CONTENTS F. Clauses indicating the time of the termination of the action of the main clause CHAPTER II. The Mode of the Temporal Clause in B. Clauses denoting immediate sequence F. Clauses indicating the time of the termination of the action of the main clause 2. The So-called Modal Auxiliaries CHAPTER III. Position of the Clause- and Word-Order, E. Clauses determining the time of an action by reference to a subsequent action F. Clauses indicating the time of the termination PREFACE However great may be the diffidence with which one offers his work, certainly no one need apologize for an attempt to contribute to our knowledge of the syntax of Old English. Therefore, since the plan and scope of this monograph are set forth at length in the General Introduction, it only remain for me. to thank those to whose kindness I am indebted for much help in the course of the work. This thesis was written under the direction of Professor Albert S. Cook, of Yale University, and to him I extend most hearty thanks for advice and encouragement from the inception of the work, and especially for his reading of the proof. I owe hearty thanks to Professor Allen R. Benham, of the University of Washington, for many helpful suggestion, as well as for the stimulus that comes from association with one engaged in a similar task. I am also indebted to Professor Hubert G. Shearin, of Kentucky University, for valuable hints as to methods of work. The aid given me in bibliographical matters by Mr. Andrew Keogh and Mr. Henry A. Gruener, of the Yale Library, and by Mr. William N. Carlton, of the Library of Trinity College, has been invaluable. I would also thank the authorities of the Watkinson Library of Reference, in Hartford, for their many courtesies. A portion of the expense of printing this book has been borne by the English Club of Yale University, from funds placed at its disposal by the generosity of Mr. George E. Dimock, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, a graduate of Yale in the class of 1874. TRINITY COLLEGE, HARTFORD, CONN. June 15, 1907. A. A. GENERAL INTRODUCTION Aim, Scope, and Method The aim of this study is to treat exhaustively all the important syntactical features of the temporal clause in all the prose monuments of Old English. The work is designed to be a complete historical account of this syntactical element, distinguishing between early and late usage where such distinction exists, giving accurate statistics as to the relative frequency of different methods of expressing the same or similar ideas, and noting whatever else may seem to be of value for an understanding of the history of the construction in question. To this end I have endeavored to note every clause having the function of an adverbial determinant of time, to present the peculiarities of each variety in a clear and succinct form, and to tabulate the results for each. For the sake of ease in verifying the results presented, and as a convenience for lexical and synonymic study, every occurrence of every phenomenon falling within the scope of the study has been either discussed under its proper category in the text, or relegated to the index-lists in the Appendixes. In addition to these index-lists, tables have been prepared, presenting the actual numerical occurrence of each variety of clause, with its mode, arranged b |