duces. The English and Dutch had factories here at the beginning of the 17th century; but the Dutch expelled the English. Lon. 127° 0'

E. lat. 4° 0'S.

Ambresbury, town in Wiltshire, Eng., 6 ms. N. of Salisbury, and 78 W. of London. Lon. 1° 40′ W. lat. 51- 11' N.

Ambrym, one of the New Hebrides, in the S. Facific Ocean. Lon. 168° 12′ F. lat. 16° 10' N. Amedabad, a large and populous city of Hindoostan, and the capital of the province of Gazerat. It is one of the best fortified places India, but was taken by general Goddard, in 1780, from the Poonah Mahrattas, to whom it was restored in 1783. It stands in a beautiful plain on the banks of a navigable river that falls into the Gulf of Cambray, 321 ms. N. of Bombay. Lon. 72° 37′ E. lat. 22° 58′ N.

Amednagar, city of Hindoostan in the Dec can, once the capital of the Soubah of the same name, which now is better known by that of Dowlatabad. This city was the residence of the emperor Aurangzebe, during his conquest of the Deccan, and the Carnatic. It is 181 ms. by Poonah from Bombay. Lon. 75° 0' E. lat. 19° 10 N.

Amelia, an episcopal city of Italy, in the State of the Church, in the Duchy of Spoletto, 20 ms. SW. of Spoletta, and 45 N. of Rome. Lon. 12° 30′ E. lat. 41° 33′ N.

Amelia, cty. Virg., lying between the waters of the Nottoway and Appomatox rivers. Hav. ing Nottoway SW., Prince Edward W., Cumberland NW., Pohatan and Chesterfield NE., and Dinwiddie SE. It is about 30 ms. long, with a mean width of 10, embracing an area of 300 sqms. The face of this cty. is agreeably diversified, and soil tolerably fertile. Ctl. lat. 37° 15′ N. lon. W. C. 1° W. Pop. 1820, 11,106. Amelia, C. H. and psto. Amelia cty. Virg. 58 ms. SW. from Richmond, and 185 from W. C. Amelia Springs, psto. Amelia cty. Virg. 61 ms. SW. from Richmond, and 184 from W. C. Amelia Island, in the Atlantic Ocean, coast of East Florida, S. from Cumberland island. Lat. 30° 35' N.; extending 13 ms. from the mouth of Nassau to St. Mary's rivers, with a mean width exceeding a mile.

Ameliasburg, tp. in the cty, of Prince Edward, U. C., is the westernmost tp. of that cty, bounded by the carrying place, which leads from the head of the bay of Quinte to Lake Ontario, and is washed by the waters of the bay and the hake.

Amenia Union Society, psto. eastern part of Dutchess cty. N. Y., 25 ms. NW. from Poughkeepsie. Pop. 1820, 3,114.

America, continent of, one of the great subdivisions of the terraqueous globe. Taken in its fullest extent, America extends from S. lat. 56°, to the utmost known land towards the N. pole. It is washed on the E. by the Atlantic Ocean, which separates it from Africa and Europe; by the Pacific Ocean W. separating it from Asia, Australasia, and Polynesia; and on the N. by the Frozen Ocean, and the various inlets separating the numerous islands of that inhospitable region. America is naturally divided into two immense sections, which have received the relative adjective names of North America, and South America. North America

extends from the Isthmus of Darien, N. lat. 8o to the utmost known regions of the N., and spreads from Bhering's Straits to those of Bellisle, or rather, to embrace Greenland. Its breadth is very irregular, not exceeding 15 or 20 ms. near Panama; whilst from Bhering's straits to the straits of Bellisle, it extends to a distance of 3,300 geographical, or 3,800 English ms. bearing N. 760 W. From the straits of Bellisle to the isthmus of Darien, is 4,500 geographical, equal to 5212 English ms. North America is traversed by two great chains, and several minor ranges of mountains. The Appalachian or Alleghany mountains, extend through the United States from NE. to SW. from the state of New York, to Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, with a mean width of about 50 ms. Several detached ranges or groups rise NE. off the Hudson, and SE. off the St. Lawrence. The Masserne or Ozark mountains, extend from the centre of the state of Missouri toward Texas, and the other Spanish internal provinces, in a direction nearly parallel to the Appalachian chain. The length of the Appalachian is about 900 ms. with a mean elevation of, from 1,200 to 2,000 feet. The extent of the Masserne chain, is not very accurately known, but must exceed 600 ms.; its mean height cannot, in the present state of geograpical knowledge, be estimated with any approximate degree of accuracy. The great spine of North America, is the Chippewan, Rocky, or as it is termed in Mexico, that of Anahuac. This immense chain reaches from the peninsula of Tehuantepec N. lat. 16°, to the Frozen Ocean at N. lat. 68°, or through upwards of 50 degrees of latitude; encircling nearly one-seventh part of the globe. In neither the Appalachian, or Masserne chains, nor in any of their neighbouring groups, have any active or extinct volcanoes been discovered; but in the southern part of the great central chain, an immense range of volcanoes or volcanic summits rise to from 10,000 to 17,700 feet. It is generally supposed that the mountains of the isthmus of Darien, are continuations of the chain of Anahuac; but there is strong reason to believe, that the former are distinct and unconnected with the latter. A nameless range skirts along the Pacific Ocean, which from the defective surveys yet taken, cannot be very distinctly delineated. That part of North America W. of the Chippewan mountains, and N. of Colorado river, except the central parts of the valley of Columbia, remains either imperfectly or entirely unknown. North America has 5 great systems of rivers; that of the Atlantic Ocean; that of the Gulf of Mexico; that of the Frozen Ocean; that of Hudson's Bay; and that of the Pacific Ocean.

In the Atlantic system, the principal rivers are, St. John's of Florida, Altamaha, Savannah, Santee, Pedee, Cape Fear, Roanoke, James, Potomac, Susquehannah, Delaware, Hudson, Connecticut, Kenebec, Penobscot, St. John's of New Brunswick, and St. Lawrence. In the system of Hudson's Bay are included, besides many streams of lesser note, Rupert's, Albany, Severn, and Sashasshawin rivers. Into the Northern Ocean, M'Kenzie's, Peace, or Unjiga river, is the only stream of considerable mag

nitude yet known, to enter from the continent of North America. The rivers of the central valley of North America, are discharged into the Gulf of Mexico, amongst which the Mississippi presents its overwhelming flood; but besides that vast river, the Appalachicola, Mobile, Colorado, of the Gulf of Mexico, Rio Grande del Norte, and several others, are streams of great magnitude. The Santiago, Hiaqui, the Colorado of the Gulf of California, and the Columbia, are the only extensive rivers, the courses of which are correctly known, and which enter the Pacific Ocean from the continent of North America.

South America reaches from Cape Vela, N. lat. 12° 15', to Cape Horn, S. lat. 56°, or through more than 68° of latitude, in nearly a N. and S. direction, exceeding 4,700 ms. in length. Its greatest breadth, is nearly at right angles to its greatest length; the former, stretching from Cape St. Roque, in the Atlantic Ocean, to Cape Blanco, in the Pacific Ocean, through 35° of loa., on S. lat. 5°, or over upwards of 2760 ms. South America is traversed by 3 great chains of mountains; the Andes, ranging along the western coast; the mountains of Brazil; and those of Caraccas or Venezuela. The Andes are commensurate with South America in its utmost length Like the Appalachian, the Andes chain is composed of a number of col lateral or rather parallel ridges. Those of the Andes, rise to enormous volcanic summits of from 10,000 to upwards of 20,000 feet, and are, those of the Asiatic chain of Himmalaya excepted, the highest on the globe. The Andes also similar to the chain of Anahuac, rise into and extend wide elevated habitable valleys from 2,000 to 9,000 feet elevation. From this vast system of mountains, the largest rivers of the earth have their sources, pouring their mighty volumes, however, from the position of the mountains, all towards the Atlantic Ocean. The Magdalen, Orinoco, Amazon, and Plate, have but comparative rills as contrasts on the Pacific side of the continent. The chain of Caracças, seems to be rather an embranchment of the general chain of the Andes, than a distinct system. The course of the Caraccas chain from W. to E., appears to form its most distinguishing feature, whilst the general range of the Andes, are from N. to S. nearly. The Caraccas chain in no part, rises above about 8450; it extends along the coast at no great distance from the sea, and expires towards the gulf of Cora, or mouth of the Orinoco river. The Brazillian chain is distinct, rising about S. lat. 30°, and stretching towards the equator, expires near the Atlantic Ocean, between the mouth of the Amazon river, and Cape St. Roque. This chain extends upwards of 2,000 ms. but is in no place very elevated. South America exhibits four systems of rivers; that of the Pacific Ocean; that of the Caribbean sea,; the great central system, and that of Brazilia. The Pacific system of South American rivers, presents in a distance of near 5,000 ms., an innumerable list of small streams; but from the approximation of the Cordilera, to the Pacific Ocean, no single river of any considerable magnitude. The Calicalla, Imperial, Biobio, Quillota, and a few others in Chili, with the Gyaquil in Quito,

are the principal streams discharged westward from the Andes. Atrato, Magdalena, and Ta cuya, in the Republic of Columbia, are the only rivers of the Caribbean system, of any magnitude worthy of notice. The most interesting river system, not only in America, but upon the globe, is that of the centre of South America. This vast system, extends from the 52° S. lat., to the 10° N. lat., through upwards of 4,300 ms. in length, with a breadth from the extreme western sources, to the mouth of the Amazon river, through 30° of lon. on the equator, or above 2000 ms. Over this immense surface flow, besides innumerable smaller streams, the Orinoco, Amazon, and Flate, with their various branches, many of which, are themselves rivers of great length and magnitude. An elongation of this system reaches beyond the Plate, and stretches to the river Galegas, or Cape Fairweather, S. lat. 51° 30'. In this space is included the rivers, Colorado, Negro, St. Mathias, Camerones, Point Desire, and Gallegos. The fourth and last of the river systems of South America, extends from Cape Santa Maria S lat. 34° 30′, to S. lat. 1o, and is bounded W. by the Brazillian mountains, or dividing line between the waters of the Amazon, and Plate rivers, and those included within itself, and on all other sides by the Atlantic Ocean. This system may be correctly designated the Brazillian, and contains the streams of the Rio Grande, Parayba, Doce, Patuxo, St. Francisco, Parnaiba, Pinare, and Gurupy. The islands of the West Indies, form a part of America, but it is difficult to assign any point of division in this Archipelago, to mark the line of separation between the two great sections of the continent. Indeed any such division must be arbitrary. In common estimation, the Caribbean Islands, from Barbada to Trinidad inclusive, are viewed attached to South America, whilst the Leeward Islands, and St. Domingo, Jamaica, Cuba, and the Bahamas, are joined with North America. Each great section has, however, numerous islands unequivocally belonging to it. To North America may be added the vast but desolate expanse of Greenland, together with a nameless maze of frozen islands along the entire northern extent of the continent. Iceland, from its proximity to Greenland, is decidedly an American island. In the Gulf of St. Lawrence are the islands of Newfoundland, Anticosti, the Magdalen islands, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, and some of lesser note Along the Pacific side of North America, are found a few small islands in the gulf of Panama; the group of Revillagigedo, W. of Mexico, and S. of the Peninsula of California; Quadra and Vancouvre, Queen Charlotte, Prince of Wales, and King George, with many smaller islands, lie opposite and close to the coast between N. lat. 48°, and N. lat. 58°. In the great bay between the Peninsula of Alaska and Prince William's sound, beside several others, are the islands of Montagu and Kightak. The Fox or Aleutian islands, extend SW. and W. from the point of Alaska towards Asia. Along the North American coast, and within the sea of Kamschatka, some unimportant islands exist, and completes the list of North American islands. South America, compared with its extent, is in

a remarkable manner unaccompanied with islands. However, independent of those already noticed, are found along the Columbian coast, Curaçoa, Buenos Ayres, Orchilla, and Margaritta. In the mouth of the Amazon and Tocantinas, and the Delta of the Orinoco, are an immense number of nameless islands, with a few of sufficient importance to merit designating terms. Joannes in the estuary of the Amazon, is the most extensive of those two groups. From the mouth of the Amazon to the straits of Magellan, are innumerable small and interesting islands, but no one the size of which would entitle it to particular notice in a general view. Separated from the continent by the straits of Magellan, spreads the large but desolate island of Terra del Fuego; and about 300 ms. to the NE. of the latter, stands the still more barren and inhospitable group of the Falkland islands. Passing the straits of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean, and following the South American coast, are first met the group of the Toledo islands; farther N. the island of Madre de Dios: the fine Archipelago of Chiloe opens between S. lat. 42° and 44°. The group of Juan Fernando, S. lat. 34°, W. lon. W. C. 3o, is generally considered as American. Beyond the latter, proceeding N. at a long interval, we find a few small islands in the bay of Guaquil; and under the equator, W. lon. W. C. 130, the Galipagos group closes the list of South American islands.

The general resemblance between the eastern and western continent, is in no other circumstance more striking, than in their respective inland seas. South America, like Africa, is an immense continuous body of land, whilst North America, similar to Europe and Asia, is deeply indented by inland seas. The Caribbean sea, extends between South America, North America, and the West Indian Archipelago. This fine sheet of water, stretches upwards of 2000 ms. from the island of Trinidad, to the straits between Cuba and Yucatan; with a mean breadth of 500 ms. The Gulf of Mexico, lies in form of an immense ellipse, about 1000 ms. in length, with a mean width of 600 ms. This gulf is a real Mediterranean sea, having only two outlets towards the main Atlantic. The space between North America and Greenland, is occupied by the immense gulfs of Hudson's and Baffin's bays. On the Pacific coast, North America is again penetrated by the long and narrow Vermillion sea, or gulf of California. See those seas under their respecLive heads; See also article Earth.

America, and its islands, including Greenland, now (1826) advancing from N. to S. is held exclusive of the Aborigines, by Denmark, Russia, Great Britain, United States, Spain, Mexico, Central America, (Guatemala,) France, Netherlands, Sweden, Columbia, Republic of Bolivar, Peru, Brazil, United Provinces of La Plata, and Chili. See each of these subdivisions, under their respective heads.

Russian America extends, agreeable to the claims of that government, along the coast of North America, from N. lat. 51°, to the utmost known lands N., extending indefinitely inland, and embracing all the islands within 100 ms. off the coast; and must include 1,160,000 sqms.

of land. British America consists of all the northern parts of the continent E. of the Russian territories, and N. from those of the United Sates, with the islands of Newfoundland, Anticosti, Cape Breton, Prince Edward, Bahamas, Virgin Islands, Jamaica, Trinidad, and some others of lesser note. Mexican America extends from the confines of the kingdom of Guatimala, W. of the gulf of Mexico, and SW. of the United States, as far as N. lat. 42°. The Republic of Columbia, embraces the vast regions formerly included in the captain-generalship of Venezuela, and the viceroyalty of New Grenada, with a part of northern Peru. Spain yet retains Cuba and Porto Rico. Danish America includes Iceland, Greenland, and the small islands of St. Croix, and St. Thomas. The kingdom of the Netherlands, claims St. Eustatius, and some other islands of little note, with entensive territories on the South American coast in Guyana. France holds Guadaloupe, Martinico, and a part of Guyana. The wide spread regions held by the Portuguese in America, extend from the 4° of N. lat. to the 35° of S. lat. along the Atlantic Ocean, and inland to the 72° of lon. W. of London, and embracing a territory of 2,700 ms. in length from N. to S. and 2,600 ms. in breadth from E. to W. The United Provinces of Buenos Ayres, or La Plate, claim all that formerly appertained to Spain upon the waters of that mighty river, as do Chili and Peru along the Pacific Ocean, from the limits of New Grenada, to the utmost bounds of civilized settlement towards the southern extremity of the continent.. SUMMARY. No I.

probably founded on data collected as early as 1805, and if so, accounts for his estimate of the aggregate population, being lower than mine.

POPULATION OF AMERICA, No. II. The Paris Journal des Debats, has copied from the Revue Protestante, an interesting letter from Humboldt, the celebrated traveller, to M. Ch. Coquerel, Pastor at Amsterdam, on the proportion which the Catholics and Protestants of America bear to each other, on the different races in America, and the languages spoken in that continent. The details are to be given in the third volume of his Travels to the Equinoctial Regions, which is about to appear. The following are a few of his state

mate was republished in the Philadelphia Evening Post. Willing to condense every document deserving notice on this very important subject, I have concluded to give it a place in the article America. I may, however, repeat the remark, that evidently, M. de Humboldt, founds his estimates on data of an earlier date, than the present epoch. It may be seen by reference to the article United States, that the ratio of increase, is within a small fraction, of 34 per cent; and if so, there must have been in the United States, at the end of 1825, 11,876,000 inhabitants. By reference to the 2 articles on Upper and Lower Canada, it will be also seen, that at the end of 1825, these 2 provinces had a collective population of 500,000 nearly:Consequently, the United States, and the Canadas, are now peopled by 12,376,000 inhabi

tants.

POPULATION OF AMERICA, No. III.

The following estimates of the population of the American Continent and Islands S. of the United States, by M. de Humbolt, we derive from the "Bulletin Universal des Sciences et de l'Industrie," for July, and September last.

Mexico. Whites, 1,230,000; Indians, 3,700. 000; mixed races, viz. Mestizoes, Mulattoes, Zamboes, and mixture of mixtures, (melange des melanges) 860,000; negroes, 10,000. Total, 6,800,000.

Guatemala.-Whites, 280,000; Indians 880. 000; mixed races, 420,000; negroes, 20,000. Total, 1,600,000.

Columbia. Whites, 642,000; Indians, 720000; mixed races, 1,256,000; negroes, 167,000. Total 2,785,000.

Peru and Chili.-Whites, 465,000; Indians, 1,030,000; mixed races, 850,00; negroes, 152,000. Total of Peru, 1,400,000. Total of Chili, 1,100,000.

Buenos Ayres, and the new Republic of Bolivar-Whites, 320,000; Indians, 1,200,000; mixed races, 742,000; negroes, 38,000. Total 2,300,000. (The population of the Republic of Bolivar, does not probably exceed half a million.)

Brazil.-Whites, 920,000; Indians, 260,000; mixed races, 860,000; negroes, 1,960,000. Total, 4,000,000.

Guinea. English, Dutch, and French Whites, 10,000; mixed races, 20,000; slaves, and free blacks, 206,000. Total, 236,000.

West India Islands.-British, Spanish, French, Dutch, Danish, and Swedish, and Independent Hayti. Whites, 482,600; free blacks, and mu latto slaves, 1,147,500. Total, 2,843,000. Indians. Independent tribes, 420,000.

820,000

in America by

11,297,500

The Spanish by

Indians, Mixed races, Negroes,

The Indian language by

The Portuguese by

RECAPITULATION.

The French by

The Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and

214,500 Since the preceding matter was prepared for the press, the following comparative esti

Total, 11,475,000. According to his calculations, the total population of America is about $5,000,000, of which, the whites compose 38 per cent. Indians 25, negroes 19, and mixed races 18. Of this population, 22,486,000 are supposed to be catholics; 17,636,000 protestants, and 820,000 pagans. The English language is spoken by 11,647,000; the Spanish by 10,504,000; Indian language by 7,593,000; the Portuguese by 3,740,000; the French by 1,242,000; and the Dutch, Danish, Swedish, or Russian, by 216,000.

The whole population of America is only 5,000,000 more than that of France, and not twice as much as that of the islands of Great Britain, and Ireland. The greater part of this continent yet remains in its natural wild and uncultivated state, untouched by the hand of civilized man. The number of whites in the United States, is double that of all the nations and colonies S. of us. The whites of the republics S. of Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, Chili, Buenos Ayres, and Bolivar, are of the Spanish origin; those of the empire of Brazil are descendants of Portuguese; and those of the West Indies are Spanish, British, French, &c. The mixed races are said to constitute the most robust and useful classes of the new states. They are of all colours, from the dark shade of the African, to the bright hue of the European. A Mestizo is the issue of a white and an Indian; Mulatto, of a white and negro; a Zambo, of an Indian and negro, and the descendants ramify into an endless multiplicity of varieties, forming what M. de Humboldt calls, a mixture of mixtures. Many persons of the mixed race, are as white as the Spaniards and Portuguese. The dependent Indians are, for the most part, a harmless, superstitious, and indolent race of beings. The Araucanians to the S. of Chili, are the most brave and noble tribe of independent Indians in South America. There are only 387,000 negroes in the seven republics above named, and we believe the greater part of these are now free, most of these states having taken measures for emancipation of the blacks. In Brazil, the negroes compose about one half the population. This empire, with less than a million of whites, has more blacks, and probably more slaves, than the United States. In the West Indies, the free blacks outnumber the slaves. Most of the former belong to the republic of Hayti, and the Island of Cuba.

America, pstr. Alexander cty. Ill., on the right bank of Ohio river, 15 ms. above its mouth.

Amersfort, town of Holland, in Utrecht. It has a trade in beer and tobacco, and goods from Germany are shipped here for Amsterdam. It is seated in a fertile country, on the river Embs, 10 ms, ENE. of Utrecht.

Amersham, or Agmondesham, borough in Buckinghamshire, Eng., on a vale between woody hills, 26 ms. NW of London.

Ames, village, Athens cty. Ohio, in the tp. of Amesville, 12 ms. NE. from Athens.

Amesbury, town in Essex cty. Mass., about 4 ms, from Newburyport, and 50 ms NE. from Boston. It is a flourishing place, being situ ated on a navigable river.

Amesbury or Ambresbury, a town in Wiltshire, Eng. 6 ms. N. of Salisbury, and 77 W. of London

Amesville, tp. of Athens cty. Ohio. Pop. in 1810, 608, in 1820, 707.

Amewell, tp. of Hunterdon cty. N. J. about 34 miles NF. of Philadelphia. Pop. 1810, 5777, in 1820, 6749.

Amherst Island, in the cty. of Ontario, U. C. formerly called Isle Tonti; contains about 16,000 acres; it lies opposite to Ernest town and part of Fredericksburg, in lake Ontario, towards the entrance of the bay of Quinte.

Amherstsburg, a town of U. C. on the left shore of Detroit river, commonly known by the name of Fort Malden. It is situated but a short distance above lake Erie. N. lat. 42° 3′ W. lon. W. C. 5° 5′.

Amherst, tp. and pst. of N. H. Hilsborough cty. The Aurean academy was founded here in 1790. It is situate on a north branch of the Souhegan, 53 ms. NW. of Boston, and 60 WSW. of Portsmouth. Lon. 71° 33′ W. lat. 42° 54′ N. Pop. in 1810, 1554, in 1820, 1622.

Amherst, town of Nova Scotia, Cumberland cty. on Chignecto bay.

Amherst, tp. of Hampshire cty. Mass. with a population in 1810, of 1469, in 1820, 1917.

Amherst, cty. of Virg. having the Blue Ridge, or Rockbridge, NW., Nelson NE., James river, or Buckingham and Campbell, SE., James river or Bedford, SW., being 22 ms. in length, with 19 miles in breadth, or 418 sqms. The face of the country is agreeably diversified by hill and dale, and abounds in excellent, spring water. The soil, like the features of the country, admits of great variety, but is in many places extremely productive. Ctl. lat. 37° 30′ N. lon. W. C. 2° 10′ W. This city lies directly W. from Richmond. Pop. 1820, 10,426.

Amherst, C. H. and psto. Amherst cty. Virg. 130 ms. nearly W. from Richmond, and 15 N. from Lynchburg.

Amherst Springs, pstv. Amherst cty. Virg.

Amiens, a large and populous town of France in the department of Somme. Three branches of the river Somme pass through this city, and afterwards unite. It has manufactures of linen and woollen cloth, which employ in the city and adjacent country, 30,000 people. It is 20 ms. SE. of Abbeville, and 75 N. of Paris. Lon. 2° 18′ E. lat. 49° 54′ N.

Amikoues, river of the, runs into lake Huron from the N. shore, E. of the Missassaga river.

Amissville, village and psto. Culpepper cty. Virg. 100 ms. NNW. from Richmond, and 80 SW. from Washington.

Amite, cty. of Misp. having Wilkinson W., Franklin N., Pike E. and the parishes of St. Helena and New Feliciana, in Lou. S. It is 30 ms. in length from E. to W. and 24 ms. broad from N. to S. covering an area of 960 sqms. The soil along the streams and slopes of the hills good second-rate soil, but the greatest part of the surface is open pine woods. Cotton principal staple. Chief town, Liberty. Ctl. lat. 31° 15′ N. lon. W. C. 13° 50′ W. Pop. 1820, 6859.

Amity, pstv. Orange cty. N. Y. Amity, tp. of Berks cty. Penn. Pop. 1810, 1090, in 1820, 1279.

E