right. See how utterly unlike Othello is to. Leontes, in the Winter's Tale, or even to Leonatus, in Cymbeline! The jealousy of the first proceeds from an evident trifle, and something like hatred is mingled with it; and the conduct of Leonatus in accepting the wager, and exposing his wife to the trial, denotes a jealous temper already formed.

Craniology is worth some consideration, although it is merely in its rudiments and guesses yet. But all the coincidences which have been observed could scarcely be by accident. The confusion and absurdity, however, will be endless until some names or proper terms are discovered for the organs, which are not taken from their mental application or significancy. The forepart of the head is generally given up to the higher intellectual powers; the hinder part to the sensual emotions.

Silence does not always mark wisdom. I was at dinner, some time ago, in company with a man, who listened to me and said nothing for a long time; but he nodded his head, and I thought him intelligent. At length, towards the end of the dinner, some apple dumplings were placed on the table, and my man had no sooner seen them, than he burst forth with- Them's the jockies for me!" I wish Spurzheim could have examined the fellow's head.

Some folks apply epithets as boys do in making Latin verses. When I first looked upon the Falls of the Clyde, I was unable to find a word to express my feelings. At last, a man, a stranger to me, who arrived about the same time, said:" How majestic!"(It was the precise term, and I turned round and was saying-" Thank you, sir! that is the exact word for it," when he added, eodem flatu)—" Yes! how very pretty!"

I wish our clever young poets would remember my homely definitions of prose and poetry; that is, prose words in their best order; poetry the best words in the best order.

Painting is the intermediate somewhat between a thought and a thing.

It is a small thing that the patient knows of his own state; yet some things he does know better than his physician.

Good and bad men are each less so than they seem.

You may understand by insect, life in sec tions-diffused generally over all the parts.

The ant and the bee are, I think, much nearer man in the understanding or faculty of adapting means to proximate ends than the elephant.*

* I remember Mr. C. was accustomed to consider the ant as the most intellectual, and the dog as the most affectionate, of the irrational creatures, so far as our present acquaintance with the facts of natural history enables us to judge.-ED.

Notes of a Reader,

EUROPEAN PAUPERISM.

M. DE VILLENEUVE BARGEMONT, (ancien prefet,) has published a work on the statistics of pauperism in Europe, to which he gives the title of Christian Political Economy. He estimates the indigent population of Europe at 10,897,333 individuals out of 226,445,200, the whole population. He thus distributes them :—

England contains about 3,900,000 poor, being one-sixth of the whole population, which is taken at 23,400,000. The agricultural and the manufacturing population are in the ratio of two to three; and the work performed by machinery exceeds that of 180,000,000 workmen. In London there are about 105,000 poor out of 1,350,000 inhabitants. In Liverpool, 27,000 out of 80,000. In Cork, 26,000 out of 60,000. In Sunderland, 14,000 out of 17,000.

In Germany, where the employment is chiefly agricultural, there are about 680,000 poor, or one-twentieth of the whole population. The agricultural population is three times greater than the manufacturing.

In Austria the proportion between the poor and the general population is 1 in 25, or 1,280,000 out of 32,000,000. Here the agricultural population is, compared with the manufacturing, in the ratio of 4 to 1. Denmark is nearly on a par with Austria, the poor being 1 in 25, and agricultural employment 4 to 1 more than manufacturing. In Spain, out of a population of 13,900,000 inhabitants, 450,000 are poor, or 1-30th. The agricultural population is here 5 to 1 more than the manufacturing. In France there are about 1,600,000 poor out of 32,000,000 inhabitants, or 1 in 20, and the agricultural population compared with the manufacturing 4 to 1. This proportion, however, of course varies according to the different localities. M. de Villeneuve has divided France into three regions or zones of pauperism, containing about 20 departments, 10,062,769 inhabitants, and 770,626 poor, showing that 1-30th of the population are destitute.

In Italy the proportion is 1 out of 25 poor. The entire population is 19,044,000, the numbers of the poor 750,000; and the agricultural population is five times greater than the manufacturing. Belgium and Holland are about on a par with England; the ratio between the entire population and the poor 7 to 1, and that of the manufacturing and agricultural 3 to 2. The population of Pertugal is 3,530,000, of which about 141,000 are poor, or 1 in 25; and agricultural employment is five times greater than manufacturing. Prussia contains 12,778,000 inhabitants, of which 425,000 are poor, a proportion of 1 in 30. The agricultural population

THERE is a peculiar kind of bird-nest abounding on the Philippine islands, which is in high request amongst Chinese gourmands. Mr. Trelawney, in his Adventures of a Younger Son, tells us that the price of a moderate cargo is occasionally immense, and relates an amusing story of an ignorant English captain, who threw overboard enough cf them to have made the fortune of his

family. Dr. Meyen thus explains the precise composition of this luxury:-The weed which composes this branch of commerce is the Sphærococcus cartilagineus var. setaceus aq., which is found in great abundance in this part of India. It is eaten by the bird Hirundo esculenta, which builds the nests in question, and is used in the preparation of its precious nest. The swallow eats the fresh weeds and permits them to soften for some time in its stomach, after which it throws up the mass, now converted into a jelly, and sticks it together to form the nest. The nests, which are subsequently smeared over with dirt and feathers, are brought in their raw state to China, where they are cleaned in immense warehouses built for the purpose, and then exposed for sale. These so celebrated Indian nests are, therefore, hardly anything more than the softened Sphærococcus cartilagineus which we have brought with us from the Chinese seas, and their effect is no other than that of fine jelly. In the preparation of these nests such a number of fine stimulants are generally added, that they of right occupy the first rank amongst relishes at the tables of the Chinese. The Japanese had long ago discovered that these costly bird-nests are nothing more than softened sea-weed, and now prepare the substance itself in an artist-like manner. Some

of our own epicures may be glad to learn that the Sphaerococcus crispus, which Dr. Meyen thinks would serve just as well for the composition of this luxury, is to be found in large quantities on the western and northern coasts of Great Britain.-Quarterly Review.

The Gatherer.

St. Servan had a tame robin, who used to feed from his hand, perch upon his head or shoulder while he was reading or praying, and flutter its wings and sing, as if bearing part in his devotions. The boys of the monastery one day twisted its head off, and accused Kentigern of having killed it. To prove his innocence, he made a cross upon the head, and put it on again, and the bird was nothing the worse for what it had undergone.

Calvaries in Catholic countries, (such as lead to any superstition at this time. Forthat at Antwerp, engraved in our last volume,) merly there were foul abuses connected with such representations, and it was the detection

of some such that induced Elizabeth reluc

tantly to give up her intention of having the crucifix retained in our churches, as it is in the Lutheran.

Festivals, when duly observed, attach men to the civil and religious institutions of their country; it is an evil, therefore, when they fall into disuse. For the same reason, the loss of local observances is to be regretted : who is there that does not remember their effect upon himself in early life.-Southey.

Up with the Sun.-We rise with the sun at Christmas; it were but continuing to do so till the middle of April, and without any perceptible change we should find ourselves then rising at five o'clock; at which hour we might continue till September, and then accommodate ourselves again to the change of season, regulating always the time of retiring in the same proportion. They who require eight hours sleep would, upon such a system, go to bed at nine during four months. -Ibid.

Handel. At the coronation of George II., the bishops having selected the words for the anthem, sent them, for composition, to Handel, who returned them, observing, that he himself. He fixed on the lines" My heart read his bible, and could choose a subject for is inditing a good matter." It was a remark of Mrs. Cibber, the actress, justified by the fact, that with the hand of a giant, he had the finger of a child: his knuckles were but his touch was so smooth and impercep concave, and dimpled as those of an infant; tible, that his fingers seemed to grow to the

instrument. He had a favourite Rucker

harpsichord, the keys of which by incessant practice, were hollowed like the bowl of a

spoon.

W. G. C.

Turtle Soup-Turtles often become emaciated and sickly before they reach this country, in which case the soup would be incomparably improved by leaving out the turtle, and substituting a good calf's head.

The present Speaker of the House of Commons was once a pupil under Mr. Molineux, at Macclesfield School, where he was entered as a boarder in July, 1784. He was known at the school as Abercrombie minimus. His elder brothers, George and John, entered in January, 1780, the first being called Abercrombie major, and the second Abercrombie, minor. Their father, Colonel Abercrombie, afterwards General Abercrombie, brought them to Macclesfield from Scotland. Of him it may be truly said, his life was illustrious, and his death glorious.

There were once five brothers at the same school at the same time, the sons of a Colonel Tucker, who lived at Chester. They were thus designated according to their ages:Tucker maximus, Tucker major, Tucker minor, Tucker minimus, and Tucker quintus, R. ROFFE.

Books.-Pope Ganganelli is said to have expressed a whimsical opinion, that all the books in the world might be reduced to 6,000 volumes in folio, by epitomizing, expurgating, and destroying whatever the chosen and plenipotential committee of literature should, in their wisdom, think proper to condemn.

Kean was born in chambers in Gray's Inn, on "St. Patrick's Day, in the morning,' 1787 or 1789, uncertain.

Catastrophe.-At Trenton Falls, a young lady and her lover were going along the water side, and, in order to retain hold of her hand, he walked upon a narrow ridge, where he could hardly balance himself: the girl said, "Oh, if you walk there, I shall let you go:" she did so, and in the same instant he slipped from the rock, and was dragged away to that dark death.

Kean's Acting. - Kean possessed what few actors can lay claim to, namely originality. He impressed character on almost everything which he attempted. He did not merely recite his part, but act it-a very different matter. You could not confound his acting. with that of any other man; nor, as a consequence, the character which he represented, with any other character in the play. It was, (right or wrong,) distinguishable from others. This is, after an inferior fashion, what Shakspeare has done, and what Sir Walter Scott, and Cervantes, and Fielding have done. This is, in short, the Intellectual Style.-Life of

Kean.

The Great American Alve.-A noble specimen of the variegated variety of this plant will shortly bloom at the Surrey Zoological Gardens. It is believed to be about 70 years old. The crown of the plant opened on the 8th of June, and the flower stem has been growing at the rate of about four inches a day; it is calculated by gardeners that the stem will reach to the height of from 24 to 28 feet, that the number of flower buds will

be from 3 to 4,000, and that it will continue blooming nearly six weeks. The period at which the aloe arrives at maturity varies according to circumstances. In hot, or otherwise favourable climates, it grows rapidly; but in colder regions, or under the care of the gardener, it requires the longest period that has been assigned to it, which has given rise to the common error that the flowering occurs only at the end of 100 years. A building is about to be erected for its protection, and every care taken to accelerate its developement, when having produced its gigantic flowers and existed the period assigned for it, the plant perishes.-A CORRESPONDENT.

Though I misse the flowry fields,

With those sweets the spring-tyde yeelds,
Though I may not see those groves,
Where the shepheards chaunt their loves,
And the lasses more excell,

Than the sweet-voyced Philomel;
Though of all those pleasures past,
Nothing now remaines at last,
But remembrance (poore reliefe)
That more makes, than mends my griefe:
She's
my mind's companion still,
Maugre Envie's evill will.
(Whence she should be driven to,
Wer't in mortal's power to do.)

She doth tell me where to borrow
Comfort in the midst of sorrow;
Makes the desolated place
To her presence be a grace;
And the blackest discontents
Be her fairest ornaments.

Wither's Shepheard's Hunting, 1615.
Ballad.-By MOORE.*

Her last words at parting, how can I forget?
Deep treasur'd, through life, in my heart they
Like music, whose charms in the soul lingers yet,
When its sounds from the ear have long melted

shall stay,

THE tombs of the Memlook* Kings, erroneously styled of the Khalifs, or Caliphs, are situated in the sandy plain, about a mile east of the city of Cairo. They were erected by the Kings of the Circassian or Bosgite dynasty, who reigned from 1382 to the invasion of Soltan Seleem in 1517; and they have received the general appellation of El Quaeed Bai, or Kaitbay, from one of those princes, who died and was buried there in 1496.

"These mausolea are many in number, constructed in the purest style of Saracenic architecture, with magnificent domes, spacious areas, and elegant arcades, surmounted by minarets of great height, and encircled by several tiers of light stone galleries. Narrow, winding staircases, the exact counterpart of those in our Gothic churches, lead to the summit, with small doorways at intervals, opening into galleries, from whence the muz. zeins once summoned the faithful to prayer. From the top of these lofty towers is a varied and extensive view over the tombs, environs, and city of Cairo."+

Attached to each tomb are a handsome mosque, schools, and dwelling houses. The mosque consists of a large, quadrangular court, flanked on the east and west by an arcade, with a roof and small cupolas. In the eastern arcade stands the pulpit, constructed in the most chaste and elegant inanner, with stone, adorned by slender columns, tracery, and sculptured foliage. "Edifices like these," observes Mr. St. John, from their stately, masculine simplicity, deformed by no bestial imagery, awakening no degrading associations, are beheld in their mouldering decay, with a reverence akin to what we experience in the presence of honourable old age; since they were erected for the service of God, and never polluted by the trace of an idol. The tombs are situated

in spacious apartments, and surrounded by a skreen of open woodwork, protecting them from wanton dilapidation. Those of the women, secluded even in death, stand apart, at the opposite end of the chamber, where, from a sentiment higher and purer than that of jealousy, their very graves are hidden from the public eye. Delicacy, so refined, could never, I apprehend, have existed independently of very exalted love." A few devout

Memlook signifies a captive, or one in possession of another. These princes were originally slaves, and rose by merit, ambition, or intrigue, to the rank of beys and Kings of Egypt. The first Memlook dynasty, the Baharite, was founded by the slaves of Saleh Eiyoob. The Memlooks who possessed Egypt at the time of the French invasion are called Ghooz, or warriors.-Wilkinson's Topography of Thebes.

Egypt, and Mohammed Ali. By J. A. St. John,

Ibid.

persons still repair to the mosques to pray; and two or three Arab families, perhaps by hereditary right, perform the pious office of protecting them from profanation; yet, other wise, it is impossible to look upon these splendid monuments of Saracenic architec ture, without feeling regret at their neglected condition and approaching ruin.

The annexed Engravings are from two of the embellishments of Mr. Wilkinson's recently published General View of Egypt. Foremost in one of the views, is the Tomb of Soltán Bergoóg; that in the distance being the Tomb of Soltán el Ghoóree. In the second view, the building with the elaborately finished dome, wrought as if covered with network, and with a lofty minaret, is the Tomb of Soltán Kaïtbay, already mentioned.

To the right of these tombs, amid innumerable Mohammedan graves, stands the humble tomb which covers the remains of Burckhardt. It is repaired and kept clean by Osman Effendi, a personal friend of the traveller, who has carried his respect for him beyond the grave; and but for whose care it would soon be utterly forgotten, since it is distinguished neither by name nor inscrip tion. The ordinary Turkish tombs differ very little from those in our own churchyards, consisting of a slab, with an upright columnar stone at either end; the one at the head being surmounted by a larger turban over a male, and a smaller one over a female grave. In some cases, the tombs of women are adorned with the figure of a rose, probably emblematic of the virgin state. All these tombs, being hollow, with a small arched opening at either end, are inhabited by dogs, jackals, snakes, and other beasts and reptiles; hence it is that Mohammedan cemeteries are the constant haunt of wild beasts.

The Naturalist.