waters is covered with traps. This is so much more fruitful and convenient a way of catching fish than by the ordinary gill-nets that the United States canner gets his fish at about two and onehalf cents a fish while twelve and one-half cents is about the cost to the Canadian canner.' Hence the agitation for giving the Canadians a chance upon equal terms-whether by combined adherence to a common agreement against traps or by an equal liberty to use them. In this connection, on October 11th, it was announced that the Provincial Government had appointed Mr. John P. Babcock-for some years chief deputy of the California Board of Fish Commissioners and an authority on salmon and other fish—as Fisheries Commissioner of the Province under the terms of the recent Act and with a view to the exhaustive investigation of existing conditions. The Dominion Parlia ment and the Fisheries On February 22, 1901, a discussion took place in the House of Commons as to the position of the Provincial lake and river Fisheries and the question of their control. The Minister of Marine and Fisheries stated that certain Inspectors had been appointed or retained to look after the enforcement of the Dominion regulations as to fishing and to fix the times and seasons in which fish might be taken. "The Local Government have the sole and exclusive right under the Privy Council decision to grant licenses for particular localities; they get the fees and appoint officers for that purpose. It is a divided jurisdiction and we appoint three officers in Ontario in order to keep track of the manner in which our regulations are observed and report to us whether these regulations are proper or not and whether they should be amended or not." He proceeded to point out that "the exclusive power to make regulations in connection with the Fisheries is vested in the Dominion Government but the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, having been declared by the Privy Council to be the owners of the beds of rivers and lakes, they were held, a fortiori, to be the owners of the fish in these rivers and lakes and it was held that the Provinces had the exclusive right to grant fishery leases of areas in these lakes. Therefore the revenues which we formerly derived from the issue of licenses are now handed over to the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec." The Minister admitted that there had been friction between the Provinces and the Dominion upon this subject. "There has been a disposition on the part of the Provincial Governments to arrogate— if that is not an improper word-power with regard to regulations which I do not think they possess." Especially was this the case with regard to what he termed "supplementary regulations." Upon this point there had been " more or less friction." But there was no complaint as to the manner of administering the recognized Dominion regulations. The Hon. E. G. Prior, of Victoria, had asked why the Government had not treated British Columbia in this respect as it had Ontario and Quebec. Sir Louis Davies replied that there was a wide distinction between lake and deep sea Fisheries. “In the Maritime Provinces the question whether the bed of the sea from low-water mark, to the three miles limit, belongs to the Province as a proprietory right, or whether the Dominion has proprietory jurisdiction over it, is a question not absolutely determined." He believed the Dominion to have the right over sea-coast fisheries. Mr. Prior raised another question in the House upon this occasion. He pointed out that the Dominion revenue from Ontario Fisheries last year (1900) had been $794; the Dominion expenditure upon Ontario Fisheries was $3,704. In Quebec the revenue collected was $2,563, the expenditure was $5,549. In Nova Scotia the revenue was $5,494, the expenditure $27,461. In New Brunswick the revenue was $12,015, the expenditure $21,459. But in British Columbia, where the Dominion revenue was $53,195, the expenditure upon the Fisheries was only $13,662. The reply of the Minister of Marine and Fisheries was that Mr. Prior would "find the expenditure for the current year much larger." On April 30th, Mr. Prior brought up the matter of the salmon fisheries in British Columbia, and quoted from two important documents or memorials, prepared by the Canners' Association of the Province. This organization was altogether in favour of Provincial control of the Fisheries. He, himself, deprecated the present divided jurisdiction under which the Dominion Government controlled the rivers below low-water mark, and the Provincial Government looked after the rivers above low-water mark-so far as the fish were concerned. He also presented the claim of the fishermen to be allowed to catch fish with traps and seines, as the American canning men did on the coast of their territory, as the salmon came sweeping past on their return to the Fraser. It was a great hardship. "Last year, 2,269,245 pounds of salmon were bought by Canadian canners from the American fishermen, who caught our own salmon and sold them to us at a cost of some hundred thousand dollars." The time was coming, according to authorities whom he respected, when the Americans would capture the most of our salmon on their way back to their natural spawning grounds. He urged attention to this matter, even while admitting its serious difficulties, and hesitating to express a personal opinion as to the right course to pursue. But he strongly advocated more hatcheries, and pointed to the annual expenditure for this purpose of $50,000 in the State of Washington. The Prime Minister thought this Fishery question had two sides to it. "The remedy proposed by the Hon. gentleman for the grievances of the canners and I must say these grievances are of long standing -is to transfer the control of the fisheries in the Columbia river to the Province of British Columbia. My Hon. friend will find on reflection that such a remedy could not be thought of for a moment, because under the British North America Act the Government and Parliament is powerless in the matter. We cannot divest the Province of any control which it has under that Act, nor can we divest the Dominion of its control over any matter assigned to it by our constitution." Sir Louis Davies, in speaking for the Department of Marine and Fisheries, declared that there was no present indication of a falling off in the Fisheries, and that there was not the same necessity for hatcheries as there was to the south. However, the Government was building one at Sicamons, and would build another on the Skeena River, and, if necessary, at the River's Inlet. As to the matter of trap nets, he thought an industry worth five or six millions a year to the people of the Province was too valuable to destroy in this way. In reply to a question from Mr. Prior as to means for the preservation of the salmon as they came through American waters, the Minister said that negotiations on that point had reached an advanced stage when they were broken off by the Alaskan boundary question at the Washington Conference. In any case, British Columbia fishermen were not doing badly in their own mode of legal operation. There was an increase in 1899 over the previous year, and he was glad to see that the large undeveloped markets in Japan, China and other eastern countries, were now being exploited. His own judgment was strongly against permitting the use of trap nets, and it was founded upon the advice of expert officers. There would be no justification for the change, as the salmon could be caught in Canadian waters by a less destructive method and in reasonable quantities. In the Senate, on May 17th, the Hon. W. J. Macdonald spoke upon this subject. He criticized the recent Privy Council decision. "The Provinces have the right to make the regulations. The judgment is something like what was rendered in the Manitoba School questionpartly in favour of the local and partly in favour of the Dominion authority." He took the ground that there could be no question as to Provincial jurisdiction in the lakes and rivers, but the territorial waters for three miles out from the coast were, he supposed, under the jurisdiction of the Dominion. The Senator expressed the hope that an immediate arrangement would be made, so that present regulations could be continued, and the fees eventually divided with British Columbia. Senator Mills pointed out in reply that the rights of the Province, as declared by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, were proprietary rights, subject to such conditions of law and regulation as affected private property. "What season shall be a close season, what kind of fish may be caught, how they may be caught and everything of that sort, is under the control of the Government of Canada; but everything relating to the proprietary interest in the fish after the regulations are made belongs to the Province as proprietor of these Fisheries." For the same reasons the licensing of the fishermen and the profits derived from it belonged to the Dominion. General Section IV-MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES According to the Census of 1881 there were 49,923 industrial establishments in Canada with 254,935 employees, and according to that of ten years later there were 75,768 with 367,865 employees, an increase of 51.08 per cent. The capital invested in 1881 was $165,302,623; and in 1891, $353,836,817; the wages paid were, respectively, $59,429,002 and $99,762,441; the cost of raw material was $179,918,593 and $255,983,219; the value of the products was $309,676,068 in 1881 and in 1891, $475,445,705. The proportion of the employees to each 10,000 of the total population rose in Ontario from 601 to 782; in Quebec from 627 to 785; in Nova Scotia from 452 to 760; in New Brunswick from 620 to 828; in Manitoba from 308 to 287; in British Columbia from 580 to 1,175; in Prince Edward Island from 528 to 725; in the Territories from 19 to 162. Ontario in 1891 was the chief industrial Province of the Dominion with an increase during the ten years of 8,970 in the number of its establishments; $95,652,492 in the capital invested; 47,018 in the number of employees; $18,603,679 in the amount of wages paid; $37,037,162 in the value of the raw material; and $82,110,397 in the value of its products. Quebec was a good second with an increase of 7,264 in the number of establishments; $57,752,589 in the capital invested; 31,157 in the number of employees; $12,337,828 in the wages paid; $23,307,961 in the cost of raw materials; and $48,532,931 in the value of the product. Nova Scotia showed an increase of 4,914 in the number of establishments; $8,824,554 in capital invested; 13,875 in the number of employees; 2,876,373 in the amount of wages paid; $5,641,646 in the cost of raw material; $11,668,357 in the value of the products. New Brunswick had an increase of 2,302 in the number of establishments; $8,183,473 in the capital invested; 6,687 in the number of employees; $207,081 in the wages paid; $1,382,201 in the cost of raw materials; and $5,173,578 in the value of its products. Manitoba showed an increase of 678 in the number of establishments; $4,298,206 in the capital invested; 2,454 in the number of employees; $1,138,734 in the amount of wages paid; $3,743,485 in the cost of raw material; and $6,713,056 in the value of its products. British Columbia showed an increase of 335 in the number of establishments; $11,389,314 in the amount of capital invested; 8,602 in the number of employees; $2,631,514 in the amount of wages paid; $3,931,058 in the cost of raw material; and $8,954,144 in the value of its products. Prince Edward Island showed an increase of 1,031 in the number of establishments; $824,887 in the amount of capital invested; 2,139 in the number of employees; $285,572 in the amount of wages paid; $254,857 in the cost of raw material; and $933,302 in the value of its products. The North-West Territories had an increase of 351 in the number of establishments; $1,605,679 in the amount of capital invested; 998 in the number of employees; $389,728 in the amount of wages paid; $766,266 in the cost of raw material; and $1,648,472 in the value of its products. The machinery and tools employed in these establishments in April, 1891, were valued at $80,803,265; of which $38,295,158 belonged to Ontario and $26,256,791 to Quebec. The number of steam engines-not including those used in mines, in shipping afloat, or in agricultural pursuits-was 9,873, with a horse power of 298,372. The chief industrial centre was Montreal with 1,735 establishments; $51,212,133 of invested capital; 38,562 hands employed; $13,078,546 wages paid; $42,429,102 worth of material used; and $72,603,377 as the value of its product. Toronto came next with 2,405 establishments; $32,123,549 capital invested; 26,333 hands employed; $9,361,787 wages paid; $22,423,740 worth of material used; and a product valued at $45,026,322. Quebec and Hamilton were next in importance and nearly equal in their production. Quebec had 1,410 establishments and Hamilton 1,143; Quebec had $8,982,319 of capital invested and Hamilton $8,128,162; Quebec paid $2,710,701 in wages and Hamilton $3,204,202; Quebec used $9,789,215 worth of raw material and Hamilton $8,209,486 worth; Quebec had a total product of $14,804,551 and Hamilton $14,003,326. Berlin, Brantford, Brockville, Chatham, Cornwall, Galt, Guelph, Halifax, Hull, Kingston, London, Moncton, New-Westminster, Ottawa, Owen Sound, Peterborough, St. Catharines, Ste. Cunegonde, St. Henri, St. John, St. Thomas, Sherbrooke, Stratford, Valleyfield, Vancouver, Victoria, Winnipeg, Woodstock, Arnprior, Carleton Place, Dartmouth, Gananoque, Lachine and Petrolea had from one to six millions invested in manufactures-nineteen of these places being under two millions. The money invested in Canada in manufactures was $73.22 per head of the population as compared with $38.22 in 1881. The amount of wages paid per head was $233 in 1881 and $272 in 1891. The following were the chief industries of the Dominion in 1891 with their capital and product : |