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Redun

dance of

the material, in the vices

and follies of the

day:

79

Argentum vetus et stantem extra pocula caprum.
Quem patitur dormire nurus corruptor avarae,
Quem sponsae turpes et praetextatus adulter?
Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum,
Qualemcunque potest, quales ego vel Cluvienus.
Ex quo Deucalion, nimbis tollentibus
Navigio montem ascendit sortesque poposcit,
Paulatimque anima caluerunt mollia saxa,
Quidquid agunt homines, votum, timor, ira, vo-
luptas,

aequor,

Gaudia, discursus, nostri est farrago libelli.
Et quando uberior vitiorum copia? quando
Major avaritiae patuit sinus? alea quando

nally, praetorium,' probably with
tentorium' understood, meant the
consul's quarters in camp; consul
and praetor being at first identical.
It then came to mean the "
govern-
ment-house," i. e. the propractor's
or proconsul's residence, in a pro-
vincial capital; and thus any palace,
or large building.

76. argentum] "plate."

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ib. stantem extra] "standing out on. The cup had a figure (crusta') of a goat in high relief. See Macleane as to these " crustae," which were moveable.

77, 78. nurus-adulter] "the seducer of his own gold-craving daughter-in-law" (he has corrupted her with gifts); "the dishonoured wives and adulterer in robes of office." The toga praetexta (i. e. the "bordered toga," but for which 'praetexta' alone is generally used) had a broad purple stripe or border. It was the distinctive dress (1) of all the magistrates, excepting perhaps the tribunes of the people, censors, and quaestors: (2) of children of both sexes. Girls wore it until marriage, and boys up to the age of pubertas' (fourteen or thereabouts), when they assumed the 'toga virilis.' From the last-mentioned use of the 'praetexta,' the word has been rendered here "the boy adulterer," as having more point.

85

But this is somewhat strained; and there is no special point in the companion-picture of the " sponsae turpes."

80. Cluvienus] An indifferent poet, only known from this passage.

82. montem-sortes poposcit] See Ov. Met. i. 316-321; 367-383. The mountain was Parnassus, and the oracle whose response (sortes') was required, that of Themis. 'Sortes' is the Italian type of an oracular response, which was given, especially in the temple of Fortuna, by drawing lots from a coffer. The Greek responses, at Dodona, Delphi, &c., were oral.

83.] Cf. Ov. Met. i. 399-402, "Ponere duritiem coepere (scil. saxa)... Mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam." Juvenal has improved on his original.

86. discursus]" inquietude;" lit. running to and fro."

ib. libelli] "volume;" see note on 1. 5, 6. So Hor. Sat. i. 10. 92, 'I, puer, atque meo citus haec subscribe libello."

66

88. sinus] The fold of the toga over the breast, where the purse was kept. "When swelled wider (i. e. to pocket its gains) the toga-fold of avarice ?"

ib. alea] sub. "habuit." For the prevalence of gaming, see Macleane ad loc.

90

Hos animos? Neque enim loculis comitantibus itur
Ad casum tabulae, posita sed luditur arca.
Proelia quanta illic dispensatore videbis
Armigero! Simplexne furor, sestertia centum.
Perdere, et horrenti tunicam non reddere servo ?
Quis totidem erexit villas? quis fercula septem
Secreto coenavit avus? Nunc sportula primo
Limine parva sedet, turbae rapienda togatae.
Ille tamen faciem prius inspicit et trepidat, ne
Suppositus venias ac falso nomine poscas.
Agnitus accipies. Jubet a praecone vocari
Ipsos Trojugenas: nam vexant limen et ipsi 100

89. loculi, orum] (always plural in this sense.) A portable cash-box, opposed to the strong-box, "arca,' 1. 90. Cf. Sat. xi. 26.

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90. tabulae] the gaming-table." See note on 1. 63.

ib. posita] "staked." 91. dispensatore-armigero] abl. absolute. "With the steward of the estate for armour-bearer." The "arms" were the money staked, and the player's man of business was there to supply it.

92. Simplexne furor] "Is it mere common madness ?"

ib. sestertia centum] See note on 1. 106.

93. perdere] scil. at the gamingtable above mentioned.

94 seqq.] A fresh ground of complaint; the selfish luxury of the rich.

ib. fercula] "courses.' See Mac

leane ad loc.

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95

in which the dole was carried off. It became an every-day part of Roman life; see Sat. iii. 246 seq., x. 46; and it would appear from this passage, that there were noble and even official candidates for it. Eventually, money was given instead of the food.

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96. turbae togatae] Under the empire the habitual use of the toga" in the city, which had before been universal, became confined to the aristocracy; see note on Sat. iii. 172. On state occasions, however, it was still worn by the middle and lower classes; and the reception of the 'sportula' was one of these. See Mar. Ep. xiv. 125, "Attrita veniet sportula saepe toga." 97. Ille] The butler. 98. Suppositus] Counterfeiting some one else.

100. Ipsos Trojugenas] The 'ancienne noblesse' itself. The term refers to the distinction which under the empire was still kept up between patricians of the majorum" and minorum gentium" respectively. Originally, the former meant the two patrician tribes of the Ramnes and Tities, who dated from the foundation of Rome, while the "minorum gentium" families were those of the more recently added Luceres. As fresh additions were made, however, the Luceres themselves were promoted to the " ma

Nobiscum. Da praetori, da deinde tribuno!
Sed libertinus prior est. Prior, inquit, ego adsum.
Cur timeam dubitemve locum defendere, quamvis
Natus ad Euphraten, molles quod in aure fenestrae
Arguerint, licet ipse negem? Sed quinque ta-
bernae

105

Quadringenta parant. Quid confert purpura major
Optandum, si Laurenti custodit in agro
Conductas Corvinus oves? Ego possideo plus
Pallante et Licinîs. Exspectent ergo tribuni ;

jorum gentium," and the newly-
admitted patricians became "mino-
rum" in their turn, and the same
process was from time to time re-
peated. A still further change took
place under the later republic and
empire, when an aristocracy arose,
founded on mere personal desert.
At first, indeed, something of an
hereditary character was given even
to this by the line drawn between
the "nobiles" and "novi homines;"
see note on Sat. viii. 237; but gra-
dually even this disappeared, and the
distinction became purely personal.
The new aristocracy thus created was
regarded by the old families with
great jealousy. As an expression
of it, they transferred to the recent
creations the invidious term "mi-
norum gentium," while they them-
selves now, as a body, appropriated the
name and traditions of the "majorum
gentium." The latter of course in-
cluded their Trojan descent; al-
though in strictness this only be-
longed to the Ramnes, who were in-
stituted by Romulus.

104. fenestrae] Holes pierced for the earrings a badge of servitude in the East.

105. quinque tabernae] See note on Sat. vii. 220, 221.

106. quadringenta] Large amounts were computed at Rome by sestertii, as in France now by francs. The sestertius ("semis tertius," the "third a half;" i. e. two and a half) was of the denarius, =2 asses. Its symbol is H.S. (or

II;) i. e. two; and S. for semis.
To expedite the computation,

(a) 1000 sestertii were called "ses-
tertium" (perhaps not used in fact):
(b) 2000 to 999,000 were called
"duo sestertia," &c.; or, " duo &c.,
millia (sub. sestertiorum');" or else
(as here "quadraginta ") the nume-
ral was used alone; (sub.
"millia
sestertiorum.")

(c) For 1,000,000 and upwards, the numeral adverbs were used, after which "centena millia sestertiorum" is understood; thus" decies" (centena millia sest.) = 1,000,000. To translate these sums of decies and upwards rapidly, take off a cypher, and add a million; thus vicies, 20, and taking off the "0," 2 million. The word 'sestertium,' which is sometimes written after the "millia," is always the contracted genitive plur. from sestertius. When written in numerals, a stroke over the numeral shows that it is the adverb, and therefore "centena millia" understood. Thus H.S.M. 1000 sestertii; H.S.M. "millies centena millia sestertiorum," = 100,000,000 sestertii.

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ib. quadringenta parant] Give me a knight's income. See note on Sat. iii. 154, 155.

ib. purpura major] The senatorial laticlave.

107, 108.] i. e. when noble families are thus reduced. Corvinus; cognomen of the Messalae, a branch of the Valeria gens.

109.] Pallas, the freedman of

110

Vincant divitiae: sacro nec cedat honori,
Nuper in hanc urbem pedibus qui venerat albis ;
Quandoquidem inter nos sanctissima Divitiarum
Majestas etsi funesta Pecunia templo

:

Nondum habitas, nullas nummorum ereximus aras,
Ut colitur Pax atque Fides, Victoria, Virtus, 115
Quaeque salutato crepitat Concordia nido.

Sed quum summus honor finito computet anno,
Sportula quid referat, quantum rationibus addat;
Quid facient comites, quibus hinc toga, calceus
hinc est,

Et panis fumusque domi? Densissima centum
Quadrantes lectica petit, sequiturque maritum
Languida vel praegnans et circumducitur uxor.
Hic petit absenti, nota jam callidus arte,

119

Ostendens vacuam et clausam pro conjuge sellam.
Galla mea est, inquit. Citius dimitte. Moraris ?-
"Profer, Galla, caput."-Noli vexare, quiescit. 126

Ipse dies pulcro distinguitur ordine rerum :
Sportula, deinde forum jurisque peritus Apollo,
Atque triumphales, inter quas ausus habere

Claudius, and Licinus, freedman of
Augustus, were both proverbially
wealthy. Cf. Sat. xiv. 306.

110. sacro honori] The tribunes of the people, who were inviolable; 66 sacro sancti," Liv. ii. 33.

111. pedibus albis] Newly imported slaves were chalked on the foot ("gypsati pedis," Ov. Am. i. 8. 62); why, or on what part of it, is uncertain. It is said to have been on the sole; but query?

116.] The reference is probably to the old temple of Concord, erected by Camillus, and re-consecrated by Tiberius. The building was full of birds' nests, and therefore "Concord, (i. e. her temple,) sounded with greetings to the nest," on the birds returning home to their young. For the temples of the divinities in 1. 115, see Macleane ad loc.

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117. summus honor] Senatorial rank" i. e. senators. 118. rationibus] "Income;" lit.

"accounts."

119. hinc] From the "sportula." 120, 121. densissima-petit] The "dense (i. e. densely crowded) litters ask their hundred quadrantes." 'Densissima lectica' is for the plur. 'lecticae.'

121. quadrantes] Antiq.as.'

See Dict.

123. Hic] Here is one who (absenti,' sub. uxori ') asks for a wife who is not there at all; pretending that she is in the litter.

126. Profer-caput] The words of the butler.

128-130. jurisque peritus Apollo

triumphales] sub. "statuae." The forum contained an ivory statue of Apollo, and figures of eminent men placed there by Augustus. 'Tituli' are the inscriptions on the latter.

128. juris peritus] From hearing so much of it there.

132

135

Nescio quis titulos Aegyptius atque Arabarches.
Vestibulis abeunt veteres lassique clientes
Votaque deponunt, quamquam longissima coenae
Spes homini. Caules miseris atque ignis emendus.
Optima silvarum interea pelagique vorabit
Rex horum, vacuisque toris tantum ipse jacebit.
Nam de tot pulcris et latis orbibus et tam
Antiquis una comedunt patrimonia mensa.
Nullus jam parasitus erit! Sed quis ferat istas
Luxuriae sordes? Quanta est gula, quae sibi totos
Ponit apros, animal propter convivia natum! 141
Poena tamen praesens, quum tu deponis amictum
Turgidus, et crudum pavonem in balnea portas.
Hinc subitae mortes atque intestata senectus.
It nova nec tristis per cunctas fabula coenas: 145
Ducitur iratis plaudendum funus amicis.

Nil erit ulterius, quod nostris moribus addat Posteritas: eadem cupient facientque minores. Omne in praecipiti vitium stetit. Utere velis, but as it Totos pande sinus. Dicas hic forsitan: Unde 150 might be Ingenium par materiae est ? Unde illa priorum

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ib. longissima] "longest-lived." 136. rea] The patron. Sat. v. 14. ib. vacuis-jacebit] "And will recline with only himself on the empty couches." This use of 'tantum' is rare.

137. orbibus] "Tables;" as in Sat. xi. 122; lít. the circular top of the table. Under the empire, each guest had a separate table, which was carried in and out at the courses, with the dishes upon it; so that the word is equivalent to 66 courses. Here the rich man has them all served, as if he had company. The ancient usage was the 'triclinium;' see note on Sat. v. 17. 138. mensa] "meal."

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140, 141. quae-apros] "Which serves up to itself boars whole." Cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 3. 243; 8. 6.

141. convivia] opp. to the solitary meal of the rich man.

142. Poena tamen praesens] sub. "est." "However, retribution is upon you.",

143. crudum]" Undigested." The custom of taking a bath after the 'coena' (see note on 1. 49, "ab octava") was begun by Nero.

145. fabula] "story."

146. iratis Because his intestacy (1. 144) had lost them their legacies.

149.] "Every vice has reached its climax :" lit." stands already on the summit," cliff's brink; and there fore "can go no higher."

149. Utere velis] Addressed to himself as satirist.

151. Unde illa] "Or again, where is ?"

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