daring soon became widespread, and he was eventually, on the return of the Mounted Rifles, given command of a hundred men, six Colt guns and a pom-pom, with the local rank of Major. In Canada he was mourned by a host of personal friends, and in Africa Lord Kitchener referred to him in despatches as a "very gallant officer." The stories told of him by Col. Cartwright, Col. Cotton, Sergeant Holland, v.c., Colonel Lessard and other officers and troopers who knew him in the field, indicate that he was beyond all doubt what General Alderson termed him, "One of the pluckiest men he had ever seen." Intelligence was received in April of the death, in a skirmish, of Lieut. John Haliburton Laurie, son of the Major-General Laurie who was for many years a member of the Canadian Commons. He had been stationed for some time at Kingston with the Permanent Corps. Another Canadian was Lieut. George M. Skirving, of London (of the Imperial Yeomanry), who died of wounds on September 8th. Private Edward Compton Mackintosh, who died from fever on January 28th at Pretoria, was a son of the Hon. C. H. Mackintosh, of Rossland, and was much regretted in British Columbia. In October Private J. E. Pemberton, of the Canadian Scouts, a native of Halifax, was killed in action, and a little later Corporal Slean, of the Constabulary, was also killed in action. Memorials of the War Many movements were started during the year and some successfully carried through for the erection of memorials to the Canadians who had fallen in the war. Late in 1900-on December 18th-a meeting was held in Victoria with Mayor Hayward in the chair, at which, upon motion of the Hon. J. H. Turner, it was decided that the proposed Provincial Memorial should take the form of "a substantial and ornamental stone structure to be known as the Paardeberg Gate." Mr. Justice Martin, in seconding the motion, placed Paardeberg on a higher plane than the historic Canadian conflicts of Chrysler's Farm, Lundy's Lane and Queenston Heights. Mr. H. M. Grahame was appointed Secretary of an influential Committee and Mr. E. Crow Baker, ex-M.P., Treasurer. Various meetings were held, and the collection of funds proceeded throughout the year. At Woodstock, Ontario, a movement was started to erect a monument to the memory of Sergeant George Leonard, who fell at Zand River, and a considerable sum was collected by means of ten cent subscriptions. In Montreal a meeting was held on February 23rd at which it was decided to amalgamate the fund which had been collected for the erection of a statue to Lord Strathcona with the other fund which had been raised for a monument to Canadian soldiers who had fallen in South Africa. It was understood that Lord Strathcona preferred some other form for the proposed compliment to himself, and it was found that the new organization would have $20,000 in hand for the combined project. Senator Drummond occupied the chair and amongst those present were the Hon. J. R. Rolland, Lieut.-Col. Cole, Lieut.-Col. Henshaw, Principal Peterson, and Messrs. F. L. Beique, K.C., F. Meredith, K.C., and R. Wilson Smith. The Rev. Dr. Barclay delivered an eloquent address, in which he declared that their object was "to mark in some significant and signal way the juncture that arose about a year ago, the step that Canada took in the cause of the Empire, the emphatic declaration on her part, followed by action equally emphatic, that she was a constitutional part of the British Empire and intended to bear her share of the duties and responsibilities and intended to take her share of the honour." The war had been a most just and necessary one, and they now desired a worthy monument of the men who had died on the field of battle, or in other ways, for their country; of the men who had brought credit to Canada; and of the great Canadian who had equipped a regiment for the Queen's service at his own cost. A large Committee was named, the total sum of $100,000 suggested and a monument decided upon as the form of the memorial. The matter progressed slowly through the year. During March a handsome memorial tablet was placed in the Medical Building of McGill University, through subscriptions from the students and in honour of Lieut. Harold Lothrop Borden, B.A., of the Canadian Mounted Rifles, and Gunner Edwin Patrick O'Reilly, B.A., of the Royal Canadian Artillery. On March 15th, in pursuance of a Resolution passed by the Canadian Club at Toronto, its President, Mr. W. E. Rundle, wrote to various Dominion and Provincial authorities suggesting the erection of a national memorial at Ottawa, the Government to provide a site and the amount to be raised by private subscriptions. He suggested further that "the monument should be not only a memorial of the men who have fallen, and of those who have bravely risked their lives in the cause of the Empire but should as well be made expressive of the most significant and gratifying feature of the war, namely the evidence it affords of the close and vital relations existing between the various component parts of the Empire." One of the replies received was from the Hon. S. N. Parent, Premier of Quebec, who strongly approved the project and expressed particular pleasure at the suggestion that such a memorial might be made to mark the unity of the Empire. He suggested, however, that the most suitable place for its erection was the Plains of Abraham. About one thousand dollars had already been collected in Quebec for a memorial of some kind, and this might be a nucleus for the larger sum, and the project, as a whole, be made to show that at the beginning of a new century the two races of Canada "joined hands and united together to give to our common Motherland of the present day the tribute of our most valuable energies and of our best blood." At St. John the Star newspaper took up the question of erecting a monument to local soldiers who had fallen in the campaign, and received a large number of contributions to a twenty-five cent fund which it started. The project was warmly endorsed by the St. John Sun of February 13th, and by the Telegraph. Mayor Daniel, as Treasurer, received various subscriptions to the fund during the year. In Halifax the matter of a memorial was taken up in April, 1900, by the Herald and pressed to a successful issue by the co-operation of local papers and persons of influence. The sum of $6,500 was raised by subscription and $3,500 contributed by the Provincial Government and Legislature; the sculptor was selected in the person of Mr. Hamilton McCarthy, R.C.A., and the design of a monument twenty-five feet high with a shaft of red granite fourteen feet in height and representing certain scenes in which Canadians had shared, was approved. Those who were commemorated included Captain M. G. Blanchard, Lieut. H. L. Borden, Captain C. A. Hensley, Lieut. C. C. Wood and Privates Farrell, Defoe, Johnstone, Orman, Edgar, Purcell, J. J. Purcell, Julius Sievert and Ernest Zong. The foundation stone was laid by the Duke of Cornwall and York on October 18th. Prince Edward Island took similar steps, and by the end of May, 1901, had $2,400 collected for the purpose of a local monument. On May 31st a memorial, signed by Mayor Warburton of Charlottetown and Messrs. Percy Pope and J. E. B. McCready, was presented to the Provincial Government pointing out the historic value of monuments; their influence upon a people's patriotism; the manner in which the honour of the country had been maintained by those who had fought and died for it in South Africa; the importance of the action taken in sending their sons to support the solidarity of the Empire on the battlefield. They asked for a one thousand dollar grant, and it was finally stated that six hundred dollars would be given. In Winnipeg, on February 18th, a life-sized portrait of Lieut. H. M. Arnold was presented to the city by the Operatic Society-an organization in which the late Major of the 90th Rifles had taken great interest. Mr. E. L. Drewry, Lieut.-Col. Ruttan and Chief Justice Killam spoke feelingly of the wide popularity and well-known gallantry of the late officer. On December following a beautiful memorial window was unveiled in honour of Lieut. Arnold at All Saints' Church. An eloquent address was delivered by the Rev. F. B. Smith, the Rector. On April 3rd a memorial tablet was unveiled at the quarters of No. 3 Company of the Victoria Rifles, Montreal, by Lieut. Henderson. It was in honor of Privates Henry Cotton, Cecil Herbert Barry, Alexander Richmond Kingsley, George Henry Bolt and Gerald Stewart Racey, and had the inscription: They have not lived in vain who died for Empire, home and duty." At the Royal Military College, Kingston, on April 22nd, a similar memorial was unveiled by Lieut.-Col. Reade in honour of those from the College who had fallen in the war. They had well carried out, said Col. Reade, the motto of the College-valour, duty, truth. "By their death another link has been forged in the chain that holds the Empire together." To the memory of Corporal Filson, of Amherst Island, a mural tablet was unveiled in St. Paul's Presbyterian Church on September 5th. At Winnipeg, on December 8th, a portrait of the late Major A. L. Howard, D.S.O.-better known at "Gat" Howardwas unveiled in the officers' mess-room of the 90th Regiment by Lieut.-Col. Boswell. cr Meeting Section IX-EDUCATION IN CANADA This Association met at Ottawa on August 13, 1901, and, with Dr. J. A. MacCabe of the Ottawa Normal School in the chair, discussed various matters connected with the educational interests of the Dominion. It had Association been organized in 1901 with the primary object of securing uniformity in teachers' certificates in all the Provinces. The formal opening was held on the succeeding day, when Mayor Morris welcomed the Delegates on behalf of the city, and Dr. MacCabe spoke in reply, while brief addresses were delivered by the Hon. P. Boucher de la Bruère, Quebec, Superintendent of Public Instruction; Mr. D. J. Goggin, Superintendent of Education in the Territories; and others. Valuable papers were read in many of the departments. Principal Scott, of Toronto Normal School, upon Child Study; Inspector W. J. Summerby, upon Arithmetic; Principal Masten, of Odelltown, upon the Home and School as Co-workers; Mr. W. J. Robertson, of St. Catharines, upon the present High School courses; dealt with important subjects. On August 16th, Mr. John Millar, Deputy Minister of Education in Ontario, dealt with the "Educational demands of Democracy." An important address was that of Dr. J. M. Harper, Inspector of the Protestant Schools of Quebec, in favour of a Dominion Educational Bureau. The subject had been brought up and discussed at previous meetings of the Association, and a Committee which had waited upon Sir Wilfrid Laurier, headed by the Hon. G. W. Ross and Dr. MacCabe, had been received with much attention. They had no wish, said Dr. Harper, to in any way trench upon Provincial rights or control over Education, but to have a Bureau attached to one of the Departments at Ottawa, similar in many respects to that at Washington, and for the purpose of keeping the educational systems and arrangements and officials of all the Provinces, in constant touch with each other. The influences of such an institution, he continued, would be many and varied : 1. It would improve, vitalize and co-ordinate the various systems of the Dominion. 2. It would have the definite function of collecting all documents referring to educational development throughout Canada, and the preparation of historical memoranda connected therewith. 3. It would supervise the issue of a yearly report containing statistics and facts concerning education throughout the Dominion. 4. It could supervise the preparation of a volume dealing with education in the other countries of the world for the benefit of Canadian study. 5. It would diffuse information in each Province regarding the finances, teachers, qualifications, grading of schools and general educational activities of the other Provinces. 6. It could make suggestions as to higher educational processes, and industrial, scientific and artistic training. 7. Its officers could have a most useful influence through public meetings, conventions, etc., throughout the country. This proposal was strongly opposed by Mr. Boucher de la Bruère, speaking not only for himself, but for the Catholic Committee of Public Instruction in Quebec. Those who supported it were, he declared, antagonistic to the ideas of the majority of the people of his Province, and were wounding the feelings of those who were anxious to control their own schools under the constitution of the country. The particular body which he represented had recently passed a Resolution, upon motion of Mr. Justice Langelier and Mgr. Laflamme, declaring this policy to be "neither constitutional nor desirable." The Protestant Committee of Quebec had, he believed, expressed no opinion upon the subject. The plan was American in its inception, and originally developed out of a desire to centralize educational control in the United States. Such a design could not, and must not, succeed in Canada. But, if centralization of control where the constitution gave no control whatever was a bad aim, the underlying and final motive which he read in Dr. Harper's proposal was even worse. It was a desire to establish a national school system in Canada-cast in the same mould and fusing all racial and religious differences. Such was the ideal propounded in an address delivered by Dr. Harper, in October, 1899, and such, he feared, was the root of the present policy. The whole thing would be opposed to the feelings of the people in the Provinces; opposed to the spirit and letter of the British North America Act; opposed to the autonomy of the Provinces. No practical steps were taken in the matter. The Manual in Canada Throughout the Dominion the subject of Manual Training was much discussed during 1901-largely as a result of the munificent gifts of Sir W. C. McDonald, of Montreal, to various Provincial centres for the purpose of its promotion. On January 8th, after describing the Manual Training School at Charlottetown, the Examiner of that place expressed the gratitude of its citizens to Sir William McDonald and their appreciation, also, of the services of Prof. J. W. Robertson who had acted for him in organizing their technical institution. "For those who are to be tradesmen," continued the paper, "whether working on iron or wood, the instruction, discipline and practice of the School must be of inestimable benefit." On the day following this Prince Edward Island comment, H. E. the Governor-General and Lady Minto visited Brockville in Ontario, and opened a more elaborate institution along similar lines-the McDonald Manual Training School which had been presented to that town by the same gentleman. In the evening, at a public meeting and reception, Lord Minto declared that Manual Training must play a considerable part in the future education of Canadians. "The system did not propose teaching a trade. It would give a chance to the boy of developing an aptitude which would afterwards make him a skilled mechanic." He spoke of the popularity of the system in England and of its complement, the teaching of domestic economy to girls. The Hon. Mr. Harcourt, Minister of Education, hoped soon to have Technical Schools at Stratford, London, Peterborough and Cornwall. Prof. |