5; partly cleared, 15; land in the vicinity of villages, 10. The Pulteney estate, near Geneva, sells at 3 dollars, with credit from four to seven years, and interest from the date of the sale.

Lands near Utica sell at from 40 to 100 dollars improved lands in the neighbourhood of Manlius Square, from 10 to 30; lots in Utica village, from fifty to sixty feet in front, and from a hundred to a hundred and thirty in depth, sell from 200 to 1000 dollars; out-lots of twelve acres for 5000. At Sacket village, lots of half an acre bring from 250 to 1200; lots in the village of Canandaigua, twentytwo rods in front and sixty-five deep, having outlots of thirty acres, sell from 500 to 1000; the out-lots from 80 to 100.

On the river St Lawrence and Lake Ontario, two townships, one of 50,000, the other of 70,000 acres, are advertised for sale, by Mr Le Ray de Chaumont, on the following terms: Seven years credit for the principal, the interest paid annually; allowance of three per cent. per annum on all payments made before they become due; wheat and potash received in lieu of cash.

Value of lands and houses, as established by the assessors of the direct tax:

At the last mentioned period, the average price of lands per acre, including buildings, was fourteen dollars and a half.

Agriculture and Manufactures.-This state, blessed with a fertile soil, and particularly favoured by its water communication, has made uncommon progress in agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. The inhabitants of different districts have vied with each other in opening roads and canals, constructing bridges, erecting corn and saw-mills, and water-machinery of every kind.

Product of Mineral Substances, in 1810.-3,805,000 square feet of glass, value 608,800 dollars; 26,000 pounds of gunpowder, value 10,400; cut nails, 276,932; other articles, value 651,980 dollars.

In 1811 the bloomeries produced about 2000 tons of bar iron. In 1810 there were sixty-nine furnaces, forges, and bloomeries in the state of New York, when the whole number in the United States was 580. The iron manufactured at Ancram is equal, and for some purposes superior, to the Russian and Swedish iron. * The product of cut nail factories, fifty in number, was valued at 300,000 dollars; that of the glass works, ten in number, 1,200,000 dollars; that of the salt springs at Onondago, in Cayuga county, was stated to be 700,000 bushels. In March 1814, the gypsum, at the village of Oswego, amounted to 9500 tons,

* See Dr Beck's Address before the Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts, Albany, 1813.

the salt to 2500 barrels. A chemical laboratory has been lately established in the vicinity of New York city, under the direction of Mr Henry Dreyer, and a cannon factory on Chambers's creek, below Newburg.

Product of Vegetable Substances in 1810.

June 1817. The board of assessors of the town of Plattsburgh, in the state of New York, estimated the quantity of sugar made from maple, in the preceding season, at 64,000 pounds. At the average price of 16 cents, it would amount to upwards of 10,000 dollars. Walsh's American Register.

+ The price, on account of the situation of the lands, is much greater than in the western country.

Price of vegetable productions, at New York city, in June 1816: Ashes, per ton, pot, 209 dollars, pearl, 209; cordage of hemp, per cwt. 10 dollars 50 cents; ginseng, per pound, 47 cents; sassafras, per ton, 22 dollars 50 cents; Seneca root, per pound, 25 cents; sumach, per ton, 55 dollars; snake root, per pound, 50 cents; flax, ditto, 13 cents; hemp, per ton, 200 dollars; honey, per pound, 15 cents.

In the report of the board of commissioners on the northern or Champlain canal, dated at Albany, in March 1817, it is stated, "that in the tract of country embracing the borders of Lake George, and the timber land north and west of the great falls in Luzerne, there are annually made and transported to the south, 2,000,000 of boards and planks, and 1,000,000 feet of square timber, consisting of oak, white and yellow pine, beside dock logs, scantling, and other timber, to a great amount." The white pine is employed for the construction of houses, for boards, shingles, and rails, and is very valuable, on account of its durable nature. Formed into rails or shingles, it will last fifty years. The wood of the cherry and of the white, black, and yellow birch, is employed for cabinet-work; the bark of the hemlock, oak, and beech for tanning. The most valuable ashes are produced from the sugar tree, black ash, elm, and beech. The pumpkin, which sometimes weighs from thirty to a hundred pounds, affords a nutritious food for cattle and hogs. It is also employed to make a sauce for the table, and a species of small beer, which in warm weather is a refreshing beverage. The fibres of the nettle called Urtica Whitloui, which grows to the height of six feet, are found to be finer and stronger than those of hemp or flax; and the legislature have incorporated a company for the manufacture of this substance into cloth, which resembles that of camel's

hair. A species of conferva, found in great plenty in the waters of the Hudson river, serves for the manufacture of coarse paper. *

Product of Animal Substances.-Leather tanworks 867, value 1,299,542 dollars; hats, from 124 manufactories, 249,035 dollars. †

The farmers' wives and daughters manufacture the bed-clothing and wearing apparel of their families. The gown and petticoat are of stout worsted cloth; the apron of chequered linen. The finest and best wool is reserved for stockings, the second quality for the clothing of the husband and sons; the remainder is wrought into blankets.

The manufactures in 1810, according to the returns of the marshal of the district, amounted to upwards of 33,000,000 dollars; those of 1811 were estimated at 30,000,000, (twelve of which were produced from domestic industry,) and in 1813-4 they were supposed to exceed fifty millions.

Commerce.--Before the revolution, the commerce of this state was already very flourishing. All the productions of New England were success

Medical Repository, 3d vol. p. 203.

+ Price of furs, &c. in 1816, at New York city. Racoon, per skin, 56 cents; musk rat, 274 cents; martin, 1 dollar 12 cents; bear, 3 dollars 50 cents; red fox, 1 dollar 12 cents ; bristles, per pound, 37 cents; candles, common, ditto, 24 cents; feathers, live, ditto, 61 cents; hog's lard, ditto, 17 cents; honey, 16 cents; horns, per hundred, 10 dollars.