B. Essay. Page these powers ought to exist without limitation," No. XXIII. 150 a. "because it is impossible to foresee or define the extent and variety of national exigencies," 150, 151 b. because it is impossible to foresee "the extent and variety of means which may be necessary to satisfy" those exigencies,. 150, 151 c. this principle fully recognized in the Articles of Confederation,... d. no " proper or adequate provision for its exercise made in those articles,.. 151 " 151 152 152 152 e. the expectations concerning it of the framers of those articles, f. "this expectation was ill-founded and illusory," g. the effect of that failure,.. h. the remedy therefor, the measures proposed in the new Constitution,.... 152 c. objection, the danger of standing armies, considered, XXIV. 156 a. the powers referred to are delegated to the LEGISLA TIVE department, not to the EXECUTIVE of the Union, 156 b. the Congress itself, in the exercise of the powers referred to, is expressly limited by the terms of the proposed Constitution,.... ... 157 c. the State constitutions, with two exceptions, contain no interdiction of standing armies, in time of peace,..... 157 d. the Articles of Confederation "had not imposed a single restraint on the authority of the United States" on this subject,...... 158 e. the constant danger of the United States from foreign and Indian hostilities renders such authority in the Fœderal government necessary,.. 159 f. the growing commerce of the United States demands a navy for its protection,...... 161 D. objection, "that the objects enumerated above ought to be provided for by the State governments," considered, XXV. 162 a. "it would be an inversion of the primary principle of our political association," by transferring the care of the common defence to the individual members of the Union,...... 162 A. the result of which would be "oppressive to some 162 B. it might become dangerous to all the States, through 163 163 Essay. Page D. it might afford temptation for invading the constitutional authority of the Union,............................No. XXV. 168 b. the provisions of the Articles of Confederation on State military and naval establishments, referred to,........ 164 E. the impropriety of restraining the discretion of Congress, on keeping up armies, further considered,............... a. the uncertainty of the period or extent of the danger to be guarded against, 164 164 b. it presumes a possibility of collusion between the Congress and the executive, in schemes of usurpation,.... 165 F. the impropriety of restraining Congress in raising armies in times of peace considered,... G. the objection that "the militia of the country is its natural bulwark," considered,.. a. it often wants " vigor and stability,' b. it is not the most economical,.. c. standing armies sometimes necessary in times of external peace, 165 166 166 166 ... 167 A. instance of Pennsylvania, notwithstanding her Bill of 167 B. instance of Massachusetts, notwithstanding the Arti- 167 H. the danger of "fettering the government with restrictions" considered,.. 167 I. 'the idea of restraining the legislative authority, in the XXVI. 169 a. its origin,... 169 b. it never found much favor in America,. 169 J. 'the idea which aims at the exclusion of military estab lishments in times of peace," further considered,.... 170 a. its origin and progress,.. 170 b. vesting authority on the subject in the Congress, a suffi- 171 ...... A. because the subject must be reconsidered every two 178 B. because "schemes to subvert the liberties of a people C. objection, that the executive may seize supplies, an- D. an appeal for the Union based on this objection,...... 175 B. concerning the administration of the laws,.... XXVII. 176 A. the assertion that the laws which the Constitution authorizes cannot be executed without the aid of a military force, considered,.. 176 Essay. Page a. unless the Fœderal government shall be worse administered than the State governments, there will be no danger from popular ill-will, No. XXVII. 176 b. it is probable that the former will be better administered than the latter,. 177 A. from the greater latitude of choice, in the selection of 177 B. from the peculiar care and judgment with which the 177 C. from the superior intelligence of the Fœderal Con- 177 D. from the absence of faction therein,. ...... 177 ... 178 c. there will be less liability to sedition, because there will .... 178 B. the proposed form of government "bids much fairer to avoid the necessity of using force," than that proposed by its opponents,... ..... a. because "it enables the Foederal government to employ the ordinary magistracy of each State, in the execution of its laws," 179 179 b. because it displays to the People the common origin of both the Fœderal and the State governments,......... 179 c. because it conveys to the People the consideration of its superior power to enforce obedience, and thereby checks disaffection, A. "the laws of the confederacy, as to the enumerated 179 180 c. "there may happen cases in which the National government may be necessitated to resort to force,"... XXVIII. 181 a. in which cases force must be employed,. 181 A. examples referred to, in the individual States, 182 B. it would be equally necessary in the plan proposed by 182 b. it will be entirely controlled by the representatives of the People,..... 183 A. if the Congress betrays the People there is no remedy 183 183 C. the State governments the greatest security against 185 Essay. Page D. the great extent of our territory affords additional se curity, ......No. XXVIII. 185 E. the limited resources of the country afford still more 185 .XXIX. 186 C. concerning "a general power of taxation,' A. such authority is necessary in every constitution,..... 187 a. the want of such authority leads either to official plunder, or,... b. to "a fatal atrophy" in the government, and speedy dissolution,...... 187 ... 187 B. in the present confederation, the want of it has produced disaster,.... c. the only remedy is "that of permitting the National gov ernment to raise its own revenues by the ordinary methods of taxation,"...... 187 .... 188 D. objection, that the authority of Congress should be limited 188 189 a. the "vices and deformities" of the system of requisitions, considered,.. A. primarily, no "proper dependence on the plan,.... 191 C. thirdly, the destruction of public credit, F. surrejoinder, "that, from the scantiness of the resources 191 191 191 191 191 a. "the resources of the community, in their full extent, will be brought into activity for the benefit of the Union,". 191 b. "whatever deficiency there may be, can readily be supplied by loans,.... 191 A. confidence inspired, among lenders, by the delegation 192 B. distrust arising from the absence of that authority, in 192 G. the necessity of "a general power of taxation further considered,.... " .XXX. 192 subject,..... a. the importance of "first principles," on every general b. "first principles " in morals and politics less frequently ... 192 Essay. Page assented to than those of other branches of knowl- c. the reason for that diversity of opinion in morals and ... 194 d. the same influences prevail among the opponents of the new system,.. 194 A. the reasoning of the anti-Fœderalists reviewed,. ... 194 195 197 D. a review of the anti-Fœderal arguments on the proba- 197 .... a. the sympathy of the People with the State governments, H. objection, that such a power in the Fœderal government would interfere with the State governments in their levies of money, considered,... 197 197 .XXXI. 198 a. the sense of the People, a barrier to the oppressive use 198 198 c. a conviction of the utility and necessity of local administrations, for local purposes, a third barrier thereto,..... 198 d. the several States would still retain an independent and uncontrollable authority to raise their own revenues,... 198 A. an attempt, by the Fœderal authorities, to abridge that authority will be a violent assumption of unconstitutional power,.. . . . . B. the sovereignty of the Foederal authorities limited in 199 199 ..... a. "where the Constitution in express terms grants an ex- 199 b. "where it grants an authority to the Union and 199 C. where it grants an authority to the Union, to which a similar authority in the States would be absolutely and totally contradictory and repugnant," ........... 199 C. the only exclusive power of taxation which is delegated to the Fœderal government is that of imposing taxes on imports,... ... 200 D. the authority to impose taxes on all other articles is ... |