3 of 2. How many men will be required to earn £23 in 4 weeks, if 4 men in 2 weeks earn £11 12s. ? Bought 30 yards of cloth, and the number bought equals of the number of crowns they cost, What was the price per yard? I bought 24 yards at £10 48. and sold of it at 7s. 7d. per yard, and the remainder at 3s. 9d. more than the proportionate sum paid for it. How much did I lose on the whole? 4. Bought 8 pieces of cloth, each containing 15 yards, for £21 2s. 11d. How much did it cost per piece and per yard, and at what should I sell it per yard to gain 20 per cent. on its sale? III. Write out a list of the Colonies of Britain, indicating in which quarter of the globe each is: Pilgrimage of Grace"? What was "the Statute of the Six Articles"? V. Write biographical sketches of any three of the following poets, viz., George Crabbe, S. Rogers, Wordsworth, S. T. Coleridge, Southey, Moore Campbell, Byron, Scott, Hogg, or Shelley; of any one of the following historians:-Wm. Mitford, Sharon Turner, Dr. Lingard, Sir J. Mackintosh, H. Hallam ; of any of the following political economists: -Bentham, Malthus, Ricardo, James Mill, Sadler; of any one of the following critics:-Hazlitt, Jeffrey, Gifford, Lockhart. VI. What is opposition, and what are its laws? What is conversion? What is a syllogism? How may the terms and premises of a syllogism be distinguished? Define figure and mood, and illustrate both. Write examples of all the valid syllogisms. Why are there only 19, instead of 64? What are the chief laws of the several figures? VII. Distinguish between poetry and science. Define imagination; distinguish it from fancy. What is the difference between prose and poetry? What are the relations between real and ideal? Define poetry, and determine its chief characteristics. What are the relations between logic and rhetoric? What relations subsist between poetry and truth? PART II.-FRENCH, GERMAN, LATIN, AND GREEK. I. Theoretical.-Write out the demonstrative and relative pronouns. Whether ought we to use "Dont," or "De qui," at the beginning of a sentence? In speaking of persons, by what must qui and que be preceded? Write out the indefinite pronouns, giving the meaning of each. Practical. Form first.-TranslateToute chose a ses inconvénients; Les exploits de Charles XII. firent (became) l'étonnement de toute l'Europe; L'habitude est une seconde nature, Elizabeth fut une grande reine; elle a laissé (left) un nom illustre; JulesCésar donna (had given) son nom à un mois de l'année; La musique des anciens était bien différente de la nôtre. Pluralize the nouns and compare the adjectives in these sentences. Form sec..nd-Translate, as in previous exercise-Sous le règne de la reine Anne, comme l'ambassadeur de Pierre-le-Grand à Londres avait été arrêté pour dettes, le Czar exprima son étonnement et son indignation de ce qu'on n'eut pas immédiatement mis à mort les personnes qui avaient ainsi violé le respect dû au représentant d'une tête couronnée. Son étonnement fut bien plus grand encore lorsqu'on lui dit que le souverain du pays n'avait aucun pouvoir de dispenser des lois auxquelles il était lui-même soumis.Lord Bolingbroke said of the Duke of Marlborough, He was a great man, and I have forgotten his faults." Form third.-Colomb, as before. II. Junior.-Translate-Ein armer Schornstein-segerjunge musste auf dem Schlosse einer Prinzessin den Schornstein reinigen, der durch den Kamin in ihr Wohnzimmer führte-Malvina stood with her father beside a lily which under a rose-bush bloomed (blühete). Parse each word. Senior. Continue "Undine," as before. Translate-From heaven there shines on us by day the gleaming sun; by night the clear moon and numberless stars; Without air, fire cannot burn; Air is fluid, transparent, and elastic; it becomes condensed by cold, expanded by heat. III. Junior.-Nepos or Cæsar, as before, giving the syntax of verbs, and writing out the third person singular indicative in each tense of each verb. Translate into Latin-The slave filled the cup with wine for his master; Narcissus sees his own likeness in the mirror of the waters; The enemy (pl.) occupied the woods by night; Porsena received Cloelia, a noble virgin, among the hostages. Senior. Continue translation, as heretofore. Translate and give the rules of scansion for the following lines: "Primum quod magnis doceo de rebus et arctis Religionum animos nodis exsolvere pergo." IV. Junior.-Translate and decline the nouns in the following passage:Γαρ ὁ θεῖος δους (having given) μοι εγκοπεα εκελευσε (bade) μοι καταἱκεσθαι (touch) ηρεμα πλακος κει μενης (lying) εν μέσῳ επιειπον το κοινον Αρχη δε τοι ήμισυ παντος. Senior. - Continue Xenophon, as before. In Anabasis, I 4. parse ἀπῆλθε. How is ὅπως used? What is the force of on translated before indicative, and before subjunctive? Translate into Greek the following:And these things I did, being a barbarian, unskilled in Greek culture, and not having been instructed by Aristotle the philosopher. been published at Leipsic, by Professor D. Lechner, Dean of the Theological Faculty there, from a Codex in the library at Vienna, consisting of 258 pages of 4to parchments, and containing about fifty of the MSS. of the morning star of England's Reformation. An English monthly magazine (called The Nevsky) has been started in St. Petersburgh. The chief editor is Charles Edward Turner, Professor of English Literature at the Imperial Lyceum. 66 H. T. Tuckerman, author of "Thoughts on the Poets," Characteristics of Genius," &c., has announced a "Critical Sketch of Travel in America." Dumas, sen, is translating Sir Walter Scott's works into French. E. Littré the Positivist, is engaged on a French Dictionary. A Biography of Napoleon III., by M. Albert Mansfield, has been issued in two vols. from the Imperial printingoffice of the Tuileries. A Roman tragedy, by Dall' Ongaro, is to be performed at Pompeii. A fourth edition of "Kinglake's Crimea," with fresh notes and confirmatory statements, was subscribed for to the extent of 12,000, before being put to press. Sermons on the Pentateuch," by the Rev. Charles Kingsley, are promised early. The concluding vols. (III. and IV.) of the "History of Normandy and England." by the late Sir F. Palgrave, are in the press. M. de Lamartine is about to issue his "Memoirs." A Correspondence (1825-1858) between Humboldt and Heinrich Berghaus, the eminent Geographer (b. 1797), is about to be issued as a supplement to 'Cosmos." 46 A German epic on an Indian theme, somewhat resembling "Lalla Rookh,” is announced as "Maja," by Rudolph Gottschalt. "Les Misérables" has been translated into Spanish. A "Calendar of the Entire Records of Stratford-upon-Avon," and an 'Analysis of the Compotuses of the Guild of St. Cross" there, are in the press, under the editorial care of J. O. Halliwell. Louis Gaussen, D.D.. Professor of Systematic Theology, Oratoire, Geneva, and author of "The Plenary Inspiration of the Scripture." &c., died 18th ult. The North British Review has changed from Messrs. Clark to Messrs. Edmonston and Douglas, as publishers. Dr. Pusey opposed the retention of Charles Kingsley's name on the list of persons on whom the degree of LL.D. should be conferred at the Oxford Commemoration; founding his objection on certain passages in " Hypatia." A translation of Shakspere's Plays and Poems into the Bohemian language has been undertaken by F. Doucha, J. Czeka, and J. B. Maly. The three sons of John Galt, the Scottish novelist (b. at Irvine, 2nd May, 1779; d. at Greenock, 11th April, 1839), are doing well in Canada; one is an exFinance Minister, another is Registrar of Huron, and the third is a barrister at Toronto. A new edition (the third), carefully collected, of the works of Winthrop Mackworth Praed (1802-1839), the schoolfellow, and colleague of Moultrie and Macaulay, in Knight's Quarterly Magazine, the "Etonian," &c., is in course of preparation in America. The first edition of 15,000 copies of M. Ernst Renan's "Vie de Jésus"which is the first volume of a larger work on the "History of the Origin of Christianity," was exhausted immediately on its appearance, and a fourth has already been issued. Several "Replies" to it are already in the press, and some are issued. Modern Logicians. No. V.-IMMANUEL KANT. SECOND PAPER. KANT Sought the conditions of knowledge in the mind. Leibnitz and the Wolfian school had sought them in some superimposed and enforced truths, higher than experience, and dogmatic, which man must accept and hold for true. Locke and Hume alike investigated experience, that they might find in it the ground and law of knowledge. Kant analyzed the facts of thought to discover the powers by which thinking became possible, was effected, and performed. He endeavoured to attain to a knowledge of the conditions of thinking, before the act of thinking was accomplished; to find out the capacities of the mind for receiving impressions, and constructing thought or truth out of them. He makes no presupposition of innate ideas, like Leibnitz, or of the necessity of experience to the formation of ideas, like Hume. He only presupposed what is postulated and granted by all-CONSCIOUSNESS, the essence of humanity,-that which constitutes man as man. He saw, that in the theatre of thinking, that only which conformed to the conditions of representation could appear upon its stage; but also that the stage and all its (possible) conditions are antecedents to representation. Consciousness supplies us with immediate knowledge, and all mediate knowledge is possible only by fulfilling the conditions according to which it acquires the power of impressing consciousness, i. e., of making itself known. There is, therefore, knowledge in consciousness, as well as knowledge through consciousness. Mind, while it informs us of operations going on in it, or of states in which it exists, does not represent itself as a bundle of qualities and faculties, but as a conscious, individual entity,an essence capable at once of acting, and of being acted on." It constitutes the living moulds into which the materials of thought are cast, and from which they take their form. It contains the whole possibilities of thought; and if we contemplate it, examine it, test and prove it, we shall find not only the dual nature of thought as immediate and mediate, but shall also see clearly that there must be in the receiver and container of thought some qualities fitting it for getting and holding, and, therefore, differentiating it from, the contents. The Platonic dialogue, "Theatetus," contains a tentative and critical discussion of the question, What is knowledge? The critique of Kant went farther back in its analysis. It sent the scalpel of inquisitiveness right down through all knowledge, and the question 1863. M for which he sought an answer was, How is knowledge possible? in other words, What are the grounds and limits of knowledge in man? By attempting an answer to these questions, Kant hoped to be able to vanquish scepticism, which makes doubt the goal, instead of the starting-point of science; and to defeat dogmatism, which, trusting in authority, accepts as true unproven tenets, and from habit, usage, or indolence, receives as presumably right what is commonly believed. In the "Critique of Pure Reason" his answer is to be found. It is impossible, in this paper, to provide a vidimus of the whole philosophy of Kant. In it we are concerned only with the place and power of Logic in his system, with the laws of thought, as thought, which he recognized and used, and with the explanations he gives of their operations and results. If the mind is regarded merely as the receiver of the impressions of external objects into self-inherent forms or moulds,-if man is considered as only the observer of the perpetual onflow of circumstance and change,-if consciousness is but a something in which creation or nature "glasses itself," we cannot explain the complex phenomena of humanity. It is only when we examine the activity of thinking, by which man separates the components of the fluctuating mass of presented experience, and reduces the multiplex around him into order, giving them method, and forming them into knowledge, that we can find evidences of manhood. To think is, at least, implicitly to make a proposition regarding something. Every object is a possible subject of a possible proposition. When we have learned all the possible forms of propositions, we have learned all the possible ways of thinking, and have acquired the secret of the limits of knowledge. When we can encompass the field of knowledge with its true boundaries, we know the grounds of it, and have only to investigate its nature and its fruits. The function of man is thought; all function is regulated by law; the laws of thought constitute Logic, and hence Logic affords us the startingpoint for a "Critique of Pure Reason." All the possible forms of propositions constitute also all the possible categories, and supply us with a perfect classification of every mode of subordination to which any given idea can be made subject in the exercise of human thought, each of which is, as De Quincey says, "a true operative conditio sine quâ non in the genesis of all our thoughts." Common Logic, therefore, gives the initial elements of transcendental Logic, and serves us beforehand for a guide along the whole area of consciousness, of which philosophy endeavours to secure a syste matic tenure; at the same time that it enables us to evolve the conditioning principles which impart the unity of generalization to the ideas received from the different individual phenomena, which act on the receptive consciousness of man. Logic is the science of the laws of thought, as thought. The criterion of truth lies in its conformity to these laws. Whatever contradicts them must be false, or Logic would contradict itself; but Logic must be consistent, i. e., not self-contradictory. Hence |