without board, per day, $1.05. Broom corn, 1,809,349 lbs. ; flax, 137,112 bushels, seed, 1,951,406 lbs., flax fibre; milk, 15,399,265 gals.; butter, 54,466,355 lbs.; cheese, 19,544,406 lbs.; sorghum, 467,772 gals.; honey, 2,113,479 lbs.; eggs, 41,599,859 dozen; grapes, 26,649,211 lbs.; wine, 680,620 gals.; sweet potatoes, 130,350 bushels; apples. 23,609,037; peaches, 834,962; pears, 144,145; cherries, 255,487; plums, 135,709 bushels; wool, 19,702,329 lbs.; number of horses owned, 725,814; cattle. 1,637,130; sheep, 4,277,463; hogs, 1,595,373; mules, 24,378.

Railroads. For the year 1887 total track mileage of railroads reported to the Ohio Commissioner of Railroads was 18,358, of which 9,849 miles are within the State. The amount of capital stock paid in was $512,344,549, of which $44,642,612 was owned by 16,389 stockholders resident in Ohio. Total stock and debt of the entire line was $1,105,625,469, of which the proportion for Ohio was $557,845,232. Cost of road and equipment of entire line, $1,007,145,278; proportion for Ohio, $471,763,561. The entire line had 3,769 locomotives, 130,061 cars, of which 126,205 were freight, 1,597 passenger, and 612 express or baggage cars. The entire line transported 34,372,926 passengers, at an average cost per passenger of 2.179 cents per mile, and 85,739,801 tons of freight, at an average cost per ton of .707 cents per mile. The net earnings of the entire line were $18,795,072; operating expenses, $75,275,891; interest paid on funded and unfunded debt, $15,188,403; dividends paid, $6,481,398.

In 1887 there was in Ohio 49,008 miles of telegraph wire; 1,019 telegraph offices with 1,158 employees. [Electric light and motor and telephone wires not included.]

Canals."The Miami and Erie system, being the main canal, from Cincinnati to Toledo, 250 miles, the canal from the junction to the State line 18 miles and the Sidney feeder 14 miles, making in all a total of 282 miles; the Ohio Canal, extending from Portsmouth to Cleveland, a distance of 309 miles, together with 25 miles of feeders, or a total of 334 miles; the Hocking canal, 56 miles long, and the Walhonding, 25 miles; the Muskingum Improvement, extending from Dresden to Marietta, a distance of 91 miles, is now under the control of the General Government. So exclusive of the latter there is a total canal mileage of 697 miles owned by the State of Ohio. The reservoirs are: Grand Reservoir in Mercer County, covering 17,000 acres; the Lewistown in Logan County, 7,200 acres; the Lorain in Shelby County, 1,800 acres; Six Mile in Paulding County, 2,500 acres; Licking in Licking County, 3,600 acres; and the Sippo in Stark County, 600 acres, making a total in reservoirs of 32,100 acres. The Paulding Reservoir has lately been abandoned. The different canals with their reservoirs were built at a total cost of $15,967,650.”

Political.-State, congressional and presidential elections take place on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The number of electoral votes is 23. The Legislature consists of 33 Senators and 108 Representatives, both classes elected for two years. The sessions are biennial, convening on the first Monday in January, without limit of time, but adjourned sessions practically make them annual. All the elective officers are chosen for two years, except the Auditor, whose term is four years, Commissioner of Common Schools, Board of Public Works, Clerk of the Supreme Court, whose terms are three years, and Judges of the Supreme Court, whose terms are five years. The number of voters 826,577, of which 613,485 are native whites, 191,386 foreign whites and 21,706 colored. (Census of 1880.) All males twenty-one years of age, native or naturalized, are entitled to vote, provided they have resided one year in the State, thirty days in the county, and twenty days in the township or ward and have been registered before the day of election. Salary of the Governor $8,000 per year. The legal rate of interest is 6 per cent.; by contract 8 per cent.

Finances.-The amount of funded State debt Nov. 15, 1887, was $3,341,665. This sum consists of a loan of $600,000, bearing 4 per cent. interest, payable July 1, 1888; ten loans of $250,000 each, one payable each year from July 1, 1889, to July 1, 1898, bearing 3 per cent. interest, and one loan of $240,000, payable July 1, 1899, also bearing 3 per cent. interest, and canal loan without interest of $1,665. Irreducible State debt (trust funds), $4,526,716.

The receipts, disbursements and balances for 1887 were as follows:

The amount of taxable property assessed in 1887, was, real estate in cities, towns and villages, $464,681,331; real estate not in cities, towns and villages, $720,329,294; chattel property, $520,172,094. The rate of State tax was 29 cents on $100. In addition to the State tax there was levied in 1887, county taxes, $8,372,519; township, $1,099,963; school, $7,682,120; city, town and village, $7,606,025; special, $1,144,338, The debts of counties in 1887 were $6,892,745; cities of the first and second class, $43,193,963; incorporated villages, $1,743,722; townships, $557,883; special school districts, $2,455,330. The number of banks in 1887 was 429 with a capital of $46,568,211 of which 211 were national banks with a capital of $31,542,003.

Educational.-In 1887 there were 12,589 school-houses in the State, valued at

*This amount includes $80,000.00 advance draft drawn on the taxes collected for the fiscal year 1888.

Jacob D. Cox..

1870

Frank Sewall.......

1850

S. T. Mitchell..

1856

James B. Unthank......

1870

S. A. Ort......

1845

$29,287,749. Of 1,102,701 children of school age 767,030 were enrolled in the schools. There were 24,687 teachers employed, and an income for support of schools of $14,031,692; expenditures, $9,909,813, of which $6,252,518 was paid to teachers. School age from 6 to 21 years. Ohio has three State Colleges, Ohio State, Miami and Ohio Universities. The number of volumes in libraries in 1886 was 991,086.

The number of students in colleges and universities in 1887 was 1,613 males and 765 females; instructors, 265. Total number of graduates, 6,317 males and 1,821 females. Value of all property, including endowments, $6,998,592. In 1887 there were also in Ohio 81 academies, normal, preparatory and other schools, with 5,635 male, 3,516 female students and 579 instructors.

Manufactures.-The State Reports of 1887 gave Ohio 6,513 industrial establishments, employing 187,925 men and 29,281 women. Amount of capital invested, $196,113,670. Value of products, $344,245,690.

The leading branches, as given by the United States census of 1880, are:

Mining.-Ohio ranks second to Pennsylvania only in the production of bituminous coal. The number of coal mines worked in Ohio in 1887 was 729, employing 22,237 men. The total yield was 10,301,708 tons. The total amount of iron ore mined in 1887 was 377,465 tons; fire-clay, 366,476 tons. During the year 1885 there was produced of salt 530,000 barrels, about 300,000 barrels of cement, 18,000 tons of mineral fertilizers, $500,000 worth of grindstones and 1,116,375 tons of limestone.

Relative Rank.-Ohio ranks first in value of quarry products, value of farm lands, manufacture of agricultural implements, glycerine, number of brick and tile factories, number of churches, in receipts for school purposes.

Second. In iron and steel manufactures, petroleum, natural gas, number of farms, tons of freight carried by railroads, miles of railroad track, butter and cheese establishments, bituminous coal mined, expenditures for school purposes, number of school teachers and average daily attendance of children at school. Third. In sheep, salt, wheat, population, in number of tanned leather and sawn lumber establishments, value of railroads and number of cars in use, capital employed in railroads, number of dwellings, persons engaged in agriculture and in the professions, value of church property.

Fourth. Tobacco raised, value of live stock, number of persons engaged in manufactures, total value of real estate, value of farm implements in use, printing and publishing.

Fifth. Number of milch cows, swine, horses, cattle, hay, barley, corn, oats. Area. Ohio ranks the twenty-fourth State in area.

THE GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF OHIO.

By EDWARD ORTON, State Geologist.

EDWARD ORTON, LL. D., was born at Deposit, Delaware county, New York, March 9, 1829. His parents were Rev. Samuel G. Orton, D. D., and Clara Gregory Orton. The Ortons are first known in New England about 1640, the name appearing in this year in the records of Charlestown, Massachusetts.

Thomas Orton came to Windsor, Connecticut, in 1641 or 1642. From Windsor certain members of the family emigrated in the year 1700 or thereabouts to the new settlements of Litchfield, which was then on the edge of the wilderness. There were thus two branches of the family-one at Windsor and one at Litchfield. The Litchfield Ortons lived for more than a century on what was known as Orton Hill, South Farms. They were well represented in the Revolutionary war, but beyond. this do not appear to have taken prominent part in public life. They seem to have been a quiet, home-loving, fairly thrifty stock, possessed of a good deal of family affection and interest.

Miles Orton, the father of the Rev. Samuel G. Orton, was a soldier in the war of 1812 and died soon after the war.

Samuel G. Orton was born at Litchfield and was brought up on a farm until 20 years old, when, under the ministry of Dr. Lyman Beecher, he was encouraged to seek a liberal education. He was obliged to support himself by his own labor both while preparing for college and during his entire course. He graduated at Hamilton College in 1822 and studied theology in New Haven. He was an honored minister in the Presbyterian Church for nearly 50 years; most of which time he spent in Western New York.

EDWARD ORTON.

Edward Orton passed his boyhood in his father's country home at Ripley, Chautauqua county, New York. He acquired here a knowledge of and life-long interest in country life, often working among the neighboring farmers for weeks and even months at a time. He was fitted for college mainly by his father, but spent one year in Westfield Academy and another in Fredonia Academy. He entered Hamilton College, the college where his father had graduated, as a sophomore in 1845 and graduated in 1848. He taught after graduation for a year in the academy of Erie, Penna. He entered Lane Theological Seminary, Cincinnati, in 1849, and was under Dr. Lyman Beecher's instruction. He withdrew from the seminary on account of a temporary failure of his eyes, but after a year or two spent on the farm and in travel he resumed the work of teaching, becoming a member of the faculty of the Delaware Institute, Franklin, Delaware county, N. Y. In college his chief interest had been in literary and classical studies, but in the institute he was set to teaching the natural sciences and a latent taste for these studies was soon developed. He pursued the studies of chemistry and the natural history branches with special interest, and to prepare himself better for teaching them took a six months' course in the Lawrence Scientific School of Harvard University, in 1852, studying under Horsford and Cooke and Gray. Finding that his theological creed was giving way under his later studies he sought to avert the change by more thorough investigation in this department, and entered Andover Seminary to attend for a year Prof. Park's lectures on theology. The experiment was successful to the extent of arresting the change in his views, but after a few years the process was resumed and ended in the replacement of the Calvinistic creed in which he had been brought up by the shorter statements of Unitarianism. In 1856 he was called to the chair of natural science in the State Normal School of New York, at Albany. He held this position for several years, resigning it to take charge of Chester Academy, Orange county, N. Y. After spending six years in this position he was called in 1865 to Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio. He was first made principal of the preparatory department, then professor of natural history, and finally in 1872 president of the institution. This last position he held but for one year, resigning it in 1873 to accept the presidency of the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College, now the State University, at Columbus. He was also made professor of geology in this institution at the same time. He held the presidency for eight years and retained the professorship of geology after resigning the former place.

During his residence in Yellow Springs the State geological survey was organized under Newberry. Prof. Orton became in 1869 a member of the geological corps, being appointed thereto by Governor

R. B. Hayes. He was reappointed by Governor Noyes, and after Newberry's withdrawal from the field was appointed State geologist by Governor Foster and at a still later day by Governor Hoadly. This latter position he has held in conjunction with the professorship of geology in the State University. He was married in 1855 to Mary M. Jennings of Franklin, N. Y., who died in 1873. In 1875 he was married to Anna Davenport Torrey of Millbury, Mass.

In addition to his geological work proper Prof. Orton has taken an active interest in the applications of geology to agriculture and sanitary science and especially to the questions of water supply and sewerage of the towns of Ohio.