally in Peter III. of Russia, 231; and
the end of the Seven Years' War, 232; and
the partition of Poland, 236; invites Voltaire
to Berlin, 240.

French, the, rise out of and above the feudal
system, 49; and English, commencement of
hostilities between, in 1292, 54.

Communes, the, 57-59.

- civilization, The Third Estate, the most
active and determined element in the process
of French civilization, 59.

nationality accomplished, 60.

language, the, and the Renaissance, 99.
Academy, early days of the, 148; and
Montesquieu, 237; elects Buffon, 244.

XV.,

reformers, the, and Louis XIV., 177.
court, demoralization of, under Louis

203.

HELVETIANS.

God's Peace, God's Truce, 39.
Godeheu, M., supersedes Dupleix, 218.
Godfrey de Bouillon (see Bouillon), duke of
Lorraine, accepts the office of king of Jeru-
salem, 41.
Gondebaud, 30.

Gontran of Orleans and Burgundy, 31.
Gonzalvo of Cordova, the great captain of
Ferdinand of Spain, 84.
Goodfellows, the, 62.

Gordes, the Count de, 115.

Goths, the, under Alaric II., beaten by Clovis
near Poitiers, A.D. 507, 30.
Græco-Roman paganism, 28.

Grailli, John de, called the captal of. Buch, 63.
Grand Alliance, the, against France and Louis
XIV., 159, 164.

Grand Monarque, 190.

Great Britain and the American declaration of
independence, 1776, 255.
Mogul, the, 217.

Gregory XIV., Pope, 123.

Galigaï, Leonora, 133.

Gallia Comata, 27.

Togata, or Roman Gaul, 27.

Gallican confession, the, 105.
Garonne, the river, 24.

Gaul, 23; conquered by Julius Cæsar, 26, 27;
under Roman dominion, 25.

Gauls, the, 24; and Greeks of Asia Minor
in subjection, 25; commence their four
hundred years' war with Rome, B.C. 391, 25;
defeat the Romans at Aretium, 283 B.C., 25.
Genoa, defense of, by the duke of Boufflers,
214; cedes Corsica to France, 1768, 235.
George I. of England and Dubois, 200.

II. of England and the Pragmatic
Sanction, 209; and the war with France,
1744, 210; death of, 1760, 230.

III. of England, 230, 255, 257, 259.

Geoffrin, Madame, 244.

Grignan, Madame de, and Madame de Sévigne,
184, 185.

Grisons, the, 144.

Guastalla, the battle of, 207.

Guesclin, Bertrand du, 63; death of, 64.
Guinegate, battle of, 77.
Guise, 106,

Francis de Lorraine, duke of, 102; and
the siege of Metz, 103; recalled from Italy by
Henry II. to repel the Spaniards, 104; cap-
tured Calais, 104; Condé, 105; and the
Huguenots of Vassy, 109; assassination of,

Duke Henry de, 117; obtains his name
of The Scarred, while putting down the
Protestant revolt, 118; becomes master of
Paris, 119; murdered by order of Henry, 120.
Guises, the, and the death of Francis II., 109;
and the Catholic party declare war against
Condé and the Protestants, 110; and Coligny,
113; and the murder of Coligny, 114; and
Philip II. of Spain, 118.

Guiton, John, burgess of La Rochelle at the
time of the siege by Louis XIII., 142.
Gustavus Adolphus and Richelieu, 144, 145.
Guyon, Madame, teachings and works of, 175,
176.

HARLAY, FRANCIS DE, and Innocent XI.,
181.

Germany joins in the Crusades, 41.
Grrent, alliance at, in 1340, between the Flem-
ish Communes and Edward III. of England,
60: insurrection of the burghers of, under
Philip Van Artevelde, 74; captured by Louis
XIV., 159.
Gibraltar, 258.
Girardon, 188.

of Philip IV. of Spain, 154.

Hastence of Hastings, chieftain of the North-
men, ravages France, 36.

Hautefort, Marie d', and Louis XIII., 137.
Hawke, Admiral, 229.

Helvetians, abandon their territory, 58 B.C., but
are thwarted in their project of settling in
Gaul by Julius Cæsar, and defeated and driv-
en back by him, 26.