was begun in 1872. Dr. A. Graham Bell and the late Gar diner G. Hubbard established Science, a weekly journal, in 1883. Numerous journals devoted to special sciences have recently been founded, largely under the auspices of univer sities, Johns Hopkins and Chicago accomplishing the most in this direction. A representative educational journal was lacking until the establishment of the Educational review by Professor Nicholas Murray Butler in 1891. We have some four hundred medical journals, only a few of which surpass mediocrity. Among literary journals the Atlantic monthly has had the most honorable history, while the Nation, including politics in its scope, has been an influential weekly journal. The North American review and The Forum do not equal the journals of Great Britain and France devoted to literature and public affairs. On the other hand, the monthly illustrated journals have been extremely successful and have contributed much to the popularization of literature, art and science. The more important of the scientific and learned journals of the United States (proceedings of societies and technical and trade journals being omitted), are as follows: General science American journal of science (1818). E. S. Dana. New Haven, monthly. Science (1883). J. McKeen Cattell. New York, weekly. Appletons' popular science monthly (1872). W. J. Youmans. New York, monthly. Scientific American (1846). New York, weekly. Scientific American supplement (1876). New York, weekly. Mathematics American journal of mathematics (1878). S. Newcomb. Baltimore, quarterly. Bulletin of the American mathematical society (1893). Thomas S. Fiske, F. N. Cole, Alexander Ziwet, Frank Morley, E. O. Lovett. New York, monthly. Annals of mathematics (1884). Ormond Stone, H. S. White, W. E. Byerly, H. F. Osgood, Maxime Bocher. Cambridge. Astronomical journal (1849). Chicago, monthly. Astronomy Seth C. Chandler. Cambridge. Popular astronomy (1893). Wm. W. Payne. Northfield, Minn., monthly. Physics Physical review (1893). E. L. Nichols, Ernest Merritt, Frederick Bedell. New York, monthly. Terrestrial magnetism and atmospheric electricity (1895). L. A. Bauer. Baltimore, quarterly. Chemistry American chemical journal (1879). Ira Remsen. Baltimore, monthly. Journal of the American chemical society (1887). Edward Hart. Easton, Pa., monthly. Journal of physical chemistry (1896). W. D. Bancroft, J. E. Trevor. Ithaca, N. Y., nine numbers. Geology and geography American geologist (1888). N. H. Winchell. Minneapolis, monthly. Journal of geology (1893). T. C. Chamberlin. Chicago, semiquarterly. National geographic magazine (1888). John Hyde. Washington, monthly. Bulletin of the American geographical society (1892). Librarian. New York, five numbers. Natural science American naturalist (1867). Boston, monthly. Biological bulletin (1897). C. O. Whitman. Boston, irregular. Zoology Journal of morphology (1887). C. O. Whitman. Boston, irregular. The Auk (1876). J. A. Allen. New York, quarterly. Botany Bulletin of the Torrey botanical club (1870). L. M. Underwood. New York, monthly. Botanical gazette (1876). John M. Coulter, Charles R. Barnes, J. C. Arthur. Chicago, monthly. Physiology and pathology American journal of physiology (1898). Wm. T. Porter. Boston, monthly. Journal of comparative neurology (1890). C. L. and C. J. Herrick, Granville, O., quarterly. Journal of experimental medicine (1895). W. H. Welch. New York, bi-monthly. American journal of insanity (1843). Henry M. Hurd. Baltimore. quarterly. Anthropology The anthropologist (1888). F. W. Hodge. New York, quarterly. Journal of the American folklore society (1888). W. W. Newell. Boston, quarterly. Psychology American journal of psychology (1887). G. Stanley Hall. Worcester, quarterly. Psychological review (1894). J. McKeen Cattell, J. Mark Baldwin. New York, bi-monthly. Education Educational review (1891). Nicholas Murray Butler. New York, ten numbers. Pedagogical seminary (1892). The School review (1893). numbers. G. Stanley Hall. Worcester, quarterly. Philosophy The Philosophical review (1891). J. G. Schurman, J. E. Creighton, James Seth. New York, bi-monthly. The Monist (1890). Paul Carus. Chicago, quarterly. The International journal of ethics (1890). Philadelphia, quarterly, History and archæology The American historical review (1895). John Franklin Jameson. New York. The American journal of archæology (1885). John H. Wright. New York, bi-monthly. Political economy and sociology Political science quarterly (1885). The Faculty of political science of Columbia university. Boston, quarterly. Journal of political economy (1892). J. Lawrence Laughlin. Chicago, quarterly. Quarterly journal of economics (1886). F. W. Taussig. Boston, quarterly. American journal of sociology (1894). Albion W. Small. Chicago, bi-monthly. Philology American journal of philology (1879). B. L. Gildersleeve. Baltimore, quarterly. Modern language notes (1886). A. M. Elliott. Baltimore, eight numbers. MUSEUMS AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS * The Smithsonian institution at Washington is unique both in its history and in its objects. James Smithson, an Englishman, who died at Genoa in 1829, left a will containing the clause, "In the case of the death of my said nephew without leaving a child I then bequeath the whole of my property to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the Smithsonian institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men.” In 1838 the United States government received somewhat more than $500,000 in accordance with the terms of this will. The character of the institution that should be established with the bequest was for eight years the subject of discussion in congress. The final result exactly fulfilled the intention of Smithson; an institution was founded for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge," which has exercised an important influence on the development of science in America. The board of regents of the institution has wisely left the administration to the secretary, who appoints all officers and is responsible for expenditures. They have been particularly fortunate in the secretaries they have selected, Joseph Henry, 1846-1878; Spencer Fullerton Baird, 1878-1887, and Samuel Pierpont Langley since 1887. The scope of the institution was outlined by the first secretary, and its policy was shaped by him during a long administration. Henry believed that the Smithsonian institution should not continue to do anything that could be done equally well by other agencies, and it was largely through this wise policy and under the guidance of the institution that the government of the United States has undertaken to develop the resources of the country and advance science to a greater degree than any other nation. On these objects the sum of over $8,000,000 is spent annually, and over 5,000 officers are employed. The library of the Smithsonian institution was early transferred to the library of congress, and was the most important step towards making a great national library. The museum, though still administered by the institution, is now supported by the government. The meteorological observations, reported with the aid of the electric telegraph, to which Henry's researches had so largely contributed, were transferred to a separate bureau, now under the department of agriculture. The geological survey and the coast and geodetic survey, the beginnings of which were chiefly due to President Jefferson, were aided by the institution. They have now become well established as separate departments, while the bureau of American ethnology has been placed under the administration of the institution. The work on the fisheries, begun by Secretary Baird, has developed into a separate commission. Adams strenuously urged the application of the income from Smithson's bequest to the establishment of a national observatory, and the naval observatory founded at the time may perhaps be regarded as an indirect result of this bequest, while an astrophysical observatory has been made under Secretary Langley a part of the institution. When the National zoological park was established in 1889 it was placed under the direction of the institution. The primary objects of the institution have been largely carried out by its publications, which include annual reports, contributions to knowledge and miscellaneous collections, in addition to the publications of the National museum and the Bureau of American ethnology. The publications now number 250 volumes, and by exchange the library, amounting to some 400,000 volumes and pamphlets, has been chiefly collected. The system for exchange of publications now corresponds with some 25,000 libraries and individuals, |