540 LIMITS OF THE EMPIRE AND PROVINCES. APP. declining taste, and then of barbarism, were the churches, the principal of which were raised by Constantine and the Christian emperors, on the model, and oftentimes with the very materials, of the ancient Basilicæ. "At length a happier period succeeded in the fifth era; the arts and sciences smiled oncemore upon their ancient seat, and architects of high name and reputation succeeded each other, whose exertions were called forth and rewarded by the authority and munificence of pontiffs."- Eustace, iii. p. 215. "We might mention four successive periods, in each of which the city must have assumed a different appearance from what it did in the age succeeding. -1. From the foundation to the burning of Rome by the Gauls, U. C. 365. 2. From 365 to 723, when the reign of Augustus commenced. 3. From 723 to 817 (or A. D. 64), when the city was burnt in the time of Nero; when, out of the fourteen regions into which it was divided, only four remained untouched, three were entirely consumed, and seven survived in part. 4. From A. D. 64 to 546 (U. C. 1300), when Totila entered it, as Alaric and Genseric had done before him." - Burton's Antiq. i. p. 18. APPENDIX TO PAGE 514. Limits of the Empire and Provinces. IN proceeding to enumerate the different provinces of the Empire, we may divide them, for the sake of convenience, into two parts, the Eastern and the Western. 1. On the western extremity of the Empire and of the ancient world was situated Spain, which, in every age, has invariably preserved the same limits; the Pyrenean Mountains, the Mediterranean and the Atlantic Ocean. That great peninsula was distributed by Augustus into three provinces; Lusitania, Bætica, and Tarraconensis. The kingdom of Portugal corresponds with ancient Lusitania; the confines of Grenada and Andalusia with those of Bætica; and the remainder of Spain Gallicia and the Asturias, Biscay and Navarre, Leon and the two Castilles, Murcia, Valencia, Catalonia, and Arragon -was styled the province of Tarragona, from the name of its capital. 2. Contiguous to Spain lay ancient Gaul, which was of greater extent than modern France, as it contained the whole country between the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Rhine, and the Ocean. To the dominions of that powerful monarchy we must add the duchy of Savoy, the cantons of Switzerland, the four electorates of the Rhine, and the territories of Liege, Luxemburg, Hainault, Flanders, and Brabant. In the reign of the Antonines, it was divided into six provinces: the Narbonnese, Aquitaine, the Celtic or Lyonnese, the Belgic, and the two Germanies, which formed the Gallic frontier of the Rhine, extending from Basil to Leyden. 3. On the opposite shore lay the province of Britain, which comprehended all England, Wales, and the Lowlands of Scotland as far as the Friths of Dunbarton and Edinburgh. Thus the ancient Britons constituted the western division of the European provinces, which extended from the columns of Hercules to the walls of Antoninus, and from the mouth of the Tagus to the source of the Rhine and the Danube. 4. As Italy was the original theatre of the Roman conquests, the independent kingdoms which it contained fell successive victims to the ambition of the conquerors. Lombardy was anciently occupied by a powerful body of Gauls, who had settled themselves along the Po, from Piedmont to Romagna. The Ligurians dwelt on the rocky coast which formed the modern republic of Genoa. The territories of Venice were occupied by the Veneti. The duchy of Tuscany and the Ecclesiastical State was the ancient seat of the Etruscans and Umbrians. The country of the Sabines, the Latins, and the Volsci, from the river Tyber to the frontiers of Naples, was the arena of her infant victories. Capua and Campania possessed the immediate territory of Naples. The rest APP. LIMITS OF THE EMPIRE AND PROVINCES. 541 of the kingdom was inhabited by the Marsi, the Samnites, the Apulians, the Lucanians, and flourishing colonies of the Greeks along the sea-coast. The little province of Istria was annexed to Italy, when Augustus divided it into eleven regions. 5.The European provinces of Rome were protected by the course of the Rhine and the Danube. The provinces of the Danube soon acquired the general appellation of Illyricum, or the Illyrian Frontier, but they deserve to be more particularly considered under the names of Rhætia, Noricum, Pannonia, Dalmatia, Dacia, Moesia, Thrace, Macedonia, and Greece. The province of Rhætia extended from the summit of the Alps to the banks of the Danube. The greatest part of the flat country is subject to the elector of Bavaria. The city of Augsburg is protected by the Germanic constitution; the Grisons are safe in their mountains; and the country of Tyrol is one of the appendages to the house of Austria. 6. Noricum and Pannonia are known to the moderns under the names of Austria Proper, Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, the Lower Hungary, and Sclavonia. If we except Bohemia, Moravia, the northern skirts of Austria, and a part of Hungary between the Teyss and the Danube, the other dominions of the house of Austria were comprised within the limits of the Roman Empire. 7. Dalmatia is a long and narrow tract between the Save and the Adriatic, comprising what was formerly the Venetian Dalmatia, with the territories of Ragusa and Cattaro, whilst the inland parts have assumed the names of Croatia and Bosnia. 8. The Danube formerly divided Moesia and Dacia. On the left, Temeswar and Moldavia acknowledge the supremacy of the Ottoman Porte; on the right, Masia has been broken into the kingdoms of Bulgaria and Servia, trammelled with Turkish slavery. Thrace, Macedonia, and Greece present themselves under the appellation of Roumelia. Thrace extended from the mountains of Hamus and Rhodope to the Bosphorus and the Hellespont; the limits of Greece need not be specified; and the kingdom of Macedonia, with its dependencies of Epirus and Thessaly, reached from the Ægean to the Ionian Sea. From the delineation of the Western part of the Empire, we shall now proceed to that of the Eastern. 1. The name of Asia Minor is attributed, with some degree of propriety, to the peninsula which is confined betwixt the Euxine and the Mediterranean; though that part of it situated westward of Mount Taurus and the river Halys was dignified by the Romans with the exclusive title of Asia. This province included the ancient monarchies of Troy, Lydia, and Phrygia; the maritime countries of the Pamphylians, Lycians, and Carians; and the Grecian colonies of Ionia. The kingdoms of Bithynia and Pontus possessed the northern side of the peninsula, from Constantinople to Trebizond. On the opposite side, the province of Cilicia was terminated by the Syrian mountains; and the inland country, separated from the Roman Asia by the river Halys, and from Armenia by the Euphrates, had once formed the kingdom of Cappadocia. Budzak, Crim Tartary, Circassia, and Mingrelia acknowledged the sovereignty of the Roman emperors. 2. Syria formed the eastern frontier of the Empire, being bounded on the north by the Cappadocian Mountains, and on the south by the confines of Egypt and the Red Sea. 3. Phoenicia was a narrow and rocky coast, and Palestine was scarcely superior to Wales either in fertility or extent. 4. Whenever the Arabs ventured to form any settled habitations, they soon became subject to the Roman Empire. 5. The celebrated kingdom of Egypt is included within the immense peninsula of Africa, but is accessible only on the side of Asia. Cyrene, situated towards the west and along the sea-coast, was first a Greek colony, afterwards a province of Egypt, and is now lost in the desert of Barca. The republic of Carthage is now degenerated into the disorderly states of Tripoli and Tunis. Algiers corresponds with ancient Numidia, as it existed under Massinissa and Jugurtha, and Mauritania is represented by the modern kingdom of Fez. 7. The whole extent of the Mediterranean Sea, its coasts, and its islands, were comprised within the Roman dominions. Amongst these may be mentioned the islands 542 LIMITS OF THE EMPIRE AND PROVINCES. APP. of Majorca and Minorca, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Candia, Cyprus, and the little rock of Malta.—(Condensed from Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. i. c. l.) "This long enumeration of provinces," says Gibbon," whose broken fragments have formed so many powerful kingdoms, might almost induce us to forgive the vanity or ignorance of the ancients. Dazzled with the extensive sway, the irresistible strength, and the real or affected moderation, of the emperors, they permitted themselves to despise, and sometimes to forget, the outlying countries which had been left in the enjoyment of a barbarous independence; and they gradually assumed the licence of confounding the Roman monarchy with the globe of the earth. But the temper as well as knowledge of the modern historian require a more sober and accurate language. He may impress a juster idea of the greatness of Rome, by observing, that the empire was above 2000 miles in breadth, from the wall of Antoninus and the northern limits of Dacia to Mount Atlas and the Tropic of Cancer; that it extended in length more than 3000 miles, from the Western Ocean to the Euphrates; that it was situated in the finest part of the temperate zone, between the twenty-fourth and fifty-sixth degrees; that it was supposed to contain above 1,600,000 square miles, for the most part fertile and well cultivated land; and, as far as we can gather from ancient sources, it contained a population of about 120,000,000." LATIN INDEX OF WORDS AND PHRASES. AB Ovo usque ad mala, Actio sepulchri violati, 430. | Actus legitimi, 165. confessoria et nega- Acuminibus, ex, 255. vi bonorum raptorum de emptione et ven- dato- - - de societate - de deposito apud sequestrem Adimere equum, 24. 207. - - furti oblati furti instruere, æquare, explicare - commissam, malæ Adjudicatio, 54. 461. tractationis, Adorea, 474. Adoreâ aliquem afficere, 474. Adrogatio, 48. Adscendere in concionem, et judices dare, Adscribi, 252. Actiones empti, 206. legis, 165. rei persecutoriæ- arbitrariæ v. bonæ fidei Adscriptitii v. glebæ ad- Adversaria, 228. 449. Advocati, 224. Advocationes, 167. mixtæ - stricti juris, Advocationibus interdici, 209. publicus, 226. Actores primarum partium, exercitoria-tributo- Actuarii v. notarii, 157. ria, 207. - pœnalis - 231. Adytum, 279. Ediles plebeii et Curules, Cereales, 130. |