CHAPTER I.

REVOLUTION, FROM THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE TO THE

ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE.

General Causes of the Rupture-State of Parties in Britain

and America-Washington's Preparations-Landing of Howe

-Battle of Brooklyn-British enter New York-Retreat of

the Americans -Howe occupies New Jersey - Advantages

gained by Washington-Charges against the British Army

unfounded-Plans of new Campaign-Movements of Howe

-His landing in the Chesapeake Battle of Brandywine-

British in Philadelphia-Battle of Germantown-Washing-

ton at Valleyforge-Views and Prospects of the British

Commander-Expedition of Burgoyne-Its Design-First

Success-Difficulties-Battle of Bennington-Disaster of St

Leger-Various Actions-Clinton's Expedition from New

York-Burgoyne's Surrender-Effects of the Intelligence in

England-Speech of Lord Chatham-Negotiations of Ame-

rica with France-Aid received from her-She concludes a

Treaty of Alliance,.......

CHAPTER II.

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REVOLUTION, FROM THE ALLIANCE WITH FRANCE TO THE PEACE

IN 1783.

War between Britain and France-Distresses of Washington

-British Commissioners to treat for Peace-Their Reception

-Evacuation of Philadelphia-Repulse of the Americans-

French Naval Operations-Advantages gained by the Bri-

tish-Indian War in the West-Plans of Campaign-Dis-

tress of the Americans-Spain joins their Cause-Various

Naval and Military Operations-Defeat of Lincoln-Siege

of Savannah-Raised-Siege of Charleston-Surrender—

British overrun the Carolinas-Defeat of Gates, and Death

of Ferguson-Return of Cornwallis-Greene succeeds to

the Command-Battle of Cowpens-Retreat of the Ame-

ricans They return-Battle of Guildford--Cornwallis re-

tires to Wilmington-Greene invades South Carolina-

Cornwallis marches into Virginia-Battle of Camden-Suc-

cesses of the American Parties-Repulsed at Ninety-six-

Rawdon falls back-Battle of Eutaw-Causes of British

Failure-Operations near New York-Expedition sent from

France-Adventures of Arnold-His Ill-treatment-Treach-

erous Desertion-Death of André-Financial Difficulties of

Congress Junction of French and American Armies-Suc-

cesses of Cornwallis in Virginia-Washington marches

thither-Naval Operations in the Chesapeake-Plans of Clin-

ton and Cornwallis-The latter besieged in York-Surrender

-Clinton's Attempts to relieve him-War with Holland-

Change of the British Ministry-Ambassadors meet at Paris

-Discussions-Treaty with America-With France and

.. Page 49

Spain,..

CHAPTER III.

THE NEW CONSTITUTION, AND PROCEEDINGS UNDER IT.

Exhaustion of the American Government-Troubles in the

Army-Its Dissolution-Disturbances throughout the Union

-Meeting of Deputies at Annapolis-General Meeting at

Philadelphia-Plan and Deliberations on a new Constitution

-Agreed to-Opposition in the State Assemblies-Finally

sanctioned-Washington President-The Cabinet-Amend-

ments in the Constitution-Financial Plan-New Taxes-

National Bank-Washington re-elected-Disputes with the

Indians Severe Contests under Harmar, St Clair, and

Wayne-Peace-Disturbances in Pennsylvania- Negotia-

tions with England-With Spain-Revolution in France-

Proceedings of Genet, her Ambassador-Warm Discussions

-He is recalled-Treaty with Great Britain-Dissatisfac-

tion occasioned by it-Differences in the Cabinet - Close of

Washington's Presidency Adams succeeds - Mission to

France of Monroe-Of Pinckney-Hostile Conduct of that

Government-Corrupt Proposals of Talleyrand-Prepara-

tions for War-Accommodation effected-Democratic Spirit

prevails-Jefferson President-Acquisition of Louisiana by

Purchase-Expedition to Tripoli-Death of Hamilton-

Daring Enterprise of Burr-Defeated,....

-

.114

CHAPTER IV.

ORIGIN AND EVENTS OF THE SECOND WAR WITH BRITAIN.

Maritime Contest between Britain and France-Restrictions

on Neutrals-Right of Search-Negotiations with Britain-

Attack on the Chesapeake-Farther Negotiations-Decrees

of Napoleon and British Orders in Council-Embargo-law-

Madison President-Non-intercourse Act-Treaty signed by

Mr Erskine-Disallowed-Jackson's Negotiation-Pinckney

leaves London Foster's Embassy President determines on

War-Proceedings in Congress-American Army and Navy

-Their Losses in Canada-Successes at Sea-Causes-In-

ternal Dissensions-Various Operations in Canada-British

Fleet in the Chesapeake-War with the Creek Indians-

Severe Contests-Termination-General Peace in Europe-

Alarm and Preparations in America-Landing of General

Ross Battle of Bladensburg-Capture of Washington-

Attempt upon Baltimore-Operations in Canada-Failure

of Sir George Prevost-Expedition against New Orleans—

Active Measures of Jackson-Landing of the British-Par-

tial Encounters-General Attack-Repulse, with severe Loss

-British reimbark-Embarrassments of the American Go-

vernment-A Treaty opened-Commissioners meet at Ghent

-Peace concluded,..
Page 174

CHAPTER V.

POLITICAL CONSTITUTION.

Importance of this Subject-Republican Confederations-Their

Inefficiency-A Central Government formed-Its Functions

-Those reserved to the States-Questions in regard to the

Central Power-How these are decided-Taxation-Public

Works - National Bank - Protecting Duties- Embargo

Public Lands-Legislature-Representatives-Senate-Exe-

cutive-Judiciary-Actual Working of the Constitution—The

Democracy-Influence of the Executive-Aristocracy-La-

bouring Class-State-Legislatures-Township and County

Jurisdictions-Imperfect Police, Mobs, Lynch Law-Fi-

nances-Debt-State Revenues and Debts-General Esti-

mate-Military Force-Navy,..
...212

CHAPTER VI.

AGRICULTURE AND MANUFACTURES.

Industry of the Americans-Their Mode of Agriculture—

Grains-Tobacco-Cotton-Sugar, &c.-Live-Stock-Tim-

ber-Furs-Mines-Gold-Iron-Lead, &c.-Coal-Salt-

Manufactures-Attempts to promote them-Obstacles-

Female Operatives-Successful Branches-Fishery-Cod-

Mackerel-Whale.........

.274

CHAPTER VII.

DOMESTIC COMMERCE-STEAM-CANALS-RAILWAYS-BANKING.

America a Commercial Country-Great Extent of Domestic

Commerce-Steam Navigation-Its Rise-Fitch-Stevens-

Fulton; his Success-Extension over the West-Disputes

about his Patent-Rapid Improvements - Present Extent-

Disasters-Their Causes-The Moselle -The Oronoko-Re-

gulations by Congress-Ineffective-Expense and Profits of

Steamers-Canals- Early Projects-Great Erie Canal-

Others in New York-In Ohio and Indiana-In Pennsyl-

vania-In Maryland-Aid withheld by Congress - Canals

in New Jersey-Virginia-New England-Railways-Their

Rise-Those formed by New England-New York-Penn-

sylvania-Maryland-New Jersey Virginia - Carolina

Georgia-Alabama - The Western States -Banking-Its

Modern Origin-Excessive Issue by First Congress-Na-

tional Bank-Its successive Modifications-Overturned by

Jackson-His Demand of Payments in Specie - Excessive

previous Speculation-General Suspension of Payments-

Partial Resumption-United States Bank at Philadelphia—

Banking Regulations in America,

CHAPTER VIII.

FOREIGN COMMERCE.

.Page 299

Agricultural Produce its chief Basis-Cotton-Tobacco-

Grain-Animal Food-Timber-Fish-Manufactures-Fo-

reign Goods-Imports-Trade with Britain-France-Other

European Countries-British West Indies, &c.-Cuba-

South America-East Indies China-Progressive Extent-

Shipbuilding-Tonnage-Navigation-Liners - Steam-In-

surance-Ports-New York-Boston-Philadelphia-Balti-

more-Charleston-New Orleans,

.350

ENGRAVINGS IN VOL. II.

VIGNETTE-Capitol at Washington.

General Washington,........

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