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Feceris ipse aliquid, propter quod nobilis esses, 41 Ut te conciperet, quae sanguine fulget Iuli, Non quae ventoso conducta sub aggere texit. Vos humiles, inquis, vulgi pars ultima nostri, Quorum nemo queat patriam monstrare parentis; "Manner Ast ego Cecropides. Vivas, et originis hujus makyth Gaudia longa feras; tamen ima plebe Quiritem Facundum invenies: solet hic defendere causas Nobilis indocti. Veniet de plebe togata, Qui juris nodos et legum aenigmata solvat. Hic petit Euphraten juvenis domitique Batavi Custodes aquilas, armis industrius: at tu Nil nisi Cecropides, truncoque simillimus Hermae. Nullo quippe alio vincis discrimine, quam quod Illi marmoreum caput est, tua vivit imago. Dic mihi, Teucrorum proles, animalia muta

toque metu occultior (this was to avoid exciting Nero's jealousy), tanto plus famae adeptus." The two latter difficulties seem wholly unexplained. It would dispose of all three if Juvenal's cotemporary was a son of Rubellius Plautus, bearing the same name as his grandfather Blandus. But there is no authority for this; and " te " in 1. 42 must then mean, "him through whom you claim," i. e. 66 your father."

41. nobilis] In its strict sense, "well-born." The idea is thus amplified in 1. 42, 43, the construction of which is in apposition with "nobilis esses," i. e. depending on "feceris" in 1. 41.

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42. quae-Iuli] i. e. Julia. See note on 1. 39, 40.

43. non quae-texit] "and not one of the hired weavers on the 'agger."" A household of repute always had its own loom, worked by the slaves. It was only those of mean condition who were obliged to "put out" the weaving, the pay for which was probably trifling enough. There were no manufacturing houses, as with us, except for the more costly fabrics. For "agger," see note on Sat. v. 153.

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46. Cecropides] "Athenian," i. e. an αὐτόχθων, like the Athenians, one of the aboriginal families." See Lidd. and Scott's Gr. Lex., avTóxwv.

49. de plebe tog.] "from this city population." See note on Sat. iii. 172.

50. juris-legum] See note on Sat. ii. 43.

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51. hic] "Another plebeian youth." For "Euphraten" and "Batavi," see Macleane ad loc. Batavi " is gen. after "custodes," 1. 52. 52. aquilas] i. e. the legions. See note on Sat. ii. 101.

53. trunco-Hermae] The 'Epuał were the first rude conception of an image; a square stone, shaped at the top into a bust, and therefore without hands or feet. This is of course the meaning here. The first images of this kind were probably those of Hermes (Mercury); but the name was retained even when the pedestal was surmounted by the busts of other deities.

56. Teucrorum] Rubellius, as belonging to the Julia gens, was in direct descent from lulus (Ascanius). See Virg. Aen. i. 283, "Julius, a magno demissum nomen Iülo."

Our nobility as they

should

be;

Quis generosa putet, nisi fortia? Nempe volucrem
Sic laudamus equum, facili cui plurima palma
Fervet, et exsultat rauco victoria Circo.

Nobilis hic, quocumque venit de gramine, cujus 60
Clara fuga ante alios et primus in aequore pulvis:
Sed venale pecus Corythae posteritas et
Hirpini, si rara jugo Victoria sedit.

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Nil ibi majorum respectus, gratia nulla
Umbrarum dominos pretiis mutare jubentur
Exiguis, tritoque trahunt epiredía collo
Segnipedes, dignique molam versare Nepotis.
Ergo ut miremur te, non tua, primum aliquid da,
Quod possim titulis incidere praeter honores,
Quos illis damus et dedimus, quibus omnia debes. 70
Haec satis ad juvenem, quem nobis fama super-

bum

Tradit, et inflatum, plenumque Nerone propinquo,
Rarus enim ferme sensus communis in illa
Fortuna. Sed te censeri laude tuorum,

59. rauco] "hoarse with shouting." So that "palma" in 1. 58 is probably applause (clapping hands).

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ib. Circo] i. e. at the Circensian games. See note on Sat. iii. 223.

Pro

62,63. Corythae-Hirpini] Names of racers; the latter also mentioned by Martial, Ep. iii. 63, "Hirpini veteres qui bene novit avos." bably they are adjective forms from their respective birth-places, 'equae' and equi' being understood. "Corythae" might thus be another form for 'Corythaeae;' i. e., from Cortona in Etruria, in poetry Corythus.' "Hirpini" would be from the country of the Hirpini in central Italy.

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62. venale] sub. "est." "Go to the

hammer."

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with others." See Cic. Planc. 14, "Communis ille sensus in aliis fortasse latuit; hic, quod cum caeteris sentiebat, id magis quam caeteri.' It is used, however, apart from any context, to express a particular quality in a person, and then means very much what we call " gentlemanly feeling." So Hor. Sat. i. 3. 64—66, "ut forte legentem Aut tacitum impellat quovis sermone molestus; Communi sensu plane caret, inquimus. The truth is, that the phrase still keeps its strict meaning of " feeling in common with others;" i. e. unselfishness, viewed especially in its social results. Here the meaning is perhaps "forbearance." It has nothing to do with "common sense." 73, 74. in illa fortuna] In the position of Rubellius.

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74-78.] "I would not have you rated only by your ancestor's merit without any of your own. The prop you rely on will give way under you." For " censeri," see note on "Tuorum," sub. 'avorum.'

1. 2.

75

Pontice, noluerim, sic ut nihil ipse futurae
Laudis agas.
Miserum est aliorum incumbere
famae,

80

Ne collapsa ruant subductis tecta columnis. Stratus humi palmes viduas desiderat ulmos. Esto bonus miles, tutor bonus, arbiter idem Integer. Ambiguae si quando citabere testis Incertaeque rei; Phalaris licet imperet, ut sis Falsus, et admoto dictet perjuria tauro, Summum crede nefas animam praeferre pudori Et propter vitam vivendi perdere causas. Dignus morte perît, coenet licet ostrea centum 85 Gaurana, et Cosmi toto mergatur aeno. Provin- Exspectata diu tandem provincia quum te Rectorem accipiet, pone irae frena modumque, Pone et avaritiae: miserere inopum sociorum. Ossa vides regum vacuis exsucta medullis.

and as

they are.

cial mis

government.

79. tutor] "guardian," either to a minor (pupillus'), or to a female possessed of property. In the former sense the word corresponded pretty well with that with which we are familiar, excepting that the tutela' terminated (in the case of males) at fourteen, when the 'toga virilis' was assumed. See note on Sat. i. 78. The tutela' of women was in some respects different, the management of the ward's property being left to herself, which was not the case with minors. The tutor's sanction, however, was required to all alienations of a woman's property, whether by will or during her life, as well as to her contracts and lawsuits. This sanction was technically termed 'auctoritas.'

ib. arbiter]"juror." An "arbiter," like a 'judex,' was appointed by the praetor. See note on Sat. iii. 213. The functions of the two were indeed nearly identical, the difference lying in the forms of the pleadings, and also in the 'judicium' being constituted with a sponsio.' This was a penal sum, which the defendant promised to pay ('spondebat') if he failed, and which practically

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90

served as the provision for the plaintiff's costs. See Cic. pro P. Quintio throughout. The arbitrium' had no such provision. It will be seen from the above that the "arbiter" is not the same as our "arbitrator."

84. causas] All sufficient motives for.

85. dignus morte] The criminal. ib. perit] "really dies," i. e. lives a death in life. The word thus expands the idea of 1. 84.

86. Gaurana] i. e. from the Lacus Lucrinus, near Baiae. The Gaurus Mons' is the highest point of the hills which enclose the lake. The oysters of this district were famous. See Sat. iv. 141; xi. 49. And cf. Hor. Epod. 2. 49, "Non me Lucrina juverint conchylia."

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ib. Cosmi] A famous dealer in unguents; also mentioned by Martial, Ep. iii. 55. 1, 2, quacunque venis, Cosmum migrare putamus, Et fluere excusso cinnama fusa vitro." ib. aeno] "crucible."

89. sociorum] See note on Sat. v. 31 ad fin. 90. regum] Native sovereigns under Roman protection.

Respice, quid moneant leges, quid curia mandet,
Praemia quanta bonos maneant, quam fulmine justo
Et Capito et Tutor ruerint, damnante senatu,
Piratae Cilicum. (Sed quid damnatio confert,
Quum Pansa eripiat, quidquid tibi Natta reliquit ?
Praeconem, Chaerippe, tuis circumspice pannis, 96
Jamque tace. Furor est, post omnia perdere nau-
lum.)

Non îdem gemitus olim nec vulnus erat par
Damnorum, sociis florentibus, et modo victis.
Plena domus tunc omnis et ingens stabat acervus
Numorum, Spartana chlamys, conchylia Coa, 101
Et cum Parrhasii tabulis signisque Myronis
Phidiacum vivebat ebur, nec non Polycleiti
Multus ubique labor: rarae sine Mentore mensae.
Inde Dolabella est atque hinc Antonius, inde 105

90. vacuis exsucta] By transposition for " vacua exsuctis.

93. Capito] Capito Cossutianus. He was appointed to the province of Cilicia A.D. 56, and convicted of 'repetundae' in his government. He had been an advocate, and notoriously mercenary in his practice.

ib. Tutor] It is not known who is meant; the reading is uncertain. 94-97.] "Although what do the provinces gain, even by the successful prosecution of a proconsul? He is followed by another just as bad. It would have been wiser to have saved the passage-money."

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95. Pansa-Natta] It is not known who are referred to.

96. Chaerippe A feigned name probably; some rich man of Cilicia, who had been subjected to exactions. 98.] "You see to what a deplorable state (98-112) the provinces are reduced. The only check, in fact, on proconsular oppression is the fear of resistance. The feeble provinces (112-115) will submit tamely enough, but there would be some risk (116–124) with the more warlike ones. Let your rule, however (125-142), be a higher one,

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to justify your claim to noble birth by rectitude in administering your 'provincia.' The passage makes it probable that Ponticus, to whom the satire is addressed, was expecting some proconsular appointment. Nothing, however, is known of him.

101. Spartana] i. e. purple-dyed. The 'murex' was found off the coast of Laconia. See Plin. Hist. Nat. ix. 36 init., "Praecipuus hic (murex) in . . . Laconica Europae."

ib. conchylia Coa] "Coan dresses;" lit. shell-fish. The animal from which this dye is procured is thus used for the dyed material itself. Cos was famous for its manufacture of a light transparent dress. See Tibull. ii. 3. 55, Illa gerat vestes tenues quas femina Coa Texuit."

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102, 103. Myronis - Polycleiti] Both sculptors, and cotemporaries of Phidias. Myron was a Boeotian, Polycleitus a native of Argos.

104. Mentore] A Greek chaser of silver cups and vases. He flourished at a date previous to B.C. 356.

105. hinc inde] i. e. from the ancient wealth of the provinces. It was this made them the plunderers they were.

Sacrilegus Verres. Referebant navibus altis
Occulta spolia et plures de pace triumphos.
Nunc sociis juga pauca boum et grex parvus equa-

rum,

Et pater armenti capto eripietur agello;

Ipsi deinde Lares, si quod spectabile signum, 110
Si quis in aedicula deus unicus. Haec etenim sunt
Pro summis: nam sunt haec maxima. Despicias tu
Forsitan imbelles Rhodios unctamque Corinthum:
Despicias merito. Quid resinata juventus
Cruraque totius facient tibi levia gentis ?
Horrida vitanda est Hispania, Gallicus axis,
Illyricumque latus: parce et messoribus illis,
Qui saturant urbem Circo scenaeque vacantem :-
(Quanta autem inde feres tam dirae praemia culpae,

105. Dolabella-Antonius] C. Cornelius Dolabella was praetor in Cilicia B.C. 80. C. Antonius Hybrida was consul B.C. 63 (the year of Cicero's consulate), and afterwards appointed to Macedonia. Both Dolabella and Antonius were convicted of 'repetundae' in their province. Verres was praetor in Sicily B.C. 73 -70. He is well known from Cicero's Verrine orations, which exhibit him as a monster of rapacity. The term "sacrilegus" is added, from the number of temples he plundered, beginning with Delos. See the Verrine Oration ii. 1. 18, and the Oration Act. ii. 4, throughout.

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107. occulta triumphos] "Smuggled trophies, and twice-told triumphs of peace;" occulta" agreeing with spolia.' Spolia is contrasted with "occulta" by a strong irony. The trophies of these proconsuls were the plunder of the provinces, which they carried home with them, of course in strict secresy. The " "plures de pace triumphos" means more than other generals have gained in war." By triumphos" are meant the materials of a triumphal procession. The latter formed a brilliant cortège, laden with precious metals, jewels, works of art, and plunder of

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every description.

115

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111. aedicula] "shrine;" dim. of aedes,' a temple.

"resin-daubed."

114. resinata] This substance was used by the effcminate youth of the period to remove the hair from their bodies. Pumicestone was employed for the same purpose; also tar See Sat. ix. 14.

116. horrida] Opposed to "levia" in 1. 115.

ib. axis] "clime," lit. pole (north or south). Cf. Sat. vi. 470.

117. latus] i. e. 'ora.' ib. messoribus illis] the Cyrenians (the "Afros" of 1. 120).

118. saturant] "feed." From the decline of agriculture under the empire, the greater part of the corn consumed in Rome was imported, principally from the provinces of Sicily and Cyrene. Hence" urbem Circo scenaeque vacantem;"-" feed Rome, and so leave it at leisure to enjoy its amusements.'

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ib. Circoli. e. the Circensian games. See note on Sat. iii. 223; and cf. Sat. x. 81. "Scenae," the stage.

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119, 120.] Although, even if you were tempted to plunder Cyrene, what would you get by it, when Marius has just done that so effectually ?" See note on Sat. i. 49.

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