merchant exchanges 17 home hides, each weighing 19 lbs. 7 oz., at 2s. 1åd. per lb., for 13 foreign ones, each weighing 29 lbs. 5 oz, at ls. 7 d. per lb., does he pay or get money, and how much? 3. A. B, and C advance in the proportion of 4, 5, and 6, to the sum of £7,438. In the course of business they gain £587 18s. 9d. What is the amount of capital contributed by, and the share of the gain due to, each? 4. What will be the cost price of 5 casks of sugar at 44d. per lb., each weighing 4 cwt. 19 lbs, but the weight of the empty casks being 19 lbs., and carriage being charged at the rate of £3 17s. 8d. for 8 casks of similar weight? III. Give the distances between London and the chief ports in Australia, Canada, India, and British Columbia; and name the seas to be traversed in passing to each. Mention the chief watersheds in Great Britain, and the ivers that flow from each, giving the general direction of the course of each. Name the chief health-resorts in Britain, and the distance of each from the capital of the country in which it is situated.' Make a list of the chief towns in England, in the proportionate order of their population. IV. Write notices of the last four wives of Henry VIII. Criticize Shakspere's Henry VIII. Give a note of Sir Thomas More's career. Describe the battle of Solway Moss. Give an account of the relations of England with Scotland, Ireland, France, and the Romish church, during the reign of Henry VIII. V. Write a critique on any work of the following dramatists, viz., Godwin, Maturin, J. S. Knowles, J. H. Payne, Miss Mitford, John Tobin. Of the following novelists, viz., Miss Austen, Mrs. Hamilton, Mrs. Shelley, Miss Ferrier, Miss Mitford, Miss Edgeworth, John Galt, J. G. Lockhart, John Banim, Gerald Griffin, William Carleton. Of the following theologians: - Drs. S. Parr, Th. H. Horne, Adam Clarke, A. Thomson, T. Chalmers, W. E. Chan ning, Rev. John Foster, A. Alison, Robert Hall. Compose a notice of the periodical literature of the eighteenth century. Name the chief periodicals established in the first quarter of the nineteenth century; the encyclopædias, serial libraries, &c. VI. What is the use of the syllogism in discovering new truths?-in the development of old ones?-and as a test of either? Classify, define, and exemnplify the informal syllogis:ns. What are fallacies? Define truth, error, falsity, falsehood, sophism. What are the sources of error? VII. What is emotion? What are its various forms? Classify them. What part does emotion occupy in rhetorical expression ? What con straints of emotion are advisable in rhetoric? What is meant by æsthetics? [Continue the paraphrase of "Paradise Lost," as formerly.] PART II.-FRENCH, GERMAN, LATIN, AND GREEK. I. Theoretical.-Classify the pronouns in the following sentences:-On doit parler rarement de soi; Vous avez parlé contre moi; Moi je vous pardonne volontiers; Ce furent les Phéniciens qui inventèrent l'écriture; Voilà de quoi je voulais vous parler; La maison où je demeure; Cette maladie est dangereuse, il pourrait en mourir; Il aime l'étude et s'y livre entièrement; Lequel de ces livres aimezvous? Quelqu'un vous demande. Define the various classes. Practical. Form first.—TranslateJean était toujours devant les murs de Breteuil, quand il fut averti (informed) que le Prince de Galles était parti (had set out) de Bordeaux avec deux mille hommes d'armes et six mille archers; qu'il avait passé la Garonne à Bergerac, puis la Dordogne; qu'il avait pillé (pillaged) le Rouergue, puis l'Auvergne et le Limousin, et qu'il semblait (seemed) résolu à ruiner toutes les provinces Françaises au midi de la Loire. Give the chief parts of each of the verbs. Translate into French Paris is the history of all the provinces, the men, and the passions of France. Form second.-Translate-"Il n'est presque aucune grande idée, aucun grand principe de civilisation, qui, pour se répandre partout, n'ait passé d'abord par la France." "La Marguerite, un jour, dans un joli bouquet A la Rose à l'œillet, se trouvent réunie Ent bientôt un parfum et de rose et d'œillet Ou gagne, ou s'améliore et bonne compagnie." I went to the Sorbonne and to the College of France; I have heard excellent lectures on chemistry, geology, botany, comparative physiology, the history of philosophy, and the philosophy of history. Form third.-Colomb, as before. II. Junior. Translate Borgen macht Sorgen; Vergiss diess nimmer. Ein grosses Kicht giebt einen grossen Schatten. Wenn die Sorgen schläft weck' sie nicht. Ein Schwalbe macht noch Keinen Sommer. Maten sind besser als Worte. Dieser Seitenwind ist fehr frisch und scharf. This rich merchant is the brother of that learned lawyer; He is an honest man's friend; No lazy boy becomes an industrious man; Have patience and perseverance. Parse each word. Senior.-Continue "Undine," as before. Translate these phrases literally and freely-Beim Eintritte; Jemandem einfallen; endlich einmal; sie geht in das achtzehute jahr; du Kannst wohl Sprechen; noch obenein. Give the German for-You must now tell me why you came from the wood, since all men avoid it; and the wonderful adventures you have met with there, since everybody finds something or other happen to them in it. III. Junior.-"Nepos," or " Cæsar," as before, giving the syntax of conjunctions; writing out the second plural of each tense of each verb. TranslateMany are unable to endure the sadness of disease; The highest delight is afforded to us by the singing of birds; Sloth does not deter me from attempting to do these things; What we wish, we readily believe; To desire the same, and to hate the same, that constitutes (is) true friendship; No one can be happy without virtue. Senior.-Continue translation. Give the rules for scansion of the following lines: "Fortuna saevo læta negotio et Ludum insolentem ludere pertinax Transmutat incertos honores Nunc mihi, nunc alii benigna. Laudo manentem; si celeres quatit Pennas, resigno quæ dedit, et mea Virtute me involvo probamque Pauperiem sine dote quæro." IV. Junior.-Translate-'O dovλos τὸν ὄνον τα, δεσποτη, λυει; Επιστολὰς πολλὰς πρὸς τοὺς γονεῖς γεγραφε ὁ παῖς; Ο κυβερνήτης τοὺς ναύτας τὸν κάλων λῦσαι ἐκέλευσε, Death has set the slave free; The shepherds hunted the wolf into the river; The boys have been educated by their own father. Write a fair copy of the indicative mood of any verb. Senior.-Continue Xenophon's" Anabasis," as before. Translate also the following: Χαρὶς ὑγιείας ἀβίος βίος, βίος ἀβί ατος Τὸν δὲ ἀποιχομενον μνήμῃ τιμᾶτε, μὴ δάκρυσιν Τοῦ τ ̓ ἐν ψυχῇ λόγοι, ὅπερ κάλλος ἐν σωματι; and "Innocence is the first of all virtues, modesty the second." Fear retards speech; The fountain of wisdom flows through books. 240 Literary Notes. 690 periodical publications are published in Paris, of which 76 are purely literary. Michelet's 15th vol. of the "History of France," on "The Regency," is printed, but the publication is officially (officiously?) delayed. Theodor Mommsen's "History of Rome" has been translated into French by E. de Guerle. L'Eloge de Chateaubriand, is the French Academy prize subject for "Eloquence," in 1864. Mr. Winwood Reade's work on the Gorilla Country is nearly ready for press. The Select Literary Institute of Glasgow has awarded to Miss E. M. Gibson Stirling the first prize for an essay on "Position and its Influences," won by competition July 31st. Alexandre Soutzos, a popular Greek poet and patriot, has expired in prison. In Warsaw, a "National Songster" is circulated surreptitiously. Karl Vollheim has translated the poems of Charles Kingsley into German. Richard Monkton Milnes, the biographer of Keats, and author of several volumes of poems, has become by crea tion Baron Houghton. M. Oppert has been, at an extraordinary general meeting of the Institute, declared the successful candidate for the historical prize offered by the Emperor, and refused by M. Thiers. "Molière, in the Theatre and at Home," is the title of a new work by Ed. Fournier. Victor Cousin is preparing a work on the Alexandrian school of philosophy. A Luther library, edited by Dr. Ahlfeld, has been begun in Germany. A "History of Italian Literature," by C. P. San Filippo, has just been issued. August Koberstein has issued another portion of his "History of German Literature," begun in 1847. Mr. Henry Taylor, author of "Isaac Commenus" (1827), " Philip van Artevelde (1834), "Edwin the Fair" (1843), "Eve of the Conquest" (1847), "Notes from Life" (1848), "Notes from Books" (1849), “The Virgin Widow" (1850), "The Statesman," &c., is to reissue his plays and poems in three volumes. "The Ionian Islands," by Professor Ansted, is announced. Mrs. Bernal Osborne's novel seems to have fallen into a "false position." It has been withdrawn from issue. "Caxtoniana" is to be republished in October. "The Life of a Millionaire Banker, Jacob Barker, of New Orleans, aged 84, written by himself," is likely to have a good circulation. The "Complete Works" of Lamartine are to be ready for sale on 31st December. The 10th and closing vol. of Geo. Bancroft's (b. 1800) "History of the United States," of which the first was issued in 1834, is so nearly ready for publication, that it will appear early in 1864. The work will proceed no farther than the establishment of independence. Mr. W. Blanchard Jerrold is about to describe "The Poor in Paris," in the Morning Post. In the Berlin Royal Theatre, twentynine representations of plays by Shakspere were made, twenty-six of Schiller's, and eleven of Goethe's. Mr. Edward Peacock is engaged on "A Biography of the Civil War." Vol. XIth of Shakspere's complete works translated by F. Victor Hugo is out. Parliamentary Eloquence. THOUGHT is a living power. Eloquence is thought, not embodied merely, but vitalized; it not only diffuses but transfuses thought. This is the one prime distinction of genuine eloquence, its possession of a transferring (i.e., an outgoing and an ingetting) energy. It is thought, so arranged and uttered as to be readily, really, influentially inserted into the minds of others. The ideas of the orator are not only quickened, they are also quickening. A speech is uttered with the intention that the very feeling and thought with which the orator tingles should pass out of his own mind into the respective but various minds of his hearers, and not merely communicate to them, but excite in them, the emotions and ideas which prompt him to the delivery of his discourse. The will is the life and power of eloquence. It gives fervency, ardour, and glow to the expression. It issues the laws to which logic and grammar, style and tone, look and gesture, speaker and hearer, must alike become subordinated. It is "the shaping spirit" of all-convincing and persuading thought. Will is the very heart's core of intention. Will is the inner essence of earnestness; and without an earnest intention to move, to overcome, to excite, and to guide, speech is successless, and eloquence futile, indeed spurious. Eloquence, to energize, fuse, assimilate, and transform a concourse of various and individual minds, and bind them with the resistless spell of the speaker's purpose, must be possessed of all the pliancy and force of vigorous life, must be at once apt and earnest. It must fill, pervade, and penetrate not the understanding only, but also the emotive nature and the will of the hearers. This is the rigid and necessary law of its manifestation. This arbitrary force—the will,—this autocrat of the mind, this determining power standing in the innermost recesses of the mind, wields the sceptre of authority over choice of words, collocations of terms, forms of sentences, turns of expression, rhythm, paragraphy, relation of part to whole, collation of thought, matter of argument, logical continuity, manner of address, tone, gesture, and emphasis-the whole sweep of the mind's collected efforts,-and these it makes submissive to the purpose which quivers within; so that from the very initial act to the consummated fact the whole of an oration palpitates and heaves, pulsates and lives, by the impassioned energy of the dominant volition of the orator. Then only does the orator make a hit. To hit rightly, one must aim carefully. To succeed well, one must plan to good purpose. Eloquence is an impulse issuing from the centre of the soul to touch the inner springs of another's being, that it may produce therein a consenting activity 1863. R and a fellow-sympathy with the speaker. However difficult it may be to trace the subtle and elusive influences of the will in oratorical masterpieces, we may rest assured they have been operative throughout their whole extent and intent. It is an argument palpable to the grossest of human minds that an address is delivered with the design of producing some determinate effect, that the faculty of purpose is the will, and that therefore the influences of the will, however mysteriously and invisibly concealed in the well-adjusted fabric of rhetoric presented to the ear (or eye), must have worked their forces hither and thither through the whole mass of it,-if it accomplished its object, and that it must have done if it is to be reckoned rightly among the masterpieces of eloquent speech. This may be better seen, perhaps, if we contrast one or two other forms of thought with that of eloquence. Poetry is emotioned thought. But the thoughts are born and the emotions glow within the poet's self. In the refined imagination of the poet they harmonize themselves into a unity, and take to themselves a form of grace. It is the essence of the poet's own being which poetry reveals. It is in, for, and from himself he elaborates the honey-dew of song. It is the outflow of his own spirit which he gives to us. True poetry is— "Attired in the majesty of art; Set high in spirit with the precious taste Its express purpose and function is to satisfy and gratify the poet's own mind. Its primary intention is not to move others,to pass out of the poet into others as an effective cause of action. It is meant to be a means of affluent and all-suffusing enjoyment,to be received for and be delighted in by itself without ulterior aim. In short, eloquence is spoken to be heard, and poetry is uttered that it may be overheard. Both are emotioned thought, but the direct intent of each is different, and this necessitates a difference of form. Philosophy is clear, dry thought. It ought to be entirely unemotioned. It should be the free, spontaneous report of the intellect upon itself, its powers, laws, hopes, and destiny. It is inquisitive, critical, and reflective. It is matured in and elaborated from the mind itself, and gives expression to its findings in clear, full, reasoned language. But this language is arranged for exposition and instruction, and its aim is to teach, not to move, excite, and spur on to do the wish of the thinker. It teaches us that we may know, and that we may discipline ourselves in knowing. Politics, though leaning towards practice, and necessitating discourse, and so giving cause for eloquence, aims at the management and control of men by law and government rather than by conviction, |