227, 228.

227. DIVISION OF ONE FRACTIONAL QUANTITY BY AN

OTHER.

ANALYSIS.

1. If of a bushel of wheat cost of a dollar; what is that per bushel ?

To find the cost per bushel we must divide the price by the quantity, (154) that is, we must divide by. But to divide a number by a fraction, we multiply it by the denominator, and divide the product by the numerator, (226,); hence, we must multiply by 4, as 3x4 12 (220) and 12 is divided by 3 by multiplying the denominator, 5, 12-12 (121); 12 of a dollar then the is price

by 8, as,

5x3

of one bushel: Hence,

228. To multiply a fraction by a fraction.

55

RULE.-Multiply the numerator of the dividend by the denominator of the divisor for a new numerator, and the denominator of the dividend by the numerator of the divisor, for a new denominator.

NOTE. In practice it will be most convenient to invert the divisor, and then proceed as in Art. 224.

229.

ALTERATION IN THE TERMS OF A FRACTION
WITHOUT ALTERING ITS VALUE.

ANALYSIS.

A fraction is multiplied by multiplying its numerator, and divided by multiplying its denominator (219); hence if we multiply both the terms of & fraction at the same time by any number, we both multiply and divide the fraction by the same number, and therefore do not alter its value. Again, a fraction is divided by dividing its numerator, and multiplied by dividing its denominator (219); hence if we divide both the terms of a

fraction at the same time by any number, we both divide and multiply the fraction by the same number, and therefore do not alter its value. Hence

1. If the two terms of a fraction be 8 and 38, what is the greatest number that will divide them both without a remainder?

8) 38 (4 32

6)8(1

2)6(3

It is evident that the greatest common divisor of 8 and 38 cannot exceed the smallest of them. We will therefore see if 8, which divides itself and gives 1 for the quotient, will divide 38; if it will, it is manifestly the greatest common divisor sought. But dividing 33 by 8 we obtain a quotient 4 and a remainder 6; hence & is not a common divisor. Again, it is evident that the common divisor of 8 and 38 must also dividę 6, because 38-4 times 8 plus 6; hence a number which will divide 8 and 6 will also divide 8 and 38; we will therefore see if 6 which divides itself will divide 2. But dividing 8 by 6 we have a quotient 1, and remainder 2; hence 6 is not a common divisor. Again, for the reason above stated, the common divisor of 6 and 8 must also divide the remainder 2; and by dividing 6 by 2, we find that 2, which divides itself, divides 6 also; 2 is therefore a divisor of 6 and 8, and it has been shown that a number which will divide 6 and 8, will also divide 8 and 38. Hence 2 is the common divisor of 8 and 38, and it is evidently the greatest common divisor, since it is manifest from the method of obtaining it that 2 will divide by it, and a number will not divide by another greater than itself. Therefore,

233. To find the greatest common divisor of two numbers.

RULE.-Divide the greater number by the less, and the divisor by the remainder, and so on, always dividing the last divisor by the last remainder, till nothing remains; then will the last divisor be the common divisor required,

1. What is the most simple expression, or the least terms of?

The terms of a fraction are diminished, or made more simple, by division, (230). Now if we divide so long as we can find any number greater than 1 which will divide them both without a remainder, the fraction will evidently be diminished to the least terms which are capable of expressing it, since the two terms now contain no common factor greater than unity. Thus 2)=6, 2) 14=18, 2) }}=, and 2) = ✩, Or if we find the greatest common divisor of the two terms, 48 and 272, we may evidently reduce the fraction to its lowest terms at once by dividing the two terms by it. By Art. 233 we find the greatest common divisor to be 16, and 16) = least terms as be48 72 fore. Hence,

least terms.

24

36

235. To reduce a Fraction to its least terms.

RULE.--Divide both the terms of the fraction by the greatest common divisor, and the quotient will be the fraction in its least terms.

236. COMMON MULTIPLES OF NUMBERS.

1. What number is a common multiple of 3, 4, 8 and 12?

3x4x8x12=1152, Ans. First, 3 times 4 are 12; 12 then is made up of 3 fours, or 4 threes; it is therefore divisible by 3 and 4. Again, 8 times 12 are 96; then 96 is divisible by 8, and as it is made up of 8 12 each of which is divisible by 3 and 4, 96 is divisible by 3, 4, and 8. Again, 12 times 96 are 1152; 1152 then is divisible by 12; and as it is made up of 12 ninety-sixes, each of which is divisible by 3, 4 and 8, 1152 is divisible by 3, 4, 8 and 12; it is therefore a common multiple of these numbers. (215. Def. 9.)

237. 2. What is the least common multiple of 3, 4, 8 and 12?

4)3, 4, 8, 12

3)3, 1, 2, 3

Every number will evidently divide by all its factors: our object then is to find the least number of which each of the numbers, 3, 4, 8 and 12 is a factor. Ranging the numbers in a line, and dividing such as are divisible by 4, we separate 4, 8 and 12 each into two factors one of which, 4, is common, and the others, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Now as the products of the divisor multiplied by the quotients, are, severally, divisible by their respective dividends, the products of these products by 1, 1, 2, 1 the other quotients, must also be divisible by the dividends 4x3x2=24 for these products are only the dividends a certain number of times repeated. The continued product, then of the divisor, 4, and the quotient 1, 2, 3, (4 × 1 × 2 × 3—24) is divisible by cach of the dividends, 4, 8 and 12, and 24 is obviously the least number which is divisible by 4, 8 and 12, since 12 will not divide by 8, and no number greater than 12 and less than twice 12, or 24, will divide by 12. But the undivided number, 3, must also divide the number sought, we therefore bring it down with the quotients and dividing the numbers by 3, which are divisible by it, we find that 3 is already a factor of 24, and will therefore divide 24. Thus by dividing such of the given numbers as have a common factor by this factor, we suppress all but one of the common factors of each kind, and the continued product of the divisors, and the numbers in the last line, which include the quotients and undivided numbers, will contain the factors of all the given numbers, and may therefore be divided by each of them without a remainder; and since the same number is never taken more than once as a factor, the product is evidently the least number that can be so divided. Hence,

238. To find the least common multiple of two or more numders.

RULE.--Arrange the given numbers in a line, and divide by any number that will divide two or more of them without a remainder, setting the quotients and undivided numbers in a line below. Divide the second line as before, and so on till there are no two numbers remaining, which can be exactly divided by any number greater than unity; then will the continued product of the several divisors, and numbers in the lower line be the multiple required.

1. Reduce of a dollar and 3 of a dollar to a commo■ denominator.

If each term of 4, the first fraction, be multiplied by 5, the denominator of the second, the becomes, and if each term of 3, the second, be multiplied by 2, the denominator of the first, becomes; then, instead of and, we have the two equivalent fractions, and (230) which have 10 for a common denominator.

2. Reduce, and to a common denominator. Multiplying the terms of by 24, the product of 4 and 6, the denominators of the other two fractions, becomes; again, multiply the terms of by 18, the product of 3 and 6, the denominators of the first and third fractions, becomes; and lastly, multiplying the terms of by 12, the product of 3 and 4, the denominators of the first and second, & becomes ; then instead of the fractions, and , we have the three equivalent fractions, 3, and 44, which have 12 for a common denominator. From a careful examination of the above, the reason of the following rule will be manifest.

240. To reduce fractions of different denominators to equivalent fractions having a common denominator.

RULE Multiply all the denominators together for the common denominator, and each numerator by all the denominators except its own for the new numerators.