referred to the distance of the Province from Ottawa, and to the difficulty of sending special delegations to the Capital. He spoke of the mission of the Hon. James Dunsmuir and the Hon. D. M. Eberts to Ottawa some months before this time, and to the able document, which these representatives of the British Columbia Government had prepared upon the matters at issue.

After referring at some length to the Chinese and Japanese question and to that of railway development, he quoted Mr. Dunsmuir's financial statements in the document mentioned above, and declared that while every one of the other Provinces of the Dominion had received more from the Federal Treasury than they had paid into it, the Government of British Columbia had, since Confederation, paid to the authorities at Ottawa $13,507,258 more than they had received. Not one cent of the increased Public Debt of $223,800,000 had been expended in the Pacific Province, as he considered the Canadian Pacific Railway a national undertaking, from which all the Provinces benefitted. He compared the revenues paid by British Columbia and Nova Scotia respectively into the Dominion excheqer in the year ending June 30, 1900-the former, $3,220,688; the latter, $2,503,596. The Pacific Province was, therefore, 28 per cent. in amount ahead of the Atlantic Province, while the percentage, according to population, was still greater-$17.70 to $5.45.

Similarly, in customs and excise, and in exports and imports, his Province was ahead of those on the Atlantic coast. He quoted, with pride, the sea-going tonnage of Montreal and Victoria. The former great commercial centre had a total of 2,068,313 tons; the latter, a small town in population, had 1,796,331 tons. “And yet," he exclaimed, "the Minister of Public Works cannot or will not see fit to give the paltry sum of $15,000 a year for the purpose of dredging and putting the Harbour of Victoria into better shape!" The Port of Quebec, which had only 1,088,630 tons of shipping, owed the Dominion Government $4,000,000 for advances. The unfairness, in connection with the Fisheries of the Province, was equally great. Out of a total Dominion revenue of $79,788 from Fisheries, British Columbia contributed $53,195, while out of a total Dominion expenditure upon Fisheries of $251,469, British Columbia received only $13,662. For Fisheries protection his Province was not given one cent while Nova Scotia received $97,370.

Sir Wilfrid Laurier said, in reply, that the fact of contributing so largely to the revenues of the Dominion was one for which the people of British Columbia should feel proud. He admitted the fact, but hardly deemed it a grievance and thought that the Mongolian Immigration question was the real grievance of the situation. Mr. A. A. Wright desired to impress upon the House the large trade which was being done by British Columbia in the eastern Provinces of Canada, and instanced the recent purchase in his own town of Renfrew-not far from Ottawa-of a carload of splendid shingles shipped from the Pacific Coast. Butter and poultry were products

which they were shipping in large quantities from his county to the far-away Province under discussion. Mr. R. L. Borden pointed out that a large part of the Customs duties of Nova Scotia were paid at Montreal, instead of Halifax, so that in that respect Mr. Prior's comparisons would be inaccurate.

Finances of the Yukon Territory

This subject was elaborately dealt with by the Hon. W. S. Fielding in his Budget speech to Parliament on March 14, 1901. The total revenue in the fiscal year 1895-96 was, he pointed out, $18,516. In 1899-1900 there was received from royalties, miners' certificates, mining fees, land sales, rentals, timber dues, placer grants and similar sources of local taxation, the sum of $1,130,965; from Customs duties, $613,191; from the Post Office revenue, $21,550; from Public Works, $33,716, and from Fisheries, $4,601. The total revenue for 1899-1900 was $1,804,026, and during the four years had amounted to $4,376,673. The mining royalties had increased from $287,423 in 1898 to $575,812 in 1899 and to $730,771 in 1900. For the first six months of the new fiscal year to December 31, 1900-they amounted to $446,184. The total royalties in three years and a-half were, therefore, $2,040,192.

The expenditure had increased from $32,112 in 1896 to $1,306,949 in 1899-1900. The latter sum included $331,850 spent upon matters connected with the Mines; $112,368 upon the Post Office; $118,544 upon Public Works; $492,427 upon the Mounted Police; $173,266 upon the Militia ; $22,673 upon Justice; $24,457 upon Railways and Canals; $30,561 upon Customs, etc. The total expenditures for the four years amounted to $3,679,290, leaving a surplus of $697,382. Against this the Minister charged a Public Works capital expenditure of $568,874, leaving a net surplus of $128,508.

It had been the policy of the Government, he declared, to make the Yukon pay for the Yukon and this had been fully carried out. Mr. Fielding was now able to announce, however, that in view of the favourable financial conditions indicated, the mining royalty in the Yukon District would be reduced from 10 to 5 per cent. We do not think that a reduction was needed earlier. So long as the first flush of the Yukon excitement was on, the people were ready to go in and pick up their nuggets and pay the royalty cheerfuly. But that is over, and if that is to be a permanent mining district, mining must be carried on under better conditions than heretofore. Everything that increases the cost of mining is a disadvantage to the miner and to the development of the district."

Death of the Queen

Section VI-CANADA AND THE CROWN

The first great event of the year 1901 in Canada, as well as in many other countries of the world, was the death of Queen Victoria. Before the formal announcement on January 18th, which stated that the Queen was not in her usual health, and that the "great strain upon her powers" during the past year had told upon Her Majesty's nervous system, Canadians, in common with the people in other parts of the Empire, had become so accustomed to her presence at the head of the State and to her personality in their hearts and lives that even the possibility of her death was regarded with a feeling of shocked surprise. During the days which succeeded, and while the shadow of death lay over the towers of Windsor, its influence was equally perceptible throughout the press, the pulpit and amongst the people of the Dominion. When the Prince of Wales, on Tuesday evening, January 22nd, telegraphed the Lord Mayor of London that "my beloved Mother, the Queen, has just passed away," the announcement awakened a feeling of sorrow, of sympathy and of Imperial sentiment such as Canada had never felt before. It was more than loyal regret for the death of a great Sovereign; it was a feeling of individual loss.

the Press

The newspapers accurately reflected this sorrow. Opinions of Black borders and many columned obituaries there were in plenty, and the editorials of the moment were especially important in an historical sense. A few of them may properly be quoted here. The St. John Sun declared that "Among the great statesmen of Queen Victoria's reign, perhaps the most successful and wisest has been Queen Victoria herself." The Montreal Gazette stated that "not for a thousand years has the English people had at its head one who so perfectly embodied the national ideals and aspirations." The Vancouver Province denounced those who thought of the Queen as having been a mere figurehead and expressed the opinion that "In all her wide Empire there has been no individual who has exercised such an influence over events both great and small." The Halifax Chronicle spoke of her as " in simple truth the most wonderful woman that has ever lived." The Quebec Chronicle referred to "the influence of a life well spent and of a power well directed that has welded together the British Empire and made it centre its affection and its aspirations on a womanly Queen and a queenly woman." The Toronto World spoke of Queen Victoria as having enjoyed "the most world-wide renown of any human being of recent times." The Montreal Herald declared that "in all her relations with her family, with her Court, with her statesmen, with her people, the Queen held up to admiration the best qualities of womanhood." The Victoria Times dealt with the reign as follows: "Making all proper allowance for the wisdom displayed by her counsellors, it is generally

admitted that on all matters of state the Queen has had a policy, and that on many momentous occasions and at critical periods in the history of the Empire her suggestions have been listened to attentively by her Ministers and have had a far-reaching effect for good on the human race."

Personal

Telegrams of condolence poured into Ottawa and Official and were promptly forwarded to London by the GovernorGeneral. Despatches from his Excellency, from the Expressions Lieutenant-Governors of all the Provinces, from the heads of the great religious bodies, from all the leaders of public thought, were received and transmitted to the Colonial Office. Many were of special and permanent interest. The Hon. L. A. Jetté, Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec, expressed the deep sorrow of the people of his Province and " especially the French-Canadians" at the death of a Sovereign "whose beneficial reign has made them the most devoted and loyal of her subjects." The Hon. G. W. Ross, Premier of Ontario, in an eloquent tribute said: "An evangel of peace in the councils of the world, she was equally an evangel of tenderness and womanly sympathy in the homes of her people. In no other person, certainly in no ruler during the Christian era, were combined so much greatness of sagacity in matters of state and so much goodness and virtue in daily life and action." Chief Justice W. W. Sullivan, of Prince Edward Island, declared in poetical but expressive words that "the sweet and wholesome fragrance of her memory will endure forever in the annals of the British Empire." Mr. W. D. Morris, Mayor of Ottawa, expressed the belief that "the judgment of history will concede her the foremost place among the monarchs and colossal figures of the nineteenth century," while Mr. O. A. Howland, Mayor of Toronto, spoke of her as follows: "She has left to her statesmen a memory of wise and silent counsels. She has left to her successor an aggrandized and compact realm. She has left to all people the inheritance of her virtues." A month later, on February 22nd, Mr. Nicholas Flood Davin, K.C., ex-M.P., delivered a notable address at Regina in the course of which he said: "She was not merely the most popular, but the most powerful monarch, and, not only within her own Empire, but in Europe and the world. Her influence was unbounded; her prestige beyond comparison; her authority equal to her fortune; for everything political in Christendom compared with her was junior and recent and troubled. To-day the subjects of King Edward, all over the Empire, taking counsel from experience, recalling her protracted reign, devoted to the good of the country and mankind, and won and fascinated by a personality so effective, so pure, so simple, and so noble, are filled with admiration, thankfulness, gratitude, and fervent love for her memory. She united in her opulent nature and position so many things which challenge the allegiance of the heart; the subtlest secret, however, of the universal ardour of affection being profounder than power of rank or efficiency-her intense humanity."

Religious

and Services

The testimony of the pulpit during the Sunday which followed the Queen's death and the one which intervened, Tributes on February 3rd, between the splendid setting of the State funeral and the private obsequies at Frogmore was expressive in the extreme. Canadian feeling found vent in draped buildings, solemn services and myriad tributes of religious respect and veneration. The Roman Catholic Church, representing more than 40 per cent. of the Dominion's population, took a foremost place in this public embodiment of private sorrow. Archbishop Bruchési, of Montreal, issued a Pastoral in the course of which the Queen was referred to as one who was faithful to her duties as Queen, wife and mother-" the glory and happiness of a great people and, at the same time, a perfect model for the whole world of those qualities and virtues that cause Sovereigns to be beloved both of God and of men."

Archbishop Duhamel, of Ottawa, issued a similar Pastoral in which he asked: "Who shall ever estimate as he should her salutary influence, not only over state affairs but also over society in maintaining the practice of social and private virtues? Who shall unveil her great desire of securing to all the enjoyment of peace and of that freedom which is based on justice?" Archbishop Bégin, of Quebec City, issued a similar document of considerable length and in a personal address referred to the Queen as having "dignified the throne by all the qualities and virtues of mother, wife and Queen." Perhaps of all these ecclesiastical tributes, however, the most eloquent was that of Archbishop O'Brien, of Halifax: "She had been, since the earliest recollection of the vast majority of her subjects, the Queen, the object of their loyalty and the symbol of Imperial power, so that she came to be looked upon as a permanent element in ever-changing surroundings. Ministries rose and fell; old forms in social and political life were superseded; industrial and economic conditions were transformed; numerous dynasties were overthrownyet the Queen remained stronger in the affections of her people and endowed in their imaginations with unfailing youth."

The Protestant denominations of Canada were even more marked in their pulpit expressions of sorrow and in an overflowing attendance at special services which showed the sincerity of popular grief. In Ottawa, Christ Church Cathedral was thronged on February 2nd with an audience which included His Excellency the Earl of Minto; many Privy Councillors, Senators, Judges, and Members of Parliament; Major-General O'Grady-Haly and numerous officers; the Mayor and part of the City Council. Archbishop Machray, Metropolitan of Canada, preached the sermon. Two notable addresses delivered at other churches in the Capital were those of the Rev. Dr. W. T. Herridge and the Rev. Dr. S. P. Rose. In Toronto every church was crowded and special sermons were preached either on Saturday, February 2nd-which had been proclaimed a public Day of Mourning -or on the succeeding Sunday. Out of a multitude of addresses some of the most notable were those of the Rev. Canon Welch at St.