Under 5 years of age, red maple, honey locust, black locust, and Total population of the state 136,621, of numerous other species of trees. Of dwarf which are white persons, trees, the most common are dogwood, chinquipin, papan, spice wood, thorn, &c. Buck eye, a forest tree in the valley of Ohio, is a dwarf in the states of Miss. and La. whilst the chinquipin, a mere bush in the middle states, rises in the southwest to a tree often more than 25 feet high. In the rich bottom lands of the state of Miss. the large reed cane, arundo gigantea abounded, but has in great part disappeared. 66 20 to 30 " 30 to 40 Males. Females. 7,918 7,319 5,572 5,165 4,591 4,169 3,623 3,653 7,237 6,231 4,632 3,090 1,739 " 50 to 60 1,595 963 "60 to 70 Climate. Compared with the winters of the nrthrn. states, those of Miss. may be regarded as mild, but the seasons of the latter, like those of all the adjacent regions, are variable from each other, and not unfrequently years, 12; 14 to 25, 10; 25 and upwards, 7. very severe. The temperature near Natch. Blind 25. ez has afforded a cold of 12° above zero of Fahrenheit. No winter passes without less or more severe frost, and few without snow. The sugar cane and orange tree, can neither Under 10 years, 81 be preserved in any part of the state of Miss. above lat. 31°. The summers are, however, very warm, and long droughts frequent, as are, on the contrary, excessive and protracted rains. These are the exceptions to a generally pleasant climate. Along the streams, bilious complaints are frequent in autumn, but taken altogether, the settled cos. of the state of Miss. are healthy. The winters along the Miss. and adjacent places, are from two to Comprising the aggregate area of that part three degrees colder than those of corres- of the state of Miss. yet organized into cos., ponding lats. along the Atlantic coasts. This and comparing it with the superficial extent difference is demonstrated by native and ex- of the state, as given at the head of this artiotic vegetation, and by recent thermometical cle, the reader will perceive how large a por. observations. The prevailing winds of the tion remains unsettled and uncultivated. Exwhole sthwstrn. parts of the U. S. are from amining the cos. separately, it will again ap the wstrn. side of the meridians, and princi- pear, that density of population is in propor. pally from the nrthwst. (See art. Md.) tion to distance from the original settlements, downwards along the Miss. Bluffs, from Natchez to lat. 31°. Free colored and slaves who are deaf and dumb, 12. Blind, none. Whites. Recapitulation. 70,443 Free colored. Slaves. Total. 136,621 History. The whole country now included Pop. 1830. in the states of Ala. and Miss. was held by 14,937 France, or more correctly, that nation claim. 7,934 cd this region as a part of La. from their first settlement on the northern shores of the Gulf 7,001 of Mexico. In 1716, the French formed a 2,551 4,622 settlement amongst the Natchez Indians, and 1,854 built a fort where the city of Natchez now 1,962 stands. In the first instance the Indians 8,645 were unaware of the consequence, but dissa. 1,792 tisfaction soon arose, and ended, in 1723, in 9,755 open war. Bienville, the governor general, 1,471 marched a force from New Orleans 10 5,293 Natchez, which the Indians were unable to 3,173 4,973 oppose, and were compelled to submit to 3,691 terms. In 1729 a man of the name of Cho3,861 part was commandant at Natchez, but his in 2,300 justice and folly so exasperated the natives, 5,402 and at the same time neglecting the means 2,083 of defending his colony against their wrath, 2,680 a massacre was planned, and on the 30th of 1,976 Nov. 1729, perpetrated; when, with two or 2,781 three exceptions, the French of both sexes, 11,686 to the amount of 700, fell victims. The total 6,550 dispersion of the Natchez nation soon fol 7,861 lowed, as they were too weak to sustain themselves against the French. The country he shall be chosen, and shall have attained in the vicinity of Natchez was abandoned by to the age of 21 years, and also unless he both whites and Indians, and remained long shall hold in his own right, within this state, uninhabited. The French still, however, 150 acres of land, or an interest in real esclaimed the country until 1763, when it was tate of the value of $500 at the time of his ceded as part of Florida to Great Britain. election, and for six months previous to the Settlers slowly entered the country, and term of one year. Every free white male many very respectable British families loca- person, of the age of 21 years or upwards, ted themselves in and near Natchez. During who shall be a citizen of the U. S., and shall the revolutionary war in 1781, governor have resided in this state 1 year next preceGalvez of La. invaded and conquered W. ding an election, and the last six months Flor., and by the treaty of Paris, 1783, it fell within the county, city, or town, in which he once more to Spain, who held it until 1798, offers to vote, and shall be enrolled in the miwhen it was given up to the U. S. By an litia thereof, except exempted by law from act of congress passed 7th of April, 1798, military service, or having the aforesaid ' the president of the U. S. was authorized to qualifications of citizenship and residence, appoint commissioners to adjust the limits shall have paid a state or county tax, shall between Flor., La., and the acquired terri- be deemed a qualified voter. The supreme tory N. 31st degree of N. lat., and w. of executive power of this state shall be vested Chattahoochee r. By a subsequent act of in a governor, who shall be elected by the the 10th of the same month, provision was qualified electors, and shall hold his office made for a territorial government, and what for 2 years from the time of his installation, is now comprised in Ala. and Miss. named and until his successor be duly qualified. the Miss. ter. The second grade of govern- The governor shall be at least 30 years of ment went into operation in the spring of 1801. age, shall have been a citizen of the U. S. 20 The 9th of July, 1808, an act of congress years, shall have resided in this state at least was passed to admit a delegate from Miss. 5 years next preceding the day of his elec ter. into congress. June 17th, the assent of tion, and shall be seized in his own right of Geo. demanded to the formation of two states a freehold estate of the value of $2,000 at from the Miss. ter. Geo. acceded to the de- the time of his election, and 12 mths. previous mand, but the country remained a territory thereto. The judicial power of this state until December 1817. Previous to the latter shall be vested in one supreme court, and date, on the 21st of January, 1815, a petition such superior and inferior courts of law and from the legislature of the Miss. ter. praying equity, as the legislature may, from time to admission into the union as a state. This time, direct and establish. There shall be appetition was favorably reported on by a committee of congress, December 1816. An act was passed the 1st of March 1817, authorizing the people of the petitioning territory, to a call a convention, which was called and met in July 1817. The convention accepted the act of congress and proceeded to frame a constitution of government. The constitution was adopted on the 15th of August, and in the ensuing December was confirmed by congress, and the new state, with the limits given at the head of this article, took her station as a member of the U. S. (See Ala. state of.) pointed in this state, not less than 4, nor more than 8 judges of the supreme superior courts. The judges of the several courts of this state shall hold their offices during good behavior; removeable by address to the governor of the two thirds of both houses of the legislature, or by impeachment before the senate, brought up by the lower house. No person who shall have arrived at the age of 65 years shall be appointed to or continue in the office of judge in this state. By the 6th article and 7th section, no minister of the gospel or priest of any denomination whatever shall be eligible to the offices of governor, lieutenant Government.-A governor, with a general governor, or to a seat in either branch of the assembly, composed of two houses, a senate general assembly. Post masters are the only and house of representatives. To be eligible officers of the general government admitted as a senator, the person must be a citizen of to office in Miss. Revision provided for when the U. S., shall have been an inhabitant of two thirds of the general assembly shall rethe state 4 years next preceding his election, commend to the qualified voters to vote for or and the last year thereof a resident of the against a convention. Number of the condistrict, for which he shall be chosen, and vention equal to that of the general assemshall have attained to the age of 26 years, bly, which convention shall meet within 3 and also, he shall hold, in his own right months after the election of its members, for within this state, 300 acres of land, or the purpose of revising, amending, or an interest in real estate of the value of changing the constitution. $1,000, at the time of his election, and for 6 MISSOURI, large r. of North America, but months previous thereto. Term 3 years. No in great part included in the U. S. great wes. person shall be a representative unless he be torn territory. So much has been already a citizen of the U. S., and shall have been an given of the phenomena of this stream under inhabitant of this state 2 years next preceding the general head of Mississippi, as to very his election, and the last year thereof, a resi- much abridge what is necessary to notice dent of the county, city, or town, for which under its own head. The course of discovery has led to the right the comparatively small rivers, Heart, adoption of the name Mississippi, as a gene. Cannon Bali, Maripa, Wetarhoo, Sarwarcarrie term for the main stream of the basin, na, Chayenne and White rs. Sweeping an though the Missouri is already a very large immense general curve to the northestwrd. river when it approaches and passes the and gradually round to sthrd. 300 ms. the sources of its very inferior rival. In regard Mo. is augmented from the wstrd. by the to area drained, the Mo. is the largest secon- large river Platte, a stream deriving its sourdary river of the earth. A direct line drawn ces from the same system of mountains which along its valley from its junction with the produced the recipient. Along the great Miss. r. to the head of Marias r. is within a curve above the Platte, the Mo. receives small fraction of 1,400 ms., a length of from the nthrd. Jacques, and the Great and course, falling but little short of either the Little Sioux rs. Receiving the Platte, the Madeira branch of Amazon, or the Paraguay main volume rolls on s. E. 200 ms. to the inbranch of Rio de de la Platte; but by refer. flux of the Kansas, another very large conence to table II. article Miss., it will be seen fluent from the wstrd. The Kansas rises also that the Mo. r. drains 523,000 sq. ms., or a in the Chippewayan, and flowing eastwardly, surface more than double that of the whole joins the Mo. after a general comparative Atlantic slope of the U. S. between the two course of upwards of 600 ms. The Platte St. Johns' rs. inclusive. This fine river de. and Kansas fill the space between the higher rives its sources from the Chippewayan valley of Mo. and that of Ark. The length chains between lat. 42° and 5010, and about of course not materially different, and the 30° long. w. W. C. From these elevated character of country they drain, is mostly regions, the general course of the main open plains, similar to that drained by the branches is to the N. E., until they reach Mo. itself. With the influx of Kansas, the Mo. bends to nearly the 49th degree of N. lat. Here the Mo. Proper and Yellowstone rs. unite. In a general course of a little s. of E. 250 ms. to either length of course or surface drained where its immense volume and name is lost there is but little difference between these in the inferior stream of Miss. proper. With confluent rivers above their point of union. the entrance of the Kansas, Mo. enters the Though much less extensive than the sthrn. state of the same name, within which it reslope, from which fall the numerous branches ceives from the right, descending, Mine, Mo. of Yellowstone and Mo. Proper, there is reau, Osage, and Gasconade rivers, and from another northern or counter slope, from which the left or N. Grand r., w. Chariton, E. Cha. issue the rivers Marias, Brattons, Milk, Por- riton, and a long series of streams which are cupine, and several smaller streams, which merely large creeks. enter the Mo, above the influx of Yellowstone The entire comparative course of Mo. is r. The entire Mo, valley above the mouth of 1,870 ms., but following the bends or channel, Yellowstone r. is 600 ms, across the sources, the length no doubt exceeds 3,000 ms. and a mean of 300 ms, in the general direc. real length of this great r. as indeed of all tion of the streams; area 180,000 sq. ms. the American rivers, has been overrated. This higher valley of Mo, presents a surface Our knowledge of the valley is general, and on the western side, broken by mountains, except along the main stream, in few places and descending the rivers, gradually spread- have we exact specific material for these immg into plans. The whole country, with mense regions. As far, however, as explo partial exceptions along the rivers, is open red, the face of the earth is monotonous when Prairie, exhibiting a great resemblance to the compared with extent. From much greater steppes of Asia, m very nearly the same relative elevation, higher lat. and from the launde. peculiar courses of its confluents, the flood of Ader their junction, it is probable that the, Mo. is the last in order, and occurs after the mited Waters of the Mo, and Yellowstone tide from the Miss. proper, Ohio, Ark., and form a river a large in volume and as wide Red rs. have in great part subsided. (See and drop an at the reception of the Miss, arts, Miss. Ark. Sc.) The Mo now a powerful volume, rolls on to the x to the mouth of White Earth r. where It has teached in extreme northern bend at Toffeening to a, about 60 ms, At constante conses it receives Little Mo, phony tght And Beigu may be remarked Phan the Money pa Appich Mr Assabon, rises Having outlines, beginning on the right bank Iwate benker Mo.- Contaang of the Miss., at the mouth of Les Moines r., *** the. We reaches de Mendan vs, and thence down the former stream, to where The MISSOURI, state of the U. S., bounded N. E. and R. by the Miss. r. separating it from the state of Il., s. E. by the Miss. r. separating it from Ky. and Ten., s. by Ark. territory, and w, and s. by the wstrn. unappropriated do. main of the U. S. 8 intersected by lat. 36°, 550 ms.; due w. and along let. 355 to the St. Francis r., 50; heroe up St. Francis r. to lat. 361, 50; esce due w. along the v. boundary of Ark. e passing through the junc. Me and Kansas rivers intersect lar. 8p, M; desce due x. to a point where a line drawn due w. from the Sac village on Ind. and II. They are in Mo. the buttress of Lemoine r. will intersect the w. boundary, the dividing ridge already noticed and extend 273; thence due E. to the Lemoine r., 130; to an undefined distance wstrd. and nthrd. down Lemoine r. to place of beginning, 20; Under their respective heads will be found having an entire outline of 1,273 ms. Lying noticed, the rivers which water Mo. It is suffi. betwen lat. 36° and 40° 36' and long. w. W. cient to observe in this place that the state is C. 12° 12', and 17° 28'. Without including the washed in all its length by the Miss.; the small rhomb between Miss. and St. Francis sthrn. part drained by the heads of St. Franrivers, the length is 287 ms. The greatest cis, Black, and White rivers; central part is breadth from a little distance below the mouth deeply cut and channelled by the Mo. and its of Ohio to the wstrn. boundary is 300. The confluents, the Osage and Gasconade from the breadth exceeding the length may seem ab. right, and the Chariton from the left. Beside surd, but the reader will observe that the the Lemoine and Salt rs., the Miss. above the half degree of lat. extended between St. Fran- mouth of the Mo. receives from the state of cis and Miss. rivers was excluded, and which, Mo. a long series of ers. many of which are for if added, would make the entire length 321 a greater or less distance above their mouth ́ms. The mean breadth 230 ms., would be navigable streams. From the preceding data very nearly represented by a line drawn due it is evident, that in natural commercial faciliw. from Herculaneum in Jefferson co. to the ties Mo. abounds. wstrn. boundary. Soil.-Climate.-Vegetables.-Minerals.Measured carefully by the rhomb, the area The soil of Mo. as indeed the face of the of Mo. amounts to 64,000 sq. ms. very nearly, country, is a mean between the same objects or 40,960,000 statute acres. It is the second in the valley of Ohio. Much of the bottom state of the U. S. in point of superficial extent, land along the Mo. r. and it confluents are only falling short of Va. This state is natu- more sandy than that on the Miss. and its rally divided into two unequal slopes. Leav. tributaries, and this character of soil prevails ing the Miss. near St. Genevieve, opposite the wherever the alluvion of Mo. r. is deposited. mouth of the Kaskaskias r., a dividing ridge Distant from the streams, the soil is almost extends rather w. of s. w. by w. From this invariably gravelly and poor. There are, ridge issue and flow sthrdly. the sources of however, some partial exceptions, and detachSt. Francis, Black, White, and Grand r. of ed spots of upland are found, with a very proArkansas r. This sthrn. slope has a breadth ductive soil, but they are oases. Much of of about 60 ms. with the entire breadth of the the state is prairie, and the prairie soil, as in state, 300 ms., or 18,000 sq. ms. As a physi- the contiguous states, and in La. present the cal section the sthrn. slope of Mo. belongs same varieties of soil, with woodland. As to the same inclined plane, down which flows the expense of clearing timber was avoided the Miss. below the influx of Ohio r., but in where prairies exist, settlements will be first extent amounts to only about the 28-100th of formed on their margins, and such has been the whole state. The central and nthrn. sec- the case in La., Ark., Mo., and Il. "There tions are comprised in the lower slope of the are scarcely any lands in this state" (Mo.) Mo. valley, and incline very nearly due E. By a very circuitous channel, but general course of a little s. of E., the main volume of Mo. r. winds down the central plain, leaving about one third of the state to the nthrd. says Flint, "sufficiently level for cultivation, that have not fertility enough to bring good crops of corn without manure, and in many instances the poorer lands are better for wheat than the richer." The very deep and rich alluThe sthestrn. angle of Mo. is a level, and vial lands are no where in the central or s. wsin a great part an annually inundated tract. trn. states, suitable for wheat, until cultivated This submerged section has been too highly several years. Cotton in small quantities can estimated in regard to extent; it is about 100 be cultivated on the s.E. section of the state, Inms. from s. to N. with a width of 40 ms., or dian corn, wheat, rye, oats, &c., are however 4,000 sq. ms. It is not all, indeed, subject to the staple crops of the state. Apples, peachsubmersion, and affords parcels of dry ara. es, pears, plums, and perhaps some kinds of ble land over the whole extent. The bottoms grape, succeed well. Natural grasses abound, along the rivers are subject to casual flood, but and yet from some cause meadows have not taking the whole state into view, it is a hilly, been cultivated to advantage in Mo. The and in many parts a very broken state. The abundance indeed of any natural production ridge noticed in the first part of this article is inimical to the artificial culture of analaas dividing the Mo. slope from that of Ark., gous species. In fine, it would be safe to say rises into rocky elevations, which have recei- that at least 20,000,000 acres of farming land, ved the title of mtns. The idea of extended sufficiently fertile to produce good crops, explains is given by the appearance of the land- ist in Mo. The mineral wealth of the state, scape from the Miss. r. the usual channel of particularly lead and iron, is, according to all It is 28 ms. above the mouth of concurrent testimony, inexhaustible. The the O. r. before a rocky eminence shows itself tract in an especial manner called "The on the Mo. side of the stream. The first Mineral Tract," in Madison, Washington, rocks are enormous walls of limestone, evi- and St. Francis cos., and from which rise the dently, if we extend our view estrdly., an ex- sources of Maramec, and St. Francis rs., is tension of the vast limestone formation of Ky., represented as not only abundant in lead, but entrance. still more so in iron ore. Pop. 1830. Counties. Pop. 1830. 8,859 6,159 Marion, 4,837 Montgomery, 3,902 7,445 New Madrid, 2,350 1,780 Perry, 3,349 5,338 Pike, 6,129 3,023 Ralls, 4,375 6,904 Randolph, 2,942 1,721 Ray, 2,657 3,484 St. Charles, 4,320 1,545 St. Francois, 2,366 10,854 St. Genevieve, 2,186 2,823 St. Lewis, 14,125 2,873 2,136 6,784 2,371 Wayne, 3,264 Mr. Schoolcraft whole, instead of the climate becoming more mentions zine as also amongst the produc- mild, as we advance w. on the same parallel, tions of Mo., and in great quantities. Water it is believed that the reverse is the case." impregnated with Muriate of soda (common The reader will find in the article U. S. that salt) is found in several places. Plaster of the increasing severity of cold, advancing toParis is plentiful, and, it is said, produces a wards the Chippewayan mountains, is not more than common effect on the vegetation simply believed but demonstrated. where used as a manure. Such are, in a It is worse than idle to speak of the health rough sketch, the outlines of the resources of of such a widely spread and diversified surthis new and extensive state. face as that of Mo. A country containing The native vegetables, and particularly fo- fens constantly filled with stagnant water, as rest timber, evince an approach towards the low as lat. 36°, and high, dry, and airy tracts prairie region. The peccan hickory is plen-above lat. 40°, where the human breast is intiful; wild grapes and plums are plentiful. flated by air coming from regions exempt, as The crab apple tree, which in La. grows to far as the face of earth can any where be exthe height of 30 or 40 feet, is also of large empt, from every source of miasmata. growth in Mo. Political Geography.-For political purpoThe climate is here, as elsewhere in cen-ses the following counties have been organistral N. America, the great stumbling block of ed out of the territory of Mo., leaving con. travellers and geographers. "This state," siderable tracts not yet laid out. says Flint,"occupies a medial position and Counties. has a temperature intermediate between that Boon, of N. Y. and La." Whatever may be the re- Callaway, semblance in the face of Mo. and La., there Cape Girardeau, is but little similarity in their respective seaChariton, sons. La. is in winter a very cold country; Cole, Clay, when compared with its lat., but it is tropical Cooper, when contrasted with Mo. At St. Louis, Crawford, which may be regarded as a central point be- Franklin, tween the northern and southern extremes of Gasconade, Mo., the Miss. r. is frozen and passable on Howard, the ice by the first of January, in a great ma- Jackson, jority of years. In the winter of 1831-2, the Jefferson, Miss, was frozen and passable on the ice at La Fayette, Memphis in Ten., nearly a degree of lat. s. Madison, Lincoln, of any part of Mo. In article U. S., it may be seen that at the Council Bluffs, lat. 21° 25', white persons, about a degree of lat. N. of Missouri, the mercury has fallen to 21° minus zero; and what is more decisive, by a letter directed to the editor of the Saturday Evening Post, Philadelphia, on the 26th Jan. 1832, the mercury was 180 minus zero at Florence in Ala., lat. 34° 47', or 1° 43′ s. of any part of Mo. It may be safely stated, that of all sections of the actually inhabited parts of the U. States, no other is so exposed to excessive vicissi tudes of atmospheric temperature as is Mo. Open on the westward and northwestern sides to the great plains of grass, with winds pre. vailing about ths of the time in all seasons of the year, the cold of the vast central table land of the continent is borne towards the under 14 years of age, 5 between 14 and 25 Appalachian system of mountains, and sweeps years, and 10 of 25 years and upwards. Blind over Mo,,with a severity which, to be known, 27. Of the colored population were must be felt. The most accurate observers have acknowledged the dryness of the atmosphere over all the prairie regions of central Under 10 years of age 87 North America; and Mo, shares the exemp. tion from moisture. "The winter," says Flint, "commences aboutChristmas, (a month sooner would be nearer the fact,) and is frequently so severe, as to bridge the mighty current of the Mo, so firmly that it may be passed many weeks with loaded teams. In the winter of 1818, this was the case for nine This author again, after some gen. yons, comes at last to the ration. and acknowledges that, "on the Total population 140,455, of which were |