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Above all it was a holiday in schools Hor. ep. 11 2 197-8 puer ut festis
quinquatribus olim, | exiguo gratoque fruaris tempore raptim. Symm.
ep.v 83 oro iam venias, et praesentia tua honorem augeas festorum dierum.
nempe Minervae tibi sollemne de scholis notum est, ut fere me-
mores sumus etiam procedente aetate puerilium feriarum. ad eum diem
convivium tibi paramus.
This school feast was in the middle ages
christened in honour of pope Greg. I the great founder of schools, St
Gregory's day, and is still or was lately here and there observed, being
the only saint's day ever kept in the german evangelical church, Luther
having a pleasant recollection of the days when he went about as a school-
boy begging from door to door, and Melanchthon having written a 'Gre-
gory-song.' See J. K. Schauer in Niedner's Zeitschr. f. d. hist. Theol.
1852 146-62, where is an account of the boy-bishop, the school comedies
etc. In some places the 12th, in others the 19th of March, in others
Whit-tuesday, in Weimar 19 Aug. was kept as the feast. Where it was
abolished, the teachers were sometimes recompensed for the loss of their
Minerval.
116 QUISQUIS ADHUC UNO PARCAM COLIT
ASSE MINERVAM VII 217 n. 242 n. a boy in a low form offering a very
small present Gloss. Minervale δίδακτρον. Minervalicium συστατικόν,
'entrance-money.' Macr. 1 12 § 7 'in March they paid to masters the fees
which the year's end made due,' March having been originally the
first month. Tertull. de idol. 10 schoolmasters must keep the feasts
of idols, as their income depends upon them. What master will attend
the quinquatria without a picture of the seven idols [Sol, Luna, etc. the
gods of the week-days]? The very first fee of the new pupil he dedicates
to the honour and name of Minerva, so that though he may not be an
idolater, he may be said in words at least 'to eat of things offered to idols'
the Minervalia of Minerva, and the Saturnalia of Saturn.
Hieron. in Eph. vI 4 (VII 666° Vallarsi) of bishops and priests, who teach
their sons comedies, so that the offerings made to God by virgin or widow,
the pauper's mite, are handed over to grammarians or rhetoricians: hoc
kalendariam strenam et Saturnaliciam sportulam et Minervale munus
grammaticus et orator aut in sumptus domesticos aut in templi stipes
aut in sordida scorta convertit.
PARCAM he worships a
frugal Minerva,' a penny-Pallas' (Stapylton), he has not yet advanced to
a high and costly school: from his A B C and horn-book he aspires to the
pinnacle of fame.
117 QUEM SEQUITUR CUSTOS ANGUSTAE
VERNULA CAPSAE dig. XL 2 13 capsarius, id est qui portat libros, where
as in Suet. Ner. 36 he is distinguished from the paedagogus. [Lucian]
amor. 44 of the boy well brought up: he rises early, and sets out from
his father's house: attendants and tutors (Taidaywyol) follow him, an
orderly chorus, bearing in their hands the grave instruments of virtue,
no toothed comb to smooth the hair, nor mirrors, unpainted images of
the forms presented to them, but either tablets of many leaves follow
in his rear, or books that guard the virtues of ancient exploits.' Philostr.
soph. II 1 § 21 when M. Aurelius attended in Rome the lectures of the
philosopher Sextus, one Lucius exclaimed Iuppiter! the Roman emperor
in his old age, still goes to school with a tablet slung on his arm (déλrov
épatáuevos cf. Hor. s. 1 6 71-82 Teuffel), but my king Alexander died in
his 32d year.' ib. 27 § 7 Hippodromos seeing at Smyrna a temple and
tutors sitting by it, and foot-boys carrying burdens of books slung in
wallets, understood that a famous teacher was giving lessons within.'
Liban. or. III 260 R. speaking of the scholars' prank of tossing in a
blanket, it is played not on the slaves, by whom the books are carried

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behind (Terα) their young masters, but against those who bear a respectable title (raidaywyoi), whom the masters need to second their labours.' S. Aug. in ps. XL 14 the Jews serve us, they are our capsarii as it were, studentibus nobis codices portant. Other capsarii kept bathers' clothes, or jewellers' goods. CAPSAE whence case, cash, chase, enchase. Dig. xxxIII 10 3 § 2 capsas et armaria, si librorum aut vestium aut armamentorum gratia parata sint. Iul. Paull. sent. III 6 76. Figures in Spon miscell. erud. antiq. 216. 229 seq. They were often of wood, especially beech, for lightness, and of cylindrical form; the rolls stood upright, with the titles projecting Becker Gallus 13 383—4. Catull. LXVIII 33. 36 nam quod scriptorum non magna est copia apud me, ... huc una ex multis capsula me sequitur. Cic. divin. in Caec. § 51 mihi quam multis custodibus opus erit, si te semel ad meas capsas admisero? 118-121 Quintil. decl. 268 p. 509 Burm. 'Why should I tell you how great service eloquence has rendered to the state? It has harmed itself. Let us look at the orators of either nation. nonne Demosthenem illum oppressum veneno suo scimus? nonne Ciceronem in illis, in quibus toties placuerat, rostris poenae suae expositum?' Demosthenes took poison in the island of Kalauria 13 Pyanepsion B.C. 322, 7 days after the death of Hyperides, in order to escape Antipater. Cicero was murdered 7 Dec. B. c. 43 at Caieta by order of the triumvirs, whom he had irritated by his Philippics. Cf. Plut. Dem. 3 § 2. comp. Dem. c. Cic. 4. 5. PERIT perfect. III 174. vI 128. 295. 559 magnus civis obit et formidatus Othoni. ib. 563 perit cui. L. Müller de re metr. 399. Lachmann and Munro on Lucr. III 1042. Madvig opusc. II 225-6. Mommsen inscr. r. Neap. 3368. 119 LETO DEDIT Luc, Ix 730 datis omnia leto. Phaedr. 1 22 9. III 16 18. VFl. vi 272. See Munro on Lucr. v 1007 and ind. s. v. do. Mühlmann 1 505—6. FONS 128 n. 120 INGENIO dat. cf. for the

use of the abstract term x1 44-5 non praematuri cineres nec funus acerbum luxuriae. INGENIO MANUS EST ET CERVIX CAESA Genius lost hand and head. M. Sen. suas. 6. 'deliberat Cicero an Antonium deprecetur.' contr. III 17 Popillius, the murderer of Cic., who had defended him, is accused of ingratitude' (the most valuable parts of his book) has preserved a fragment of Livy, with other contemporary evidence; for no theme was more popular for school declamations (Quintil. III 8 § 46). The authorities are cited by Drumann vi 377-9 and given at length by Suringar Cic. de vita sua 820--6. Add Sen. ep. 83 § 25 drunkenness ruined Antonius: it made him cruel, cum capita principum civitatis cenanti referrentur, cum inter adparatissimas epulas ora ac manus proscriptorum recognosceret. See esp. Liv. ap. M. Sen. suas. 6 § 17 prominenti ex lectica praebentique immotam cervicem caput praecisum est. nec satis stolidae crudelitati militum fuit: manus quoque scripsisse aliquid in Antonium exprobantes praeciderunt. ita relatum caput ad Antonium iussuque eius inter duas manus in rostris positum, . ubi eo ipso anno adversus Antonium quanta nulla umquam humana vox cum ammiratione eloquentiae auditus fuerat: in Liv. perioch. cxx on the other hand the right hand alone is said to have been exposed with the head. Sen. ib. § 18 Aufidius Bassus makes Cic. give the word of command incide cervicem. Cremutius Cordus ib. § 19 praependenti capiti orique eius inspersa sanie, yet what moved most tears was visa ad caput eius deligata manus dextera, divinae eloquentiae ministra. Bruttedius Niger §§ 20-1 head between two hands. Cornelius Severus ib. § 26 (Meyer anthol. 124) 1—3.

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16-20 oraque magnanimum spirantia paene virorum | in rostris ia-
cuere suis sed enim abstulit omnis, | tamquam sola foret, rapti Cice-
ronis imago. . . . informes voltus sparsamque cruore nefando
canitiem sacrasque manus operumque ministras | tantorum pedibus
victor proiecta superbis | proculcavit ovans nec lubrica fata deosque | re-
spexit. nullo luet hoc Antonius aevo. M. Sen. contr. 17 § 1 Porcius
Latro speaking of Popillius abscidit caput, amputavit manum. §§ 2.5.
7. 9 fin. 10 fin. 14 fin. App. b. c. IV 20 then Laenas, though he had once
won an action through Cicero's advocacy, drew his head from the litter,
striking or rather sawing it three times; so unhandy was he. He like-
wise cut off the hand, wherewith Cicero wrote those orations against the
tyranny of Antonius, which in imitation of Demosthenes he called Phi-
lippics [the same point in Plut. Cic. 48 § 2 both hands, Anton, 20
§1 the right hand].... Laenas, finding Antonius seated in the forum,
waved the head and hand while yet a long way off, by way of display-
ing them. Ant. overjoyed crowned the tribune, and gave him 250,000
Attic drachms over and above the promised reward, as having despatched
the greatest and most rancorous of his enemies. Cicero's head and
hand long hung from the rostra, where he used to speak. . . . It is
said that Ant. set Cicero's head before the table at his meal, till he had
glutted himself with the sight. Fulvia, another Herodias [Hieron. in
Rufin. III 42] spat upon the head, took it on her knees and stabbed the
tongue with her hair pin DCass. XLVII 8 §§ 3-4.

...

MANUS

ET CERVIX VM. v 3 § 4 C. Popillius Laenas caput Romanae eloquentiae et
pacis clarissimam dexteram per summum ac securum otium occupavit.
neque enim scelestum portanti onus succurrit illud se caput ferre,
quod pro capite eius quondam peroraverat. Plut. Cic. 49 § 1. Sen. de
tranq. an. 16§ 1 Pompeius et Cicero [coguntur] clientibus suis praebere cer-
vicem. Hands cut off M. Sen. contr. 27 p. 266 9 qui patrem pulsaverit,
manus ei praecidantur. ib. §§ 2-4. 8. Sen. de ir. III 18 § 1 Catilina
carried out Sulla's orders for breaking the legs, plucking out the eyes,
striking off the hands of the proscribed.

120-1 NEC UMQUAM SANGUINE CAUSIDICI MADUERUNT ROSTRA PUSILLI
cf. 18. Marius (DCass. pr. 102 §§ 8-9 pp.141-2 Dind. Oros. v 19 p. 345)
and Sulla (DCass. pr. 109 § 21 p. 153), the triumvirs of B.C. 43 (id. XLVII 3
$2), Claudius A. D. 42 (id. Lx 16 § 1), Domitian A.D. 91 (id. LXVII 11 § 3),
all exposed on the rostra the heads of those whom they had executed.
cf. Luc. vir 305-6 spectate catenas | et caput hoc positum rostris.
[Sen.] Oct. 522-5 exposita rostris capita caesorum patres | videre
maesti. flere nec licuit suos, | non gemere dira tabe polluto foro | stillante
sanie per putres voltus gravi. Exx. (1) P. Sulpicius, tribune and dema-
gogue, slain by Sulla B. c. 88 Vell. II 19 §1. (2-5) the orator M. Antonius,
C. and L. Iulius Caesar, and Q. Lutatius Catulus, victims of Marius,
B.C. 87 Cic. de or. III § 10 words which might seem prophetic of his own
fate M. Antonii in eis ipsis rostris, in quibus ille rem publicam constan-
tissime consul defenderat, . . . positum caput illud fuit, a quo erant mul-
torum civium capita servata. id. Tusc. v § 55. Liv. LXXX. VM. Ix 2 § 2.
App. b. c. 1 73. (6-7) the consul Cn. Octavius (Cic. Tusc. v § 55. Liv.
LXXX. App. b. c. 1 71. Flor. II 9= 21 § 14. Aug. civ. D. III 27) and
Q. Ancharius, in the same persecution App. b. c. 173. (8) C. Marius the
younger in his consulship B. c. 82, after committing suicide ib. 1 94. For
the special risk run by orators in revolutions see Cic. Brut. § 307.
121 CAUSIDICI VII 113 n.
ROSTRA like Temple Bar and.
London Bridge the most public place in the city, being in the middle of

JUV. 11,

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one side of the forum, between it and the comitium Burn Rome and the Campagna 85-86. Rein in Pauly vi 552-3. B. C. 338 the consul C. Maenius, after a great naval victory which ended the Latin war, fixed the beaks of the captured ships round the orators' platform Plin. xxxıy § 20. Flor. 11 16=1v 6 § 5 Romae capita caesorum proponere in rostris iam usitatum erat; verum sic quoque civitas lacrimas tenere non potuit, cum recisum Ciceronis caput in illis suis rostris videret nec aliter ad videndum eum, quam solebat ad audiendum, concurreretur. Rostrum used by Addison and others as rostra, has no ancient authority. 122 O FORTUNATAM NATAM ME CONSULE ROMAM!

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extracted from a poem of Cicero's on his consulship B. c. 63, from which he quotes Calliope's address to himself in the third and last book ad Att. II 3 § 3 B. c. 60. ad fam. 19 § 23 (still unpublished B. c. 54) cf. Drumann v 601-2. Suringar de Romanis autobiographis 25 seq. Baiter and Kayser's Cic. XI 130-5, where the evidence and fragments, one of 78 verses, are collected. The first book was approved by Caesar A. D. 54 Cic. ad Qu. fr. 11 16 § 5. cf. 15 § 2. The verse was universally condemned, partly for its conceit Quintil. x1 1 § 24, where he is speaking of self-praise in carminibus utinam pepercisset, quae non desierunt carpere maligni, cedant arma togae, concedat laurea laudi,' et' o fortunatam’ etc. Sen. brev. vit. 5 § 1 quotiens illum ipsum consulatum suum non sine causa, sed sine fine laudatum detestatur! partly and mainly for its tasteless assonance ib. Ix 4 § 41 we must also avoid taking the last syllables of a preceding word as the first of the following word. The caution might seem superfluous; yet Ciceroni in epistulis excidit 'res mihi invisae visae sunt, Brute.' et in carmine o fortunatam' etc. cf. Diomed. 466 1 K. also blamed in [Sall.] decl. in Cic. § 5, and defended in [Cic.] in Sall. contr. § 7 [in Cic. ed. B. and K. xx 148. 151]. On Cicero's poems see Cic. ed. B. and K. xx 89–138. Drumann v 220-1. 602. VI 681-4. Teuffel Gesch. d. röm. Liter. § 176. Cic. Phil. 11 § 20 n. (Ant. had taunted him on this score). M. Sen. exc. contr. III praef. § 8 Ciceronem eloquentia sua in carminibus destituit. Tac. dial. 21 Caesar and Brutus wrote poetry, not better than Cicero, sed felicius, quia illos fecisse pauciores sciunt. Mart. 11 89 3-4 carmina quod scribis Musis et Apolline nullo, | laudari debes: hoc Ciceronis habes. Plut. Cic. 2 § 2 at one time he was regarded as the best of poets; but afterwards, while his oratorical fame survived, he was entirely thrown into the shade as a poet. ib. 40 § 1 he would write 50 verses in a night. schol. Bobb. on Cic. p. Sest. c. 58 p. 306 Or. The Jesuit A. Schott 'Cic. a calumn. vind.' c. 10, Turnebus adv. VII 19, and others (see De La Monnoye in Menagiana, 1716, III 188-9), also A. W. Ernesti in a feeble programme, Lips. 1785, have defended our verse. On the repetition of two syllables cf. Broukh. on Tibull. 1 1 3, esp. Näke Rhein. Mus. 1829 339 seq. Cic. off. § 61 Beier pleniore ore. Brut. § 221 acer acerbus. de or. 1 § 2 moles molestiarum. Ter. eun. 236 pannis annisque. Cf. Munro Lucr. ind. alliteration. Cic. Phil. 11 § 25 1. 13 n. add Plaut. Trin. 297 nil moror istos faeceos mores. ib. 669 mores hominum moros et morosos. Ter. Andr. 218 amentium haud amantium. Varro in Gell. XIII 11 § 3 a definition of a pleasant party, si belli homunculi conlecti sunt, si electus locus, si tempus lectum, si apparatus non neglectus. Aen, x 735 furto. fortibus. Nep. v 1 § 2 non magis amore quam more. Bardili ib. XVIII 13 § 3. Spald. on Quintil. Ix 3 § 70 exx. of frigid jests as warnings amari | iucundum est, si curetur, ne quid insit amari;' avium dulcedo ad avium ducit;' et apud Ovidium ludentem, 'cur ego

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non dicam, Furia te furiam?' id. Iv pr. § 2 honorem... oneris. Jani art. poet. 423. Herzog on Caes. b. G. vIII 48 p. 657. Plin. ep. 1 5 § 8 plane mane. Fabri on Liv. XXII 30 § 4. A single syllable often recurs. luv. III 92. v 58. VII 162. 168. x 1. xiv 30. xv 71. 74. Dryden imitates the assonance Fortune foretun'd the dying notes of Rome, | till I, thy consul sole, consol'd thy doom. So Gifford How fortunate a natal day was thine, in that proud consulate, o Rome, of mine! Martignac O Rome fortunée | sous mon consulat née. For the thought cf. Cic. p. Flacc. § 103 O nonae illae Decembres, quae me consule fuistis! quem ego diem vere natalem huius urbis... appellare possum. Iuv. vIII 231-44. 123 ANTONI GLADIOS POTUIT CONTEMNERE from (ef. 125) Cic. Phil. I § 118 contempsi Catilinae gladios, non pertimescam tuos. The first Philippic was delivered before the senate 2 Sept. B. C. 44; 19 Sept., when Cic. was absent for fear of his life, Ant. replied in a bitter invective; the fierce second Philippic, which sealed its author's fate, was never spoken, but professes to be an answer delivered on the spot. I have collected the evidence in Cic. Phil. I intr. pp. lii-lvi. cf. Drumann I 193-201. VI 344. Suringar 444 seq. 790 seq. Cic. in a letter to Cassius XII 2 § 1 (cf. Phil. III § 33) anticipated that Ant. would begin the massacre with him. Two rhetoricians in M. Sen. suas. 6 §§ 5. 7 cite passages from the 2nd Philippic huic tu saevienti putas Ciceronem posse subduci? § 9 Albucius the chief cause of the proscription was Cic.;' of all the declaimers he (Alb.) alone ventured to say non unum esse illi Antonium infestum. § 17 Livy 'Cic. knew that he could not be rescued from Ant., any more than Cassius and Brutus from Caesar.' cf. anthol. lat. Riese 603. 607-613; and on Antonius' hatred of Cicero Nep. xxv 10 § 4. 123-4 POTUIT, SI SIC DIXISSET Madvig § 348 n. Zumpt§ 518. Gernhard opusc. Lips. 1836 1 art. 2. Haase on Reisig 518. Cic. Phil. II § 99 n. 124 RIDENDA POEMATA Sen. de ir. 111 37 § 5 Cicero, si derideres carmina eius, inimicus esset. 125 CONSPICUAE DIVINA PHILIPPICA FAMAE in a speech for Lamia Asinius Pollio wrote, but did not dare to repeat the calumny in his history, that Cic. was willing to abjure the Philippics, to answer them himself with the utmost pains and to recite the answers in full assembly M. Sen. suas. 6 · § 15. It was a hackneyed topic, introduced into the schools by Pollio (ib. § 14. Quintil. III 8 § 46), which is discussed in suas. 7 'Deliberat Cicero, an scripta sua conburat, promittente Antonio incolumitatem, si fecisset. § 1 Q. Haterius says to Cic. ne propter hoc quidem ingenium tuum amas, quod illud Antonius plus odit quam te? remittere ait se tibi ut vivas, commentus quemadmodum eripiat etiam quod vixeras. § 7 Argentarius ignoscentem illum tibi putas qui ingenio tuo irascitur? § 10 Cestius 'tis a poor exchange: dari vitam, eripi ingenium. The 2nd Philippic is often quoted by Quintil. and the other rhetoricians. Vell. 11 64 §§ 3-4 haec sunt tempora, quibus M. Tullius continuis actionibus aeternas Antoni memoriae inussit notas; sed hic fulgentissimo et caelesti ore, at tribunus Cannutius continua rabie lacerabat Antonium. utrique vindicta libertatis morte stetit; sed tribuni sanguine commissa proscriptio, Ciceronis velut satiato Antonio paene finita (i.e. ended, because on receiving Cicero's head, Ant. exclaimed that the proscription had done its work Plut. Cic. 49 § 1). Tac. dial. 37 not the defence of P. Quinctius or of Licinius Archias make Cic. a great orator: Catilina et Milo et Verres et Antonius hanc illi famam circumdederunt. DIVINA very common in this application Mühlmann. 126 VOLVERIS in the scroll.

-Bonnell lex. Quintil.

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