VI. AVÕIRDUPOIS, OR COMMON WEIGHT. 16 drams make 1 ounce, 28 pounds lb. 256 10 1 hundred, cut. 20 hundred" 1 ton, ton. 573440 35840 2240 80 20 1 WEIGHTS. 35. The original standard of 2. How many grains in 2 penallour weights was a corn of wheat nyweights? 3? taken from the middle of the ear 3. How many pennyweights in and well dried. These were cal-2 ounces? 3? 4? 5? led grains and 32 of them made 4. How many ounces in two one penny weight. But it was af- pounds? 3? 5? 6? 4? 7? terwards thought sufficient to di- 5. What is the table of Apothevide this same pennyweight into caries weight? 24 equal parts, still calling the 6. How many scruples in three parts grains, and these are the ba-drams? 2? 4? 6? 5? 7? sis of the table of Troy weight, by 7. How many drams in 3 ounwhich are weighed gold, silver and ces? 2? 4? 6? 5? 7? jewelry. Apothecaries weight, is 8. What is the table of common the same as Troy weight, only weight? having different divisions between 9. How many ounces in two grains and ounces. Apothecaries pounds? 3? 4? 5? 6? 11. What were these called? 12. How many of them were make use of this weight in com- 10. What was the original stanpounding their medicines, but they dard of our weights? buy and sell their drugs by Avoirdupois weight. In buying and selling coarse and drossy articles, called a penny weight? it became customary to allow a greater weight than that used for afterwards divided? small and precious articles, & this 13. How was this penny weight 14. What were these divisions custom at length established the called? Avoirdupois, or common weight, 15. Of what table do these grains by which all articles are now form the basis? weighed, with the foregoing excep- 16. What things are weighed tions. Avoirdupois weight is about by this weight? one sixth part more than Troy 17. How does Apothecaries weight, a pound of the former be weight differ from Troy? ing 7000 grains, and of the latter 18. What use is made of this 5760 grains. In buying and sel-weight? ling by the hundred weight, 28| 19. How do Apothecaries buy pounds have been called a quar-and sell their drugs? ter, and 112 pounds a cul. but this 20. How did Avoirdupois weight practice of grossing, as it is called, originate? is now pretty generally laid aside, 21. What articles are weighed and 25 pounds are considered a by this weight? quarter, and 4 quarters, or 100 22 What is the difference bepounds, a hundred weight. QUESTIONS. tween Troy & Avoirdupois weight. 23. What is meant by grossing 1. What is the table of Troy weight? weight? 24. Is this now often practised? 1 league, 40 rods in.fin. 12 ft. 1 yds. rd-fur mi. ft. 36 3 yd. 198 16 5 1 1 rod or pole, rd. 7920 660| 220, 40 li. rd. 1 degree, deg. 4 rd. or 100 li. 1 chain, cha. 1 circ. of earth. 80 chains 1 mile, VIII. CLOTH MEASURE. 2 1-4 inches make 1 nail, na. mi. 13 quarters make 1 ell Flemish, E. F. 5 quarters IX. SQUARE MEASURE. 66 1 ell English, E. E. 1 yard, yd. 37.2 in. 1 sq. rod, rd 1568160 10890 1210 40 1 66 1 rood, ro. 6272640 43560 4840 160 "1 acre, acr.10 sq chains make 1 acre, 1sq mile, mil6400 chains make 1 sq. mile, mi. .66 X. SOLID, OR CUBIC MEASURE. 1728 inches make 1 foot, ft. acr. 1 128 feet 46656 27 1 221184 128 429 1 40 ft. of round timber, or 50 ft of hewn timber, make i ton, to. 31 gallons" 1 barrel, bar.[7276 252 126 312 qt. cub. 702 qt. 1gal barhhd gal. in. 282 4 bar. 10152 144 36 1 hogshead, hhd. 15228 216 54 1 1 XIII. DRY MEASURE. 2 pints, pts. make 1 quart, qt.cu. 33.6 pt 1 qts. 4 quarts 1 gallon, gal. in. 67.2 2 1 peck, pk. 268.8 8 4 pecks 1 bushel, bu. 537.6 16 8 bushels 1 quarter, gr. 2150 .4 MEASURE. bus. peck. grs. 81 21 1 64 32 8 4 1 512|256|64|32| 8| 1 36. The original standard of each of which is an inch square, English long measure was a bar-and the number of inches in a solid ley corn taken from the middle of foot is equal to the number of such the ear and well dried. Three blocks that would be required to of these in length, were called an make a pile a foot square and a inch, and then the others as in the foot high. Now it would require table. Long measure is employ-144 blocks to cover a square foot ed for denoting the distance of one inch high. Hence to raise the places, and for measuring any pile twelve inches high would rething where length only is con-quire twelve times 144-17 8 cerned. When measure is appli-blocks or inches. In like manner ed to surfaces, where length and it would require 9 solid blocks a breadth are both concerned, it is foot each way to cover a square called square measure. A square yard to the height of one foot, and inch is a square measuring an inch 3 times 9-27 to raise it three on every side. The table of feet, or make one solid yard. square measure is made from that This will be obvious from an in-of long measure by multiplying the several numbers of the latter into themselves. Thus, 12 inches are a foot in length, a square foot then is a square which measures one foot or 12 inches on every side, and contains 12x12=144 square inches. 3. feet in length make a yard; a square yard is 3ft 3ft 3ft The a quare measuring three feet on each side; but f such a square contains, spection of the diagram. cord of wood is sometimes called: (see fig.) nine (3x3=9) squares eight feet. In this case four feet measuring a foot on each side,. or 9 square feet; and when we say in height=16 solid feet is called in length, four in breadth, and one that a surface contains so many one foot; or eight feet in length, square feet, or square yards, we four in breadth and six inches in mean that the surface is equal to height, a foot, that is, 1-8th of a such a number of squares measur-f cord is called one foot, 2-8ths, two ing a foot, or a yard, on each side. When measure is applied to solids feet, &c. In measuring lands, which have length, breadth and roads, &c. the distances are usualthickness, it is called solid, or cu- ly taken in chains and links. In bic measure. A solid inch is jordinary business, feet and inehes a body, or block, having six sides, 1. What is the table of long meas- 2. How many rods in a mile? 4. How many inches in 2 feet? 5. How many feet in two rods three? four? 18. How many nails in a yard? in half a yard? How many quarters in two yards? three? How many quarters in two E. ells? three? What was the original standard of long measure? What is the use of this measure? 19. In measuring lands, &c. how are distances taken? 20. What is meant by a square inch a square foot? a square yard? 21, What do we mean when we say that such a surface contains so many square feet, or yards? 22. Repeat the table of square measure. 6. How many furlongs in two 23. How is this table formed? miles? 3? 5? 4? 6? 7. How many miles in 3 leagues? 5?7? 8? 8. How many inches make one link? 2? 3? 9. How many links in a rod? 2? 3 4?5? 10. How many links in one chain? how many rods? 124. How many square chains 26. When measure is applied to things which have length, breadth and thickness, what is it called? 27. What is meant by a solid inch? a solid foot? 11. How many chains in a mile? Repeat the table of solid measure. 12. How many chains in a furlong? 29. Explain the method by which two? three? four? the table is formed. 13. What is the table of cloth 30. How is the cord sometimes measure? considered? MEASURES OF CAPACITY. 37. Four pounds Troy weight|lished the beer measure, which of wheat gathered from the mid-bears about the same proportion dle of the ear and well dried were to wine measure that avoirducalled one gallon, and this was the poise does to troy weight. The original standard of all English dry measure was also made larger measures, both liquid and dry, and than the wine measure, and was at this was the same as the present length established at about a mean wine gallon. But in time it be-between wine and beer measure. came customary to use a larger By wine measure are measured measure in selling cheap liquors, wine, all kinds of spirits, cider, and this custom at length estab-lvinegar, oil, &c. By beer meas XIV. CIRCULAR MEASURE. 60 seconds," make 1 minute, 60 minutes 66 1 degree, 30 degrees 1 sign, S. 12 signs, or 360° 1 circle. ure are measuredale and beer, and 9. by dry measure are measured all kinds of dry goods, corn, grain, 10. salt, roots, fruit, &c. A standard many in a bushel? bushel is 18 inches diameter 11 and 8 inches deep. The statute bushel for measuring coal, ashes and lime, in Vermont, contains 38 quarts, or 2553.6 cubic inches. QUESTIONS. 1296000 21600|360|12| 1 How many cuhic inches in a gallon dry measure? How many in a peck? how 1. Repeat the table of wine meas 3. How many pints in a gallon? gills? How many pints in a peck? how many in a bushel ? 12. How many gallons in a bushel? how many in a quarter? 13.. What was the original standard of English measures of ca. pacity? 14. What kind of measure at present agrees with this? 15. How did beer measure originate? 16. What is its proportion to wine 4. How many quarts in eight gal-measure? lons-ten, twelve? 5. How many hogsheads in a ton? 6. Repeat the table of beer meas ure. 7. How many cubic inches in a beer gallon? 17. What is said of dry measure? 18. What are measured by wine measure? by beer? by dry? 19. What are the dimensions of a standard bushel? 20. What is content of a coal, &e. 8. Repeat the table of dry meas-bushel in Vermont? ure. How many seconds in two min- CIRCULAR MEASURE. 38. Every circle, without re- measure. gard to its size, is supposed to be 2. divided into 360 equal parts, called degrees, and these again to be 3. subdivided into minutes and seconds; so that the absolute quanti-4. ty expressed by any of these denominations must always depend 5. upon the size of the circle. In 6. What does the quantity of these divisions depend upon? How is every circle supposed to be divided? What are the subdivisions? this measure are reckoned latitude, longitude, the planetary mo-7. What is the use of this measure? tions, &c. 8. How many miles in a degree of latitude? QUESTIONS. 1. Repeat the table of circularį |