According to various estimates made during the ensuing decade the figures of Canadian industries, which may be expected in the Census returns of 1901, should be far greater than those of 1891. Mr. P. W. Ellis, President of the Canadian Manufacturers' Association, in his annual address at Montreal on November 5th, 1901, went into some details upon this point. By the Census of 1891 there was one person engaged in industrial work for every $1,286 worth of goods produced. Taking the present export of manufactured goods, only, as a basis for calculation-$67,894,928-Mr. Ellis declared that these figures would show 52,874 people in Canadian factories, and assuming that each person supports four others, 211,496 people as dependent upon the industrial export alone. This would not, of course, include the large amount of goods made for home consumption. "Our export trade in manufactures has increased since 1891 by 106 per cent. If our home production has only increased half this amount then, our total output would now be $730,000,000." This would also mean the employment of some 575,000 persons and the support of 2,300,000. Canadian In a general sense, many of the products of the farm, the forest, the fisheries and the mine are sometimes termed manufactures-upon the principle that industry or labour, more or less skilled, has had to be employed in their preparation for the market. In the United States cheese and butter, flour and the product of saw-mills are not classed as manufactures.* Mr. George Johnson, the Dominion Statistician, has, however, taken the former view, and in a paper published in the November number of Industrial Canada, gave the total Canadian manufactured exports from July 1, 1867 to June 30, 1901, as $1,194,260,859, or 406 per cent. of the total value of Canadian products exported. He divides this trade for the period in question as follows: The great increase was in the latter portion of the years included. During the five years, 1868-72, the total of manufactures exported was $118,084,905; during 1897-1901 the total export was $303,294,387—an increase of 157 per cent. All other exports increased 185 *For these reasons the previous Sections of this volume include under the treatment of Natural Industries some of the earlier and cruder forms of manufactured product. per cent. in the same years. There were very considerable changes in the items of manufactured export during this period. Cheese, in the first five years of Confederation, formed 4 per cent. of the total of manufactured articles exported, and in the past five years constituted nearly 30 per cent. of the total. Butter fell from 1107 per cent. to 535 per cent. Flour declined from 9.10 per cent. to 5.56 per cent. Wood manufactures formed 65.23 per cent. of manufactured exports in 1868-72, and fell to 43.32 per cent. in 1897-1901. Ships fell from 3 per cent. to 0.21 per cent., while miscellaneous manufactures rose from 7:48 per cent. to 16.03 per cent. If, however, the American system, and that still employed in many of the older countries of the world, be retained in these calculations, the export of Canadian manufactures in 1868-72 would total $12,637,037, and in 1897-1901, $62,009,088; showing an increase of $49,372,051, or 390-6 per cent. It is in this latter total that skilled industry finds a place, and proves, through the increased export, that Canada is taking a place amongst the manufacturing nations. In the higher forms of the manufactures of wood, the average annual export in 1868-72 was $758,800; in 1888-92 it was $882,830; in 1893-97 it was $2,489,525; in 1898-1901 it was $2,924,047. In 1868 there were no agricultural implements upon the list and no bicycles. The export of the one in 1901 was $1,742,946, and of the other $400,981. Clothing and wearing apparel were not mentioned in 1868, and in 1901 the export was $641,996. Cottons rose from $3,000 to $504,500; musical instruments from $5,500 to $545,615. The export of boots and shoes in 1877 was $83,279, and in 1901 it was $209,142. Household furniture in 1876, was exported to the value of $87,340; in 1901 the figures were $240,271. There was, in 1868, an export of machinery, and iron and hardware amounting to $295,692, which may have been an imported product, but the export of Canadian-made iron and steel in 1901 was $1,432,979. The export of wood-pulp was not recorded prior to 1890, when it amounted to $80,005. In 1901 it was $1,937,207. Taking the annual export of manufactures of the highest industrial and constructive type during the ten years from 1891 to 1900, it may be seen that the progress has been considerable. The total in 1891 was $6,296,249; in 1892, $7,040,988; in 1893, $7,693,959; in 1894, $7,692,755; in 1895, $7,768,875; in 1896, $9,365,384; in 1897, $9,522,014; in 1898, $10,678,316; in 1899, $11,706,707; in 1900, $14,224,287. The following table indicates the principal lines of this development: The imports of manufactures in recent years have, of course, varied somewhat. The import of buttons in 1897 was $141,432; in 1901, $181,029. Carriages decreased from $1,590,747, in 1897, to $1,110,654, in 1901. Clocks rose from $116,566 to $208,846. Cordage twine and manufactures rose from $277,193 to $1,181,315. Dutiable cotton goods were imported in 1897 to the value of $4,051,361, and in 1901 to the value of $6,927,992. Curtains rose from $264,706 to $436,950; earthenware and chinaware from $595,822 to $1,114,677 ; fancy goods, from $1,480,706 to $1,930,713. Dutiable imports of flax, hemp and jute products were, in 1897, $1,263,708, and in 1901, $1,913,070. Furs, and manufactures of, rose from $901,571 to $2,385,181; glass, and manufactures of, rose from $1,139,764 to $1,575,619; gloves and mitts, from $516,378 to $702,578; hats, caps and bonnets, from $1,328,834 to $1,927,383; jewellery, from $291,846 to $540,220; boots and shoes, from $319,876 to $642,360. The import of agricultural implements in 1897 was $605,021, and in 1901 it was $1,927.814. The import of machinery (including locomotives) rose from $1,980,150 to $6,530,626; miscellaneous iron and steel, and manufactures of, rose from $8,163,712 to $18,721,925. Tin, and manufactures of, rose from $1,274,108 to $2,339,109; musical instruments, from $261,294 to $412,648; paper and manufactures of, rose from $1,002,941 to $1,803,928; silk, and manufactures of, rose from $2,139,791 to $4,003,544. The dutiable import of wood, and manufactures of, increased from $949,721 to $1,427,457; woollen goods, from $7,125,748 to $9,944,105. Some of the chief manufactured articles imported from Great Britain and the United States in 1901 may be seen from the following table, compiled from the Trade and Commerce Department Reports: The Canadian import of articles in a more or less crude condition which enter into the various processes of domestic industry is placed by the Dominion Statistician at a total of $25,627,068 for 1898 and $33,351,292 for 1900. The chief contributions to this total for 1900 were coal, coal-dust and coke, $11,519,064; cotton-wool, $4,229,198; fur-skins, $1,240,780; hides, raw, $4,214,412; rubber, crude, $2,092,807; seeds, $1.924,660; tobacco (manufactured), $1,508,359; and wool, raw, $1,574,834. Articles, wholly or partially manufactured, and used as materials for the manufactures and natural arts were given as totalling an import of $23,858,106 in 1898 and $35,679,437 in 1900. They included copper, $1,041,709; cottons, $1,201,268; drugs, dyes and chemicals, $3,642,555; iron and steel, $12,603,465; lead, $1,095,341; lumber and timber, $3,041,151; metals, $2,652,626; oils, $1,755,078. According to an estimate published by the Canadian Manufacturers Association in August, 1901, in which the export in 1868 is placed at 100 the increase was represented proportionately by 172 in 1873, 224-5 in 1878, 196 in 1883, 220 in 1888, 404 in 1893, 565 in 1898, 610-5 in 1899, 6447 in 1900, and 762:34 in 1901. The proportional increase of the total export of all Canadian products was stated at 307-78 in 1901 as against 100 in 1868. Canadian Steel Manu- The import of these manufactures in 1900-excluding pig iron and other elements of natural production upon which a minimum of skilled labour had been expended-was $16,104,359. The total import in 1900 -including pig iron and all other iron and steel products-was $29,649,178, and in 1901, $27,107,419. The large importation of what is practically raw material will be noticed. The export of all iron and steel products in 1901 was $3,717,537, while that of iron and steel manufactures was $1,176,711 and of pig iron and scrap iron, $256,250. The principal iron and steel imports and exports in 1901 were as follows: The import of iron and steel products into Canada has steadily increased of late years. In 1897 it was $10,785,576; in 1898, $17,106,207; in 1899, $19,848,433; in 1900, $29,649,178. The import of 1901 showed a decrease, however, of two and a half millions. Of the imports in 1900, articles such as sewing machines, firearms, locomotives, engines and agricultural implements came mainly from the United States $2,731,592 as against $59,765 from Great Britain. The same proportion was visible in hardware, cutlery and edged tools in which $3,263,574 came from the United States and $606,292 from Great Britain. In machinery the United States sent $4,234,737 and Great Britain $712,046; in castings and forgings the United States sent $823,849 and Great Britain $14,058; in railway supplies and rails the United States sent $2,292,751 and Great Britain $914,820. Even in the lower forms of iron and steel manufacture, where very limited exercise of skilled labour is necessary, the figures stood $9,133,856 from the United States, and $4,801,522 from Great BritThe two countries sent pig iron valued at $732,073 and $235,670 respectively. Since 1883 a bounty has been offered by the Dominion Government for pig'iron made in Canada. The rate varied considerably from time to time until in 1897 it stood at $3 per ton on pig iron made from Canadian ore and $2 per ton on that made from foreign ore. In the latter year a bounty was also authorized by Parliament of $3 per ton on steel ingots manufactured from ingredients of which not less than 50 per cent. of their weight consisted of pig iron made in Canada; together with a bounty of $3 per ton on puddled iron bars made from Canadian-made pig iron. The amount paid on these bounties was very small, however, and totalled $229,754 in the years 1898-99 and 1900. They were to be continued at a diminishing rate until 1907. In 1894 the Ontario Legislature voted $125,000 to be expended in a bounty of $1 per ton of pig-metal product, mined or smelted within the Province. The annual consumption of iron and steel and their products in Canada is estimated at 800,000 tons, and the active works in the Dominion in 1901 were the Nova Scotia Steel Company, at Ferrona; the Hamilton Steel and Iron Company; the Canada Iron Furnace Company, at Midland; the Dominion Iron and Steel Company, at Sydney; the Canada Iron and Furnace Company, at Radnor; the Deseronto Iron Company, and the Drummondville Furnaces-with an aggregate capacity of 440,000 tons. The united investment in this industry was placed at $24,500,000 with a pending addition of $35,000,000 in new plant. Collingwood, Ontario, was the scene during the year of an earnest effort to promote a steel and iron industry. Early in January, 1901, the Cramp Ontario Steel Company, Limited, with an authorized capital of $5,000,000, and including amongst its Directors Charles D. Cramp, William M. Cramp and George O. Angell, of Philadelphia, U. S. A.; Sir Charles Hibbert Tupper, of Victoria, B.C.; the Hon. J. R. Gowan, of Barrie; Mr. F. H. Clergue, of Sault Ste. Marie; Mr. J. J. Long, of Collingwood; Messrs. W. C. Matthews, A. McLean Macdonell and |